Zhang PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers

Fundamentals and Applications
1. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-1-84800-936-3
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 1137 Seiten

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are promising clean energy converting devices with high efficiency and low to zero emissions. Such power sources can be used in transportation, stationary, portable and micro power applications. The key components of these fuel cells are catalysts and catalyst layers. 'PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers' provides a comprehensive, in-depth survey of the field, presented by internationally renowned fuel cell scientists. The opening chapters introduce the fundamentals of electrochemical theory and fuel cell catalysis. Later chapters investigate the synthesis, characterization, and activity validation of PEM fuel cell catalysts. Further chapters describe in detail the integration of the electrocatalyst/catalyst layers into the fuel cell, and their performance validation. Researchers and engineers in the fuel cell industry will find this book a valuable resource, as will students of electrochemical engineering and catalyst synthesis.

Dr Jiujun Zhang is a Senior Research Officer and PEM Catalysis Core Competency Leader at the National Research Council of Canada Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation (NRC-IFCI). Dr Zhang has over twenty-six years of R&D experience in theoretical and applied electrochemistry, including over twelve years of fuel cell R&D (among these six years at Ballard Power Systems and four years at NRC-IFCI), and three years of electrochemical sensor experience. Dr Zhang holds seven adjunct professorships, including one at the University of Waterloo and one at the University of British Columbia. His research is based on: low/non-Pt cathode catalyst development with long-term stability for catalyst cost reduction; preparation of novel material-supported Pt catalysts through ultrasonic spray pyrolysis; catalyst layer/cathode structure; fundamental understanding through first principles theoretical modeling; catalyst layer characterization and electrochemical evaluation; and preparation of cost-effective MEAs for fuel cell testing and evaluation. Dr Zhang has co-authored more than 140 research papers published in refereed journals and holds over ten US patents. He has also produced in excess of seventy industrial technical reports. Dr Zhang is an active member of The Electrochemical Society, the International Society of Electrochemistry, and the American Chemical Society.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Zhang, Jiujun

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;8
3;1 PEM Fuel Cell Fundamentals;21
3.1;1.1 Overview;21
3.2;1.2 Thermodynamics;51
3.3;1.3 Reaction Kinetics;73
3.4;References;99
4;2 Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction;108
4.1;2.1 Introduction;108
4.2;2.2 Oxygen Reduction on Graphite and Carbon;120
4.3;2.3 Oxygen Reduction Catalyzed by Quinone and Derivatives;128
4.4;2.4 Oxygen Reduction on Metal Catalysts;129
4.5;2.5 ORR on Macrocyclic Transition Metal Complexes;136
4.6;2.6 ORR Catalyzed by Other Catalysts;141
4.7;2.7 Superoxide Ion;144
4.8;2.8 Conclusions;148
4.9;References;148
5;3 Electrocatalytic H2 Oxidation Reaction;154
5.1;3.1 Introduction;154
5.2;3.2 Electrooxidation of Hydrogen [5, 6, 9, 10];155
5.3;3.3 Electrocatalysis of Hydrogen Oxidation;168
5.4;3.4 Conclusions;178
5.5;References;178
6;4 Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Methanol, Ethanol and Formic Acid;184
