Schaefer Ideengeschichtliche Verwandtschaft

Von Hans Reichenbachs Berliner Gruppe 1927-1932 zum IIfTC 1982-2022
1. Auflage 2022
ISBN: 978-3-7568-4922-2
Verlag: BoD - Books on Demand
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Deutsch, 200 Seiten

Das Anliegen dieses Buches besteht in zwei Zielsetzungen: Zum einen wollen wir in Essay I eine nachlesbare Dokumentation der gesamten Tätigkeit des International Institute for Theoretical Cardiology IIfTC in seinen Symposien, Colloquien, Vorträgen, Stellungnahmen, Publikationen etc. von 1982 bis 2022 vorstellen. Diese stützt sich auf die ausgedruckten und von Claas Lattmann und Katrin Köther zusammengestellten und gepflegten Informationen unserer Website iiftc.de. Zum anderen soll in Essay II diese Dokumentation zu den inzwischen verfügbaren Informationen über die Tätigkeit der Berliner Gruppe innerhalb der Gesellschaft für empirische Philosophie in Beziehung gesetzt werden, die vor allem von Hans Reichenbach geprägt wurde.

Jochen Schaefer, geb. 1930; Studium der Medizin in Freiburg/Brsg. und Promotion 1955; anschließend Postdoc in Pathologie und Pharmakologie FU Berlin; 1960-1962 Ausbildung in der sich entwickelnden Abteilung für Kardiologie, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, unter Richard S. Ross; 1962 Assistenzzeit am I. Med. Universitätsklinikum Kiel zum Aufbau einer Abteilung für moderne Kardiologie; 1966 Habilitation; 1970 Professor und Leiter der Abteilung für Spezielle Kardiologie an der CAU; 1985 Ausscheiden aus dem Dienst des Landes Schleswig-Holstein; 1981-1996 Chefarzt der Rehabilitationskliniken Küppelsmühle, Bad Orb.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Schaefer, Jochen

