The International Legal Régime for the Protection of the Stratospheric Ozone Layer

Second Revised Edition
2. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-90-04-24767-3
Verlag: Brill

Buch, Englisch, Band 13, 426 Seiten, Format (B × H): 160 mm x 241 mm, Gewicht: 794 g

Reihe: International Law in Japanese Perspective

The Montreal Protocol, which is based on the Vienna Ozone Convention, is known as one of the most successful environmental treaties in the history of international law. These treaties, together with non-binding instruments adopted by the MOP/COP, have gradually formed the so-called ‘ozone régime’ and have exerted a significant influence on the international legal order.

The first edition of Professor Yoshida’s monograph, The International Legal Régime for the Protection of the Stratosphere Ozone Layer, published in 2001, provided a renowned and comprehensive contemporary study of the international ozone régime. In the second revised edition, the author provides a detailed analysis of the developments in the ozone régime after the adoption of the 1999 Beijing Amendments, including the operation of the Non-Compliance Procedure and the Kigali Amendment on a global phase-down of HFCs.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Yoshida, Osamu

Fachgebiete

• Rechtswissenschaften Internationales Recht und Europarecht Internationales Recht Internationales Verwaltungs-, Umwelt- und Gesundheitsrecht
• Rechtswissenschaften Internationales Recht und Europarecht Internationales Recht Internationales Öffentliches Recht, Völkerrecht, Internationale Organisationen

Inhaltsverzeichnis

List of Cases

Preface to the Second Revised Edition

About the Author

Foreword

Introduction

Part 1: International Legal Régimes

1International Environmental Régimes

IA Preliminary Examination of ‘International Régimes’

IIInternational Régimes in International Environmental Relations

IIIInternational Environmental Régimes and International Law

ALaw-Making in International Cooperation Régimes of Environmental Regulation

BThe Institutionalisation of International Environmental Cooperation

C‘Soft Enforcement’ of Treaties: Implementation of and Compliance with Legal Obligations of Environmental Régimes

DNon-Governmental Organisations as Actors of International Legal Régimes

IVThe Emergence of the ‘Self-Contained’ Régime for Obligations Erga Omnes: Ensuring Universal Compliance

VConclusions

Part 2: The International Treaties for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

2The 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and Principles of Modern International Environmental Law

IIntroduction

IIThe Negotiation of the 1985 Vienna Ozone Convention

ANational and Regional Regulation of Major Chlorofluorocarons (CFCs)

BThe Vienna Convention Negotiation within the UNEP as a Law-Making Forum

(1)The International Ozone Régime-Building from 1977 to 1980

(2)The Discussions at the Ad Hoc Working Group (1982–1985)

(3)Negotiating an Ozone Protocol for Controlling CFCs

(4)‘The Vienna Ozone Layer Convention is Adopted’

IIIThe 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

AThe Definition of ‘Adverse Effects’ Caused by Ozone Depletion

(1)The Limited Scope of the Term ‘Air Pollution’ in Regional Environmental Treaties

(2)Adverse Effects Caused by Ozone Depletion

BThe Legal Status of the Ozone Layer in General International Law

(1)National Jurisdiction over the Ozone Layer

(2)The Ozone Layer as ‘Common Concern of Mankind’

CThe Vienna Ozone Convention and the ‘Principle’ of the Precautionary Approach in Modern International Law of the Environment

(1)The Vienna Ozone Convention and Principle 21 of the 1972 Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment

(2)The Vienna Ozone Convention and the Precautionary Environmental ‘Principle’: The Emergence of a New Approach

(a)International Environmental Cooperation: Developments Subsequent to the Adoption of Principle 22 of the 1972 Stockholm Declaration

(b)The Precautionary Environmental ‘Principle’ or Approach

DThe Provisions of the Vienna Ozone Convention

(1)The General Obligations: Legal Basis of the Montreal Ozone Protocol

(2)The Conference of the Parties to the Vienna Ozone Convention

(3)The UNEP Ozone Secretariat for the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol

(4)The Dispute Settlement Procedures under the Vienna Ozone Convention

IVAssessment of the Vienna Ozone Convention

3The Montreal Protocol: The Evolution of the International Regulatory Régime for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

IIntroduction

IIThe Montreal Protocol Negotiation: Preparation on the Protocol on the Protection of the Ozone Layer within the UNEP