6.1;4.1 Introduction;184
6.2;4.2 Reaction Pathways, Catalyst Selection, and Performance: Example Analysis;191
6.3;4.3 Advances in Anode Catalyst Layer Engineering: Example Analysis;249
6.4;4.4 Conclusions;288
6.5;References;289
7;5 Application of First Principles Methods in the Study of Fuel Cell Air-Cathode Electrocatalysis;307
7.1;5.1 Introduction;307
7.2;5.2. Background;308
7.3;5.3 Surface Adsorption;311
7.4;5.4 Activation Energy;324
7.5;5.5 Thermodynamic Properties: Reversible Potential and Reaction Energy;329
7.6;5.6 Study of Non-noble Catalysts;334
7.7;5.7 Summary;342
7.8;References;342
8;6 Catalyst Contamination in PEM Fuel Cells;348
8.1;6.1 Introduction;348
8.2;6.2 Anode Catalyst Layer Contamination;348
8.3;6.3 Cathode Catalyst Layer Contamination;356
8.4;6.4 Additive Effects of Anode and Cathode Contamination;366
8.5;6.5 Summary;367
8.6;References;368
9;7 PEM Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers and MEAs;372
9.1;7.1 Fundamentals of Catalyst Layers;372
9.2;7.2 Principles of Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA);386
9.3;7.3 Conclusions;391
9.4;References;391
10;8 Catalyst Layer Modeling: Structure, Properties and Performance;398
10.1;8.1 Introduction;398
10.2;8.2 Understanding Structure and Operation of Catalyst Layers;400
10.3;8.3 State of the Art in Theory and Modeling: Multiple Scales;412
10.4;8.4 Structure Formation of Catalyst Layers and Effective Properties;415
10.5;8.5 Performance Modeling and Optimization Studies;429
10.6;8.6 Comparison and Evaluation of Catalyst Layer Designs;450
10.7;8.7 Summary and Outlook;455
10.8;References;456
11;9 Catalyst Synthesis Techniques;464
11.1;9.1 Introduction;464
11.2;9.2 Catalysis Synthesis Methods;464
11.3;9.3 Particle Size and Shape Control;475
11.4;9.4 Bi-metallic Catalysts;485
11.5;9.5 Non-noble Metal Catalyst Synthesis;491
11.6;References;496
12;10 Physical Characterization of Electrocatalysts;503
12.1;10.1 Introduction;503
12.2;10.2 Analysis of Composition and Phase of Catalyst;504
12.3;10.3 Measurement of Physical Surface Area and Electrochemical Active Surface Area;514
12.4;10.4 Morphology of Catalysts and Their Active Components;521
12.5;10.5 The Structure and Crystallography of Surface and Small Active Component Particles;528
12.6;10.6 Analysis of the Stability of Catalysts by the Thermal Analysis Method;541
12.7;10.7 Other Structural Techniques for Characterizing the Bulk and Surface of Electrocatalysts;548
12.8;10.8 Conclusion;552
12.9;References;552
13;11 Electrochemical Methods for Catalyst Activity Evaluation;563
13.1;11.1 Electrochemical Cells;563
13.2;11.2 Brief Principles of Electrochemical Instrumentation;572
13.3;11.3 Cyclic Voltammetry;572
13.4;11.4 Rotating Disk and Rotating Ring-disk Electrode Techniques;583
13.5;11.5 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy;589
13.6;11.6 Current Interruption and Current Pulse Techniques;601
13.7;11.7 Steady-state I-V Polarization;604
13.8;11.8 Durability Evaluation;608
13.9;11.9 Summary;618
13.10;List of Symbols;618
13.11;References;620
14;12 Combinatorial Methods for PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts;624
14.1;12.1 Introduction;624
14.2;12.2 Combinatorial Methods for Fuel Cell Electrocatalysis;627
14.3;12.3 Combinatorial Discoveries of Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts;637
14.4;12.4 Conclusions;643
14.5;References;644
15;13 Platinum-based Alloy Catalysts for PEM Fuel Cells;646
15.1;13.1 Introduction;646
15.2;13.2 Pt-based Alloy Catalysts for PEM Fuel Cell Cathodes;647
15.3;13.3 Pt-based Alloy Catalysts for DMFC Anodes;658
15.4;13.4 Concluding Remarks;665