Leseproben

Epistemology and the heart beat: Some foundational problems in electrocardiology (II. Symposium: 21.11.1987, Palo Alto, Stanford, California)
Duration, shape and constancy of the action potential under defined conditions are thought to reflect (the occurrence of) ionic processes across cellular membrane structures (and within myocardial cells). Talking about biological processes one usually is inclined to think that they occur with a certain variance (Streubreite) and it is, therefore, somewhat surprising that the underlying biochemical and biophysical processes seem to occur in such a well-established fashion that depolarisation as well as repolarisation of the action potential take place (all other conditions kept constant) with a precision of less than a few milliseconds deviation. Particularly the upstroke of the action potential is, compared to other phases of the action potential, of extremely short duration (E. Carmeliet and J. Vereecke, 1979). This precision is also apparent under the conditions of induced or spontaneous changes of rate and rhythm where shape and duration of the action-potential show the phenomenon of electrical restitution in a highly reproducible and mathematically treatable form. Another remarkable and still mysterious property of heart muscle is its repetitive self-excitation. This endows the heart with its intrinsic pacemaker, allowing the regular excitation and contraction that is necessary for maintenance of the circulation (H. Fozzard and M. F. Arnsdorf, 1986). Most of the knowledge acquisition process in cardiac electrophysiology has been devoted to the elucidation and the description of the mechanisms which form the basis of rhythmic activity and which underlie the genesis of the action potential and its various phases. In the past decades many elegant experiments have been performed and various ingenious hypotheses and theories of the field have been developed to explain the observed (and produced) phenomena (see Denis Noble recent review article, 1984, which he entitled: the surprising heart). There are, however, some other fascinating aspects in this field of research. We would here like to point out only two of them. Currently the Hodgkin-Huxley theory of the membrane potential is the generally accepted theory in the scientific field. All experimental findings are interpreted in light of this theory. However, an interesting rival to this theory has been in existence for a long time (G. Ling and R. W. Gerard, 1949; for a discussion, see also M. I. M. Noble and A. J. Drake-Holland, 1986, and U. Ravens, 1983). The existence of two such rival theories raises interesting epistemological questions. For example, can we point to definite experimental evidence which refutes Ling’s theory? If not, why has this theory been almost universally rejected? Are there any anomalies which can not be explained by the Hodgkin-Huxley theory, but which can easily be explained by its rival? An examination of these questions should be fruitful also for experimental research. The rhythmic contraction of the cardiac muscle cell is but one of the periodic events in the human body. During recent years a body of empirical knowledge has been accumulated on the importance of periodic events for human health and disease. There also has been an interest in the question of what it is that makes an organism aware of time itself (W. Deppert, 1983). The question we would like to raise is whether it is possible to model the heart in such a way that the periodic events taking place there can reveal their importance for an understanding of both normal and diseased cardiac function. Above we also have pointed out the precision by which timed events occur at the molecular level. This is in contrast with an »imprecision« at a higher level (for example, it is probably not important for keeping up cardiac output whether there are 69 or 71 heartbeats per minute). We would like to ask whether an examination of these differences at different levels can give us important insight into an understanding of cardiac function. This may be another important example of a reduction problem. Jochen Schaefer, Wolfgang Deppert, Reidar K. Lie References Carmeliet, E., and Vereecke, J., Electrogenesis of the action potential, in Handbook of Physiology, Volume I, The Heart, pp. 269–334 (1979) Deppert, Wolfgang, Outline of a theory of system times, in: Space, Time, and Mechanics, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Boston, pp. 195–224 (1983) Fozzard, H. A., Arnsdorf, M. F., Cardiac Electrophysiology, in: The Heart and Cardiovascular System, Scientific Foundations, Volume 1, Raven Press, New York, pp. 1–30 (1986) Ling, G., Gerard, R. W., The normal membrane potential of frog sartorius fibers, Journal cell. Comp. Physiol., pp. 383–396 (1949) 34 Noble, D., The surprising heart: A review of the recent progress in cardiac electrophysiology, J. Physiol., pp. 1–50 (1984) 353 Noble, M. I. M., Drake-Holland, Angela J., Discrepancies between scientific theory and practice in relation to physiological hypotheses, Theoretical Medicine, pp. 219–231 (1986) 7 Ravens, Ursula, Aktionspotentialform, Kontraktionskraft und Frequenz. Untersuchungen an Warmblüterherzen, Thieme Copythek, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, New York (1983) Program November 21, 1987 Morning session: Methodology and basic mechanisms (Chairman: J. A. Abildskov) 09.00 Uhr Welcome and Introduction (Michael Franz) 09.10 Uhr Epistemology and the heart beat: Some foundational problems
in electrocardiology (Jochen Schaefer, Wolfgang Deppert,
Reidar K. Lie) 10.10 Uhr Reducing uncertainty in practical estimates of cardic activation
and recovery times (Robert L. Lux) 11.00 Uhr Atrial repolarization/refractoriness (Nadia Debbas) 11.30 Uhr Insights concerning cardiac fibrillation (J. A. Abildskov) 12.00 Uhr Origin of ischemic injury currents: the calcium connection (William T. Clusin) 12.30 Uhr Walk to Falk Cardiovascular Research Building (CVRB) 12.40 Uhr Luncheon, CVRB Afternoon session: The forward solution of the electrocardiogram (Chairman: Nancy Flowers) 13.30 Uhr Dispersion of refractoriness and T wave abnormalities (Jan Amlie) 14.00 Uhr A ventricular envelope model (Leo Horan) 14.45 Uhr Correlation between epicardial action potential and body surface maps (Nancy Flowers) 15.30 Uhr Ventricular action potential mapping and T wave genesis (Michael R. Franz) 16.15 Uhr The effect of cardiac electrical anisotropy of intracavitary, epicardial and extracardiac electrograms and potential fields (Bruno Taccardi) 17.00 Uhr Summary and concluding remarks (Michael Franz, Jochen Schaefer) 17.30 Uhr Shuttle to Hotel Sofitel 19.00 Uhr Dinner at Sofitel Hotel Participants J. A. Abildskov, M. D., Professor of Medicine, University of Utah, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research & Training Institute, Nora Eccles Harrison Building, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA Jan Amlie, M. D., Hjertemedisinisk avdeling, Rikshospitalet, Universitetet i Oslo, Oslo, Norway William T. Clusin, M. D., Ph. D., Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA Nadia Debbas, M. D., St. George’s Hospital Medical School, Department of Cardiological Sciences, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, England Dr. rer. nat. Wolfgang Deppert, Philosophisches Seminar der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40–60, 2300 Kiel 1, Federal Republic of Germany Nancy Flowers, M. D., Professor of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Section of Cardiology, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA Michael R. Franz, M. D., Assistant Professor, Cardiac Arrhythmia Study Unit, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305, USA William E. Hancock, M. D., Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA Leo G. Horan, M. D., Professor of Medicine, Cardiology Section, Medical College of Georgia, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia 30910, USA Reidar K. Lie, Ph. D., Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Department of Medical Humanities, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA L. Bing Liem, D. O., Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Unit, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Robert L. Lux, Ph. D., Associate Professor of Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research &...