AThe First Session of the Working Group

BThe Second Session of the Working Group

CToward a Final Decision in Montreal in September 1987

IIIInternational Legal Regulation of Specified ODSs under the Montreal Protocol

AThe Final Agreement: Provisions of the Montreal Protocol

BInternational Control Measures for ODSs

(1)The Substances Covered by the Montreal Ozone Protocol

(2)The Percentage Reduction Approach: Consumption and Production

(3)The Ozone-Depleting Potentials (ODPs)

(4)The Special Situation of the Former USSR

(5)Non-Compliance with the Control Measures: Compliance Control

CThe Internal Mechanisms for Amendments and Adjustments: Strengthening the System of the International Control Measures

DThe European Community as the ‘Regional Economic Integration Organisation’: The Joint Implementation of the ODS Control Measures

ESpecial Situation of Developing Countries: The ‘Grace Period’ for Article 5 Countries

(1)The Justification for the Grace Period

(2)The Grace and Phaseout Period for Article 5 Countries

(3)The Principle of Common-But-Differentiated Responsibility

(4)The Consequences of the Grace Period

IVThe Development of the International Cooperative and Regulatory Ozone Régime: The Evolution of International Control Measures and Other ODSs-Related Issues

AThe Need for Revisions of the 1987 version of the Protocol: New Scientific Knowledge on the State of the Ozone Layer

BThe 1989 Helsinki Ozone Meeting and Its International Soft Law

CThe 1990 London Ozone Meeting: Strengthening the Control Measures and the Establishment of the Multilateral Fund

DThe 1992 Copenhagen Ozone Meeting: Strengthening the Control Measures of HCFCs and the Establishment of the Montreal NCP

EThe 1995 Vienna Ozone Meeting: The Control Measures for HCFCs and Methylbromide, and the Extension of the Grace Period

FThe 1997 Montreal Ozone Meeting: Control Measures of Methylbromide and Illegal Trade in CFCs and ODSs

GThe 1999 Beijing Ozone Meeting: A Freeze in HCFCs Production and the Control of a New ODS – Bromochloromethane

HThe 2007 Montreal Ozone Meeting: Adjustments for Accelerating HCFCs Phaseout

IThe 2016 Kigali Ozone Meeting: Phasing Down of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

VThe Domestic Implementation of the International Treaties for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

AIntroduction

BDomestic Implementation of the Ozone Treaties in Japan

VIConclusions

Part 3: The Ozone Layer Régime and the Wto/Gatt Law Régime

4The Montreal Ozone Protocol Régime and the International Trade Law Régime of the WTO/GATT

IIntroduction

AMultilateral Environmental Agreements and WTO/gatt Law

BMultilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs)

IIThe International Régime for Trade Restrictions of ODSs

AThe Background of Article 4 of the Montreal Protocol: Resolving the Problem of Non-Participation in the MEA Régime

BArticle 4 of the Montreal Protocol: Process and Production Method-Related Arguments

IIIThe WTO/GATT Trade Law

AThe WTO/GATT Law

BThe Governing Economic Principles of GATT Law

CGATT Case-Law

IVThe Legal Conflicts between MEAs and WTO/GATT Trade Law

AThe Legal Conflicts between MEAs and WTO/gatt Trade Law

BThe Relationship between MEA Dispute Settlement Procedures and the WTO Dispute Settlement System: The Montreal NCP or the WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures?

(1)General Discussions

(2)The NCP or the WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures?

VGATT Article XX and the Global Protection of the Ozone Layer under the Montreal Protocol

AThe Exceptions under GATT Article XI(1) and XX

BGATT Article XI(2) Exceptions and the Montreal Protocol

CThe Preamble Conditions for GATT Article XX Exceptions and Article 4 of the Montreal Protocol: Compliance with the Terms of the Chapeau

DGATT Article XX(b) and the Protection of the Ozone Layer

(1)Article 4 of the Montreal Protocol is ‘Necessary’ to Protect Human Health and the Environment: GATT Article XX(b) and International Environmental Law

(2)Environmental Objectives of the International Ozone Régime are widely recognised by the International Community

EGATT Article XX(g) and the Protection of the Ozone Layer

VIConclusions

Part 4: The Compliance System of the Montreal Protocol

5The Montreal Non-Compliance Procedure and the Functions of the Internal International Organs

IThe Montreal Non-Compliance Procedure (NCP)

AThe Judicial Settlement of International Environmental Disputes

BThe Avoidance and Quasi-Judicial Settlement of Multilateral Environmental Disputes: The Non-Compliance Procedure (NCP)

IIThe Negotiation of the Montreal NCP

IIIThe Meaning of ‘Non-Compliance’ in the Montreal Protocol: A Grey Area of the International Ozone Régime

