Zhang / Zheng / Lieber Nanowires

Building Blocks for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-3-319-41981-7
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 327 Seiten

Reihe: NanoScience and Technology

This book provides a comprehensive summary of nanowire research in the past decade, from the nanowire synthesis, characterization, assembly, to the device applications. In particular, the developments of complex/modulated nanowire structures, the assembly of hierarchical nanowire arrays, and the applications in the fields of nanoelectronics, nanophotonics, quantum devices, nano-enabled energy, and nano-bio interfaces, are focused. Moreover, novel nanowire building blocks for the future/emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology are also discussed.Semiconducting nanowires represent one of the most interesting research directions in nanoscience and nanotechnology, with capabilities of realizing structural and functional complexity through rational design and synthesis. The exquisite control of chemical composition, morphology, structure, doping and assembly, as well as incorporation with other materials, offer a variety of nanoscale building blocks with unique properties.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Zhang, Anqi

Zheng, Gengfeng

M. Lieber, Charles

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;9
3;1 Emergence of Nanowires;14
3.1;Abstract;14
3.2;1.1 Introduction: Motivation for Nanowires;14
3.2.1;1.1.1 Importance of One-Dimensional Materials;15
3.2.2;1.1.2 Synthetic Challenges and Initial Design;17
3.2.3;1.1.3 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Nanotechnology;18
3.3;1.2 Micron-Scale Whiskers: VLS Concept;19
3.3.1;1.2.1 Concept and Key Results;19
3.3.2;1.2.2 Limitations;21
3.4;1.3 Other Early Works;21
3.4.1;1.3.1 Top-Down Lithography-Based Si Nanopillars;21
3.4.2;1.3.2 Carbide Nanorods;22
3.4.3;1.3.3 Nanowiskers by Vapor Phase Epitaxy;22
3.5;1.4 Beginning of Rapid Growth: Vapor-Phase Nanocluster Catalyzed Growth;23
3.6;References;24
4;2 General Synthetic Methods;27
4.1;Abstract;27
4.2;2.1 Introduction;27
4.3;2.2 Vapor Phase Growth;28
4.3.1;2.2.1 Laser-Assisted Catalytic Growth;28
4.3.2;2.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition;30
4.3.3;2.2.3 Chemical Vapor Transport;32
4.3.4;2.2.4 Molecular Beam Epitaxy;33
4.3.5;2.2.5 Vapor-Solid-Solid Growth;34
4.3.6;2.2.6 Vapor-Solid Growth;34
4.3.7;2.2.7 Oxide-Assisted Growth;35
4.4;2.3 Templated Growth;36
4.4.1;2.3.1 Formation Inside Nanopores;36
4.4.2;2.3.2 Templating Against Self-assembled Structures;37
4.4.3;2.3.3 Construction on Existing Nanostructures;37
4.4.4;2.3.4 Superlattice Nanowire Pattern Transfer;38
4.5;2.4 Solution-Based Methods;39
4.5.1;2.4.1 Solution-Liquid-Solid Growth;39
4.5.2;2.4.2 Supercritical Fluid-Liquid-Solid Growth;40
4.5.3;2.4.3 Solvothermal/Hydrothermal Synthesis;41
4.5.4;2.4.4 Directed Solution Phase Growth;42
4.6;2.5 Future Directions and Challenges;43