15.5;References;666
16;14 Nanotubes, Nanofibers and Nanowires as Supports for Catalysts;670
16.1;14.1 Introduction;670
16.2;14.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes, Nanofibers and Nanowires;672
16.3;14.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Pt Catalysts Supported on Carbon Nanotubes, Carbon Nanofibers and Metal Oxide Nanowires;680
16.4;14.4 Activity Validation of the Synthesized Catalysts in a Fuel Cell Operation;708
16.5;14.5 Stability of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers-based Fuel Cell Electrodes;715
16.6;14.6 Conclusions and Future Perspective;717
16.7;Acknowledgements;718
16.8;References;719
17;15 Non-noble Electrocatalysts for the PEM Fuel Cell Oxygen Reduction Reaction;730
17.1;15.1 Introduction;730
17.2;15.2. Transition Metal Macrocycles for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction;731
17.3;15.3. Non-noble Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides for the ORR;740
17.4;15.4 Transition Metal Chalcogenides for the ORR;749
17.5;15.5 Metal Oxides for the ORR;757
17.6;15.6 Conclusions;763
17.7;References;763
18;16 CO-tolerant Catalysts;773
18.1;16.1 Introduction;773
18.2;16.2 Mechanisms of CO Tolerance;778
18.3;16.3 Development of CO-tolerant Catalysts;795
18.4;16.4 Preparation of CO-tolerant Catalysts;819
18.5;16.5 Conclusions;823
18.6;Acknowledgements;825
18.7;References;825
19;17 Reversal-tolerant Catalyst Layers;849
19.1;17.1 Introduction;849
19.2;17.2 Cell Voltage Reversal;852
19.3;17.3 Development of Reversal-tolerant Catalyst Layers;859
19.4;17.4 Conclusions;870
19.5;Acknowledgements;870
19.6;References;870
20;18 High-temperature PEM Fuel Cell Catalysts and Catalyst Layers;875
20.1;18.1 Opportunities and Challenges for High-temperature PEM Fuel Cells;875
20.2;18.2 Catalysts for High-temperature PEM Fuel Cells;882
20.3;18.3 Summary;898
20.4;References;898
21;19 Conventional Catalyst Ink, Catalyst Layer and MEA Preparation;903
21.1;19.1 Introduction;903
21.2;19.2 Principles of Gas Diffusion Electrodes and MEA Structures;903
21.3;19.3 Catalyst Layer;907
21.4;19.4 Preparation of the MEA;925
21.5;19.5 Summary and Outlook;925
21.6;References;926
22;20 Spray-based and CVD Processes for Synthesis of Fuel Cell Catalysts and Thin Catalyst Layers;931
22.1;20.1 Introduction;931
22.2;20.2 Spray Pyrolysis Approach;933
22.3;20.3 Deposition of Catalyst Layer by CVD;943
22.4;20.4 Flame-based Processing;955
22.5;20.5 Summary;972
22.6;Acknowledgements;972
22.7;References;972
23;21 Catalyst Layer/MEA Performance Evaluation;978
23.1;21.1 Introduction;978
23.2;21.2 Theoretical Analysis;979
23.3;21.3 Physical Chemistry Evaluation of Catalyst Layer;986
23.4;21.4 Catalyst Layer Evaluation in a Half-cell;991
23.5;21.5 MEA Evaluation by the Single-cell Test;999
23.6;21.6 Lifetime/Durability Testing of the MEA;1007
23.7;21.7 Conclusions;1010
23.8;References;1010
24;22 Catalyst Layer Composition Optimization;1016
24.1;22.1 Catalyst Layer Materials Selection and Evaluation;1016
24.2;22.2 Fabrication Optimization Processes for the Catalyst Layer of MEAs;1029
24.3;22.3 MEA Performance Verification with its Catalyst Layer Fabrication Optimization Process;1044
24.4;References;1046
25;23 Catalyst Layer Degradation, Diagnosis and Failure Mitigation;1054
25.1;23.1 Introduction;1054
25.2;23.2 Diagnosis of Catalyst Layer Degradation: Fuel Cell Failure Analysis;1057
25.3;23.3 Anode Catalyst Layer Degradation;1069
25.4;23.4 Cathode Catalyst Layer Degradation;1079
25.5;23.5 Summary;1100
25.6;References;1102
26;Acronyms and Abbreviations;1108
27;Contributor Biographies;1115
28;Author Index;1128
29;Subject Index;1129