AThe Meaning of ‘Non-Compliance’ in the Evolving Ozone Régime

BDepoliticising Multilateral Environmental Disputes? The Relationship between the NCP and the Dispute Settlement Mechanisms in the Vienna Ozone Convention

IVThe Mechanics of the Operation of the Montreal NCP: The Functions of the Specialised Internal Treaty Bodies

AThe Structure of the Montreal NCP

(1)The Actors of the NCP

(2)The Principle of Good Faith (Bona fides)

BThe Functions of the Internal International Agencies in the Montreal Non-Compliance Procedure

(1)The UNEP Ozone Secretariat

(2)The Implementation Committee of the NCP

(a)The Structure of the Implementation Committee

(b)The Functions of the Committee in the Montreal NCP

(3)The Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol

(a)The Functions of the Meeting of the Parties in the NCP

(b)The Legal Nature of the Decisions of the Meeting of the Parties

VThe Principal Features of the NCP: The Montreal NCP, International Conciliation and Other Dispute Settlement Procedures

AThe Montreal NCP as a Multilateral Conciliation Mechanism

(1)International Conciliation and the NCP

(2)From Conciliation to the Political Organ of the MEA

BThe Dispute Settlement Mechanisms Used by Other International Institutions

(1)The WTO/GATT Non-Violation Procedure in International Economic Law

(2)The ILO Complaints Procedure

VIThe Montreal NCP Theory: Soft Enforcement of International Environmental Law

VIIThe Montreal NCP in Practice

AEnsuring Compliance with Reporting Requirements, Control Measures and Trade Restrictions

(1)The Reporting Requirements

(2)The Control Measures of ODSs

(3)Trade with Non-Parties

BCase Study: Non-Compliance by the Russian Federation and the Reactions of the NCP Organs

(1)The Russian Federation and the CEITs

(2)Russia’s Non-Compliance Case

VIIIConclusions

6The Financial Mechanism of the Montreal Protocol and the International Transfer of Ozone-Friendly Technology: Capacity Building in the Ozone Régime

IThe Concept of Capacity Building in International Environmental Law

AThe Definition of Capacity Building

BCapacity Building and MEAs

IIThe Negotiation Process of the Montreal Multilateral Fund and Issues Related to Technology Transfer

ACapacity Building under the Vienna Ozone Convention and the Montreal Protocol

BThe Negotiation of the Montreal Multilateral Fund and Technology Transfer

IIIThe Structure of the Financial Mechanism of the Montreal Protocol

AGeneral Legal Aspects

BThe Role of the International Agencies in the Financial Mechanism

(1)The Executive Committee

(2)The Multilateral Fund Secretariat

(3)The Implementing Agencies

(a)The World Bank

(b)The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

(c)The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

(d)The United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO)

CThe Global Environment Facility (GEF)

DStrategies: Work Programmes, Country Programmes and Institutional Strengthening

(1)Work Programmes

(2)Country Programmes

(3)Institutional Strengthening for Project Implementation

(4)The Conditionally between MLF Funding and Compliance with the Protocol

IVSpecial Considerations for the International Transfer of Ozone-Friendly Technology

AInternational Technology Transfer

BInternational Technology Transfer of ODS Reduction

VThe Operation of the Financial Mechanism of the Montreal Protocol

AThe Effectiveness of the Montreal Multilateral Fund

(1)The Phaseout of Controlled ODSs

(2)The Transfer of Technology of ODSs

VIConclusions

Part 5: Conclusions

7The International Legal Régime for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

Appendices

IThe 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

IIThe 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, as adjusted and amended by the Second Meeting of the Parties (London, 27–29 June 1990) and by the Fourth Meeting of the Parties (Copenhagen, 23–25 November 1992) and further adjusted by the Seventh Meeting of the Parties (Vienna, 5–7 December 1995) and further adjusted and amended by the Ninth Meeting of the Parties (Montreal, 15–17 September 1997) and by the Eleventh Meeting of the Parties (Beijing, 29 November – 3 December 1999) and further adjusted by the Nineteenth Meeting of the Parties (Montreal, 17–21 September 2007) and further amended by the Twenty-Eighth Meeting of the Parties (Kigali, 10–15 October 2016)













IIIThe Non-Compliance Procedure (1998)

Indicative List of Measures that Might be Taken by the Me

Über Autor(innen)

Osamu Yoshida, D.Phil. (1998), University of Edinburgh, is Professor of International Law and International Organisations at Tsukuba University, Japan. He served as a Member of the ILA Committee on the Legal Principles of Climate Change.