4.7;References;44
5;3 Structure-Controlled Synthesis;50
5.1;Abstract;50
5.2;3.1 Introduction;50
5.3;3.2 Homogeneous Nanowires;51
5.4;3.3 Axial Modulated Structures;53
5.4.1;3.3.1 Early Work;53
5.4.2;3.3.2 Semiconductor Heterojunctions;54
5.4.3;3.3.3 Metal-Semiconductor Heterostructures;54
5.4.4;3.3.4 p-n Homojunctions;56
5.4.5;3.3.5 Ultrashort Morphology Features;59
5.5;3.4 Radial/Coaxial Modulated Structures;59
5.5.1;3.4.1 Semiconductor Radial Structures;60
5.5.2;3.4.2 Coaxial Modulated Structures;63
5.6;3.5 Branched/Tree-Like Structures;64
5.6.1;3.5.1 Sequential Catalyst-Assisted Growth;65
5.6.2;3.5.2 Solution Growth on Existing Nanowires;67
5.6.3;3.5.3 Phase Transition Induced Branching;67
5.6.4;3.5.4 One-Step Self-catalytic Growth;69
5.6.5;3.5.5 Screw Dislocation Driven Growth;69
5.7;3.6 Kinked Structures;71
5.7.1;3.6.1 Undersaturation/Supersaturation-Induced Kinking;71
5.7.2;3.6.2 Confinement-Guided Kinking;73
5.8;3.7 Future Directions and Challenges;74
5.9;References;75
6;4 Hierarchical Organization in Two and Three Dimensions;79
6.1;Abstract;79
6.2;4.1 Introduction;79
6.3;4.2 Post-growth Assembly;80
6.3.1;4.2.1 Fluidic Method;80
6.3.2;4.2.2 Langmuir-Blodgett Method;82
6.3.3;4.2.3 Blown Bubble Method;87
6.3.4;4.2.4 Chemical Interactions for Assembly;88
6.3.5;4.2.5 Assembly at Interfaces;89
6.3.6;4.2.6 Electric/Magnetic Field-Based Methods;91
6.3.6.1;4.2.6.1 Assembly Using Dielectrophoresis Or Electric Fields;91
6.3.6.2;4.2.6.2 Assembly Using Magnetic Fields;92
6.3.7;4.2.7 PDMS Transfer Method;92
6.3.8;4.2.8 Printing;95
6.3.9;4.2.9 Nanocombing-Based Assembly;97
6.3.10;4.2.10 Other Assembly Methods;99
6.3.10.1;4.2.10.1 Knocking-Down;99
6.3.10.2;4.2.10.2 Strain-Release;99
6.3.10.3;4.2.10.3 Assemblies Induced By External Nanostructures;99
6.4;4.3 Patterned Growth;100
6.4.1;4.3.1 Epitaxial Growth from Patterned Nanocluster Catalysts;100
6.4.1.1;4.3.1.1 Photolithography Or Electron-Beam Lithography;100
6.4.1.2;4.3.1.2 Nanosphere Lithography;101
6.4.1.3;4.3.1.3 Gold Deposition Masks Based on Porous Alumina;104
6.4.1.4;4.3.1.4 Nanoimprint Lithography;104
6.4.2;4.3.2 Substrate-Step-Directed Growth;105
6.5;4.4 Future Directions and Challenges;107
7;5 Nanoelectronics, Circuits and Nanoprocessors;113
7.1;Abstract;113
7.2;5.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective;113
7.3;5.2 Basic Nanoelectronic Devices;114
7.3.1;5.2.1 Field-Effect Transistors;114
7.3.1.1;5.2.1.1 Homogeneous Nanowire-Based Devices;115
7.3.1.2;5.2.1.2 Axial Heterostructures;117
7.3.1.3;5.2.1.3 Radial Heterostructures;118
7.3.1.4;5.2.1.4 Crossed Nanowire Structures;121
7.3.1.5;5.2.1.5 Junctionless Nanowire Transistors;121
7.3.2;5.2.2 p-n Diodes;122
7.3.2.1;5.2.2.1 Crossed-wire p-n Junctions;123
7.3.2.2;5.2.2.2 Axial Nanowire p-n Diodes;123
7.4;5.3 Simple Circuits;125
7.4.1;5.3.1 Logic Gates;125
7.4.2;5.3.2 Ring Oscillators;130
7.4.3;5.3.3 Demultiplexers;131
7.4.4;5.3.4 Nonvolatile Memory;132
