Yamashita / Hirose / Packard Processing and Producing Head-final Structures

2011
ISBN: 978-90-481-9213-7
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 38, 407 Seiten

Reihe: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics

This book is the first collection of studies on an important yet under-investigated linguistic phenomenon, the processing and production of head-final syntactic structures. Until now, the remarkable progress made in the field of human sentence processing had been achieved largely by investigating head-initial languages such as English. The goal of the present volume is to deepen our understanding by examining head-final languages and offering a comparison of those results to findings from head-initial languages. This book brings together cross-linguistic investigations of languages with prominent head-final structures such as Basque, Chinese, German, Japanese, Korean, and Hindi. It will inform readers of linguistics with both theoretical and experimental backgrounds, as it provides accounts of previous studies, offers experimentally-based theoretical discussions, and includes experimental stimuli in the original languages.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Yamashita, Hiroko

Hirose, Yuki

Packard, Jerome L.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Acknowledgements;6
2;Head-Direction and its Effect on Comprehension and Production;7
2.1;References;12
3;Contents;15
4;List of Contributors;17
5;Part I: Incremental Processing and Head-final Structures;19
5.1;Rich Agreement in Basque: Evidence for Pre-verbal Structure Building;20
5.1.1;1.1 Evidence from Head-Final Languages in Favor of Incremental Structure Building;21
5.1.2;1.2 Basque: An Ergative Rich-Agreement Language;22
5.1.2.1;1.2.1 Brief Overview of Basque Psycholinguistic Research;24
5.1.2.2;1.2.2 Agreement in Sentence Comprehension;25
5.1.2.3;1.2.3 Case Markers and Word Order as Inducers of Clause Boundaries;26
5.1.2.4;1.2.4 Experiment on Basque Auxiliary Fronting;29
5.1.3;1.3 Conclusions;34
5.1.4;References;35
5.2;The Processing of Japanese Control Sentences;39
5.2.1;2.1 Introduction;39
5.2.1.1;2.1.1 Control and Head Directionality;40
5.2.1.2;2.1.2 Incrementality and the Processing of Japanese Control Sentences;42
5.2.2;2.2 The Experiment: Rationale, Sample Items and Predictions;46
5.2.2.1;2.2.1 Rationale;46
5.2.2.2;2.2.2 Sample Test Sentences;46
5.2.2.3;2.2.3 Predictions;48
5.2.3;2.3 Methods;49
5.2.3.1;2.3.1 Participants;49
5.2.3.2;2.3.2 Materials;49
5.2.3.3;2.3.3 Procedures;51
5.2.4;2.4 Results;51
5.2.4.1;2.4.1 Reading Time (RT) Analyses;52
5.2.4.2;2.4.2 Error Rate (ER) Analyses;57
5.2.4.3;2.4.3 Naturalness Ratings;57
5.2.5;2.5 Discussion;57
5.2.5.1;2.5.1 Discussion of the Experimental Results;57
5.2.5.2;2.5.2 Early Disconfirmation of a Processing Bias Leads to Facilitation?;59
5.2.5.3;2.5.3 Why an OC bias?;59
5.2.5.4;2.5.4 Why Any Bias?;61
5.2.6;References;62
5.3;Individual Differences in Sentence Processing: Effects of Verbal Working Memory and Cumulative Linguistic Knowledge;64
5.3.1;3.1 Introduction;64
5.3.1.1;3.1.1 Two Factor Model of Individual Differences in Reading Comprehension at Text and Word Levels;64
5.3.1.2;3.1.2 VWM Model of Individual Differences in Sentence Processing;65
5.3.1.3;3.1.3 Implications of VWM Model for Head-Final Languages;66
5.3.1.4;3.1.4 Two Factor Model of Individual Differences in Sentence Processing;67
5.3.1.5;3.1.5 Purpose of the Present Study;67
5.3.2;3.2 Experiment 1 (Lexical Frequency);69
5.3.2.1;3.2.1 Method;69
5.3.2.1.1;3.2.1.1 Participants;69
5.3.2.1.2;3.2.1.2 Materials;69
5.3.2.1.3;3.2.1.3 Procedure;70
5.3.2.2;3.2.2 Results and Discussion;70
5.3.3;3.3 Experiment 2 (Adjacent Scrambling Sentences);72
5.3.3.1;3.3.1 Method;72
5.3.3.1.1;3.3.1.1 Participants;72
5.3.3.1.2;3.3.1.2 Materials;72
5.3.3.1.3;3.3.1.3 Procedure;72
5.3.3.2;3.3.2 Results and Discussion;72
5.3.4;3.4 Experiment 3 (Distant Scrambling Sentences);74
5.3.4.1;3.4.1 Method;74
5.3.4.1.1;3.4.1.1 Participants and Procedure;74
5.3.4.1.2;3.4.1.2 Materials;74
5.3.4.2;3.4.2 Results and Discussion;74
5.3.5;3.5 General Discussion;77
5.3.6;References;79
6;Part II: Prosody and Processing;81
6.1;Prosodic Phrasing and Transitivity in Head-Final Sentence Comprehension - ERP Evidence from German Ambiguous DPs;82
6.1.1;4.1 Introduction;82
6.1.2;4.2 ERP Study;87
6.1.2.1;4.2.1 Acoustic Analyses;89
6.1.2.2;4.2.2 Method;91
6.1.2.2.1;4.2.2.1 Participants;91
6.1.2.2.2;4.2.2.2 Materials;91
6.1.2.2.3;4.2.2.3 Procedure;91
6.1.2.2.4;4.2.2.4 ERP Recordings;92
6.1.2.2.5;4.2.2.5 Data Analysis;92
6.1.2.2.6;4.2.2.6 Results;93
6.1.2.2.6.1;Behavioral Data;93
6.1.2.2.6.1.1;Acceptability Judgment Task;93
6.1.2.2.6.1.2;Probe Detection Task;94
6.1.2.2.6.2;ERP Data;94
6.1.2.2.6.2.1;D2;94
6.1.2.2.6.2.2;Clause-Final Verb;96
6.1.2.3;4.2.3 Discussion;99
6.1.3;4.3 Conclusion;102
6.1.4;References;103
6.2;Production-Perception Asymmetry in Wh-scope Marking;105
6.2.1;5.1 Introduction: Computing a Wh-scope Domain in a Head-Final Language;105
6.2.2;5.2 Prosody and Processing of Wh-scope Ambiguity;106
6.2.2.1;5.2.1 Relationship Between Wh-scope and Prosody;106
6.2.2.2;5.2.2 Processing Account for the Preference Towards the Subordinate Wh-scope;108
6.2.3;5.3 Production Study;109
6.2.3.1;5.3.1 Materials;109
6.2.3.2;5.3.2 Subjects (Speakers);111
6.2.3.3;5.3.3 Procedure;111
6.2.3.4;5.3.4 Results;112
6.2.3.4.1;5.3.4.1 F0 Analyses;112
6.2.3.4.2;5.3.4.2 Durational Analyses;113
6.2.3.4.2.1;Pause Duration;113
6.2.3.4.2.2;Final Segment Duration;114
6.2.3.4.3;5.3.4.3 Summary of the Results;115
6.2.4;5.4 Comprehension Study;115
6.2.4.1;5.4.1 Materials;115
6.2.4.2;5.4.2 Subjects (Listeners);117
6.2.4.3;5.4.3 Procedure;117
6.2.4.4;5.4.4 Results;118
6.2.4.4.1;5.4.4.1 Comprehension Data;118
6.2.4.4.2;5.4.4.2 Factors Contributing to the Listeners' Decision;119
6.2.5;5.5 Discussion and Conclusion;120
6.2.6;References;121
7;Part III: Production of Head-final Structures;123
7.1;The Production of Head-Initial and Head-Final Languages;124
7.1.1;6.1 Introduction;124
7.1.2;6.2 Models of Language Production;125
7.1.3;6.3 Factors Affecting Syntactic Choice in Head-Initial and Head-Final Languages;127
7.1.3.1;6.3.1 Conceptual Accessibility;127
7.1.3.2;6.3.2 Structural Priming;131
7.1.3.3;6.3.3 Length Effects on Word Order;134
7.1.4;6.4 Discussion;136
7.1.5;6.5 Conclusion;137
7.1.6;References;138
7.2;Incremental Sentence Production: Observations from Elicited Speech Errors in Japanese;141
7.2.1;7.1 Introduction;141
7.2.1.1;7.1.1 How Far Ahead Do Speakers Plan?;142
7.2.1.2;7.1.2 Mapping Conceptual Structure to Syntactic Structure;143
7.2.1.3;7.1.3 Thematic Roles in Sentence Comprehension and Production Processes;147
7.2.1.4;7.1.4 Thematic Roles and Case Particles in Japanese;151
7.2.2;7.2 Thematic Roles and Japanese Speakers' Speech Errors;153
7.2.2.1;7.2.1 Hypothesis and Prediction;153
7.2.2.2;7.2.2 Method;154
7.2.2.2.1;7.2.2.1 Participants;154
7.2.2.2.2;7.2.2.2 Materials and Procedures;154
7.2.2.3;7.2.3 Results;156
7.2.2.3.1;7.2.3.1 O Errors;157
7.2.2.3.2;7.2.3.2 NI Errors;157
7.2.3;7.3 Discussions and Conclusions;158
7.2.4;References;159
7.3;The Status of Dative Constructions in Korean, English and in the Korean-English Bilingual Mind;162
7.3.1;8.1 Introduction;162
7.3.1.1;8.1.1 The question of Korean dative structures;163
7.3.1.2;8.1.2 Mutually Informative Linguistic and Psycholinguistic Studies;165
7.3.1.3;8.1.3 Structural priming in production;166
7.3.1.4;8.1.4 Predictions for Dative Structures Across Languages in Korean-English Bilinguals;169
7.3.1.5;8.1.5 Experiments Demonstrating Dative Structures in the Korean-English Bilingual Mind;170
7.3.1.6;8.1.6 Method;171
7.3.1.7;8.1.7 Results;173
7.3.2;8.2 Discussion;174
7.3.3;References;175
8;Part IV: Corpus-based Approach to Processing and Production;179
8.1;Subject Preference, Head Animacy and Lexical Cues: A Corpus Study of Relative Clauses in Chinese;180
8.1.1;9.1 Introduction;180
8.1.2;9.2 Chinese RCs: Subject Preference?;182
8.1.2.1;9.2.1 Two Theoretical Accounts;182
8.1.2.2;9.2.2 Inconsistency in Experimental Studies;183
8.1.2.3;9.2.3 Previous Corpus Results;186
8.1.3;9.3 Current Corpus Study: RC Types and Animacy;187
8.1.3.1;9.3.1 Frequency Ranking of RCs;188
8.1.3.2;9.3.2 Interim Discussion;189
8.1.3.3;9.3.3 Head NP Animacy and its Distribution;190
8.1.4;9.4 Current Corpus Study: Classifier Position;192
8.1.4.1;9.4.1 Classifier Positions in Chinese DP Structure;193
8.1.4.2;9.4.2 Classifier as a Cue for RC?;193
8.1.4.3;9.4.3 Distribution of Classifier and Factors in Noun Coding;195
8.1.4.4;9.4.4 Early Occurrence Strategy and Semantic Clash Avoidance Principle;196
8.1.5;9.5 Conclusions;198
8.1.6;References;198
8.2;Why Speakers Produce Scrambled Sentences: An Analysis of a Spoken Language Corpus in Japanese;201
8.2.1;10.1 Introduction;201
8.2.1.1;10.1.1 Flexible Word-Order and its Determinant in Japanese;202
8.2.1.2;10.1.2 Target Sentence Types and Factors Analyzed in the Study;204
8.2.2;10.2 Method;206
8.2.2.1;10.2.1 Corpus;206
8.2.2.2;10.2.2 Procedure;207
8.2.3;10.3 Results;208
8.2.3.1;10.3.1 Frequency of Scrambling;208
8.2.3.2;10.3.2 Phrase Length and Word-order;209
8.2.3.2.1;10.3.2.1 Number of Bunsetsu and Frequency of Scrambling;209
8.2.3.2.2;10.3.2.2 Differences in Phrase Length and the Frequency of Scrambling;209
8.2.3.3;10.3.3 Referential Phrases and Word-order;212
8.2.3.4;10.3.4 Interaction between Length and Referentiality;213
8.2.4;10.4 General Discussion;215
8.2.4.1;10.4.1 Frequency of Scrambling and Sentence Types;215
8.2.4.2;10.4.2 Head-Direction and Phrase Length;217
8.2.4.3;10.4.3 Summary;219
8.2.5;References;220
9;Part V: Processing Relative Clauses in Chinese;222
9.1;Filler-Gap Processing in Mandarin Relative Clauses: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials;223
9.1.1;11.1 Introduction;223
9.1.2;11.2 Method;228
9.1.2.1;11.2.1 Participants;228
9.1.2.2;11.2.2 Stimuli;229
9.1.2.3;11.2.3 Procedure;229
9.1.2.3.1;11.2.3.1 EEG Recording;230
9.1.2.4;11.2.4 Data Analysis;231
9.1.2.4.1;11.2.4.1 Behavioral Data;231
9.1.2.4.2;11.2.4.2 EEG Data;231
9.1.3;11.3 Results;232
9.1.3.1;11.3.1 Behavioral Data;232
9.1.3.1.1;11.3.1.1 Probe Sentence Response Accuracy Rate;232
9.1.3.1.2;11.3.1.2 Probe Sentence Response Latency;233
9.1.3.2;11.3.2 ERP Data;233
9.1.4;11.4 Discussion;236
9.1.5;11.5 Conclusion;241
9.1.6;References;242
9.2;Animacy and the Resolution of Temporary Ambiguity in Relative Clause Comprehension in Mandarin;245
9.2.1;12.1 Mandarin Relative Clauses;249
9.2.1.1;12.1.1 Predictions About Mandarin Relative Clauses;250
9.2.1.2;12.1.2 Previous Studies of Mandarin Relative Clause Processing;253
9.2.1.3;12.1.3 Topicalization and Dropping the Head Noun in Mandarin Relative Clauses;256
9.2.2;12.2 Experiment 1;258
9.2.2.1;12.2.1 Using Topicalization and Head Dropping in the Experiment;258
9.2.2.2;12.2.2 Materials, Design and Procedure;259
9.2.2.3;12.2.3 Results;261
9.2.3;12.3 Discussion;265
9.2.4;12.4 Experiment 2;266
9.2.5;12.5 Materials, Design and Procedure;270
9.2.6;12.6 Results;271
9.2.7;12.7 Discussion;273
9.2.8;12.8 Results Across Both Studies;273
9.2.9;12.9 General Discussion;275
9.2.10;References;277
9.3;Garden Path and the Comprehension of Head-Final Relative Clauses;280
9.3.1;13.1 Headedness and the Comprehension of Relative Clauses;280
9.3.2;13.2 Structural Properties of Head-Final Relative Clauses and the Issue of Garden Path