7.4.4.1;5.3.4.1 Resistive Memory;135
7.4.4.2;5.3.4.2 Flash Memory;136
7.4.4.3;5.3.4.3 Ferroelectric Memory;137
7.4.4.4;5.3.4.4 Phase-Change Memory;137
7.5;5.4 Nanoprocessors;139
7.5.1;5.4.1 Logic Tiles;139
7.5.2;5.4.2 Arithmetic Logic;141
7.5.3;5.4.3 Sequential Logic;142
7.5.4;5.4.4 Basic Nanocomputer;143
7.6;5.5 Future Directions and Challenges;146
7.7;References;147
8;6 Nanophotonics;153
8.1;Abstract;153
8.2;6.1 Introduction;153
8.3;6.2 Optical Phenomena;154
8.3.1;6.2.1 Photoluminescence from Nanowire Structures;154
8.3.1.1;6.2.1.1 Homogeneous Nanowires;154
8.3.1.2;6.2.1.2 Axial Heterostructures;155
8.3.1.3;6.2.1.3 Radial Heterostructures;156
8.3.2;6.2.2 Nonlinear Processes;156
8.3.2.1;6.2.2.1 Second Harmonic Generation;158
8.3.2.2;6.2.2.2 Third-Harmonic Generation and Four-Wave Mixing;160
8.3.2.3;6.2.2.3 Stimulated Raman Scattering;160
8.4;6.3 Photonic Devices;162
8.4.1;6.3.1 Nanowire Waveguides;162
8.4.2;6.3.2 Nanoscale Light-Emitting Diodes;163
8.4.2.1;6.3.2.1 Crossed Nanowire Structures;163
8.4.2.2;6.3.2.2 Axial Heterostructures;165
8.4.2.3;6.3.2.3 Radial Heterostructures;165
8.4.3;6.3.3 Optically-Pumped Nanowire Lasers;166
8.4.3.1;6.3.3.1 Principles of Optically-Pumped Nanowire Lasers;167
8.4.3.2;6.3.3.2 UV Lasers;167
8.4.3.3;6.3.3.3 Visible Lasers;169
8.4.3.4;6.3.3.4 Near-IR Lasers;170
8.4.3.5;6.3.3.5 Wavelength-Tunable Lasers;172
8.4.3.6;6.3.3.6 Single-Mode Lasers;174
8.4.4;6.3.4 Electrically-Pumped Nanowire Lasers;176
8.4.5;6.3.5 Photodetectors;177
8.4.5.1;6.3.5.1 Photodiodes;177
8.4.5.2;6.3.5.2 Phototransistors;178
8.4.5.3;6.3.5.3 Superconductor Nanowire Photodetectors;178
8.5;6.4 Future Directions and Challenges;178
8.6;References;179
9;7 Quantum Devices;186
9.1;Abstract;186
9.2;7.1 Introduction;186
9.3;7.2 Quantum Dot Systems in Semiconductor Nanowires;188
9.3.1;7.2.1 Configurations of Quantum Dot Systems in Nanowires;188
9.3.2;7.2.2 Basic Electronic Properties of Quantum Dots;190
9.3.3;7.2.3 Single Quantum Dots in Nanowires;191
9.3.4;7.2.4 Coupled Quantum Dots in Nanowires;193
9.3.5;7.2.5 g-Factor and Spin-Orbit Interaction;196
9.4;7.3 Hybrid Superconductor-Semiconductor Devices;201
9.4.1;7.3.1 Josephson Junctions;201
9.4.2;7.3.2 Majorana Fermions;203
9.5;7.4 Topological Insulators;205
9.6;7.5 Future Directions and Challenges;206
9.7;References;207
10;8 Nanowire-Enabled Energy Storage;211
10.1;Abstract;211
10.2;8.1 Introduction;211
10.3;8.2 Lithium–Ion Batteries;212
10.3.1;8.2.1 Anodes;213
10.3.1.1;8.2.1.1 Si;213
10.3.1.2;8.2.1.2 Metal Oxides;216
10.3.2;8.2.2 Cathodes;219
10.4;8.3 Electrochemical Capacitors;222
10.5;8.4 Sodium-Ion Batteries;227
10.6;8.5 Future Directions and Challenges;227
10.7;References;228
11;9 Nanowire-Enabled Energy Conversion;234
11.1;Abstract;234
11.2;9.1 Introduction;234
11.3;9.2 Photovoltaics;235
11.3.1;9.2.1 Nanowire Arrays for Enhanced Light Absorption;236
11.3.2;9.2.2 Radial Junction Nanowires for Enhanced Carrier Separation;240
11.3.3;9.2.3 Tuning Band Gaps of III–V Compounds;243
11.4;9.3 Photoelectrochemical Conversion/Photocatalysis;245
11.4.1;9.3.1 Si Nanowire-Based Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting;246
11.4.2;9.3.2 Dual-Band Gap Artificial Photosynthesis;247
11.5;9.4 Thermoelectrics;251
11.6;9.5 Piezoelectric Effects;253
11.7;9.6 Future Directions and Challenges;255
11.8;References;255
12;10 Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor Sensors;262
12.1;Abstract;262
12.2;10.1 Introduction;262
12.3;10.2 Fundamental Principles of Field-Effect Transistor Sensors;263
12.4;10.3 Examples of Nanoelectronic Sensors;265
12.4.1;10.3.1 Protein Detection;265
12.4.2;10.3.2 Nucleic Acid Detection;267
12.4.3;10.3.3 Virus Detection;268
12.4.4;10.3.4 Small Molecule Detection;269
12.5;10.4 Methods for Enhancing the Sensitivity of Nanowire Sensors;270
12.5.1;10.4.1 3D Branched Nanowires for Enhanced Analyte Capture Efficiency;270
12.5.2;10.4.2 Detection in the Subthreshold Regime;270
12.5.3;10.4.3 Reducing the Debye Screening Effect;272
12.5.4;10.4.4 Electrokinetic Enhancement;274
12.5.5;10.4.5 Frequency Domain Measurement;274
12.5.6;10.4.6 Nanowire–Nanopore Sensors;276
12.5.7;10.4.7 Double-Gate Nanowire Sensors;277
12.5.8;10.4.8 Detection of Biomolecules in Physiological Fluids;277
12.6;10.5 Future Directions and Challenges;278
12.7;References;279
13;11 Nanowire Interfaces to Cells and Tissue;283
13.1;Abstract;283
13.2;11.1 Introduction;283
13.3;11.2 Nanowire/Cell Interfaces and Electrophysiological Recording;284
13.3.1;11.2.1 Traditional Extracellular Electrophysiological Recording;284
13.3.1.1;11.2.1.1 Principles of Extracellular Recording;284
13.3.1.2;11.2.1.2 Passive Metallic Microelectrodes and Their Scaling Limits;285
13.3.1.3;11.2.1.3 Active Transistor Electrodes;285
13.3.1.4;11.2.1.4 Extracellular Electrode/Cell Interfaces;285
13.3.2;11.2.2 Nanowire Transistors for Extracellular Recording;286
13.3.2.1;11.2.2.1 Extracellular Recording from Cultured Neurons;286
13.3.2.2;11.2.2.2 Extracellular Recording from Cardiac Cells;286
13.3.2.3;11.2.2.3 Extracellular Recording from Other Electrogenic Cells;290
13.3.3;11.2.3 Intracellular and Intracellular-like Electrophysiological Recording;290
13.3.3.1;11.2.3.1 Strengths and Constraints of Intracellular Measurements;290
13.3.3.2;11.2.3.2 Intracellular-Like Recording with Protruding Metal Electrodes;291
13.3.3.3;11.2.3.3 Intracellular 3D Nanowire Transistors;293
13.3.3.4;11.2.3.4 Intracellular MEA-Based Nanopillars;295
13.4;11.3 Nanowire-Tissue Interfaces and Electrophysiological Recording;296
13.4.1;11.3.1 Acute Brain Slice Studies with Nanowire Transistors;297
13.4.2;11.3.2 Cardiac Tissue Studies with Nanowire Transistors;297
13.4.3;11.3.3 3D Nano–Bioelectronic Hybrids;299
13.4.4;11.3.4 Injectable Electronics;304
13.5;11.4 Future Directions and Challenges;306
13.6;References;307
14;12 Conclusions and Outlook;313
14.1;Abstract;313
14.2;References;315
15;Curriculum Vitae;317
16;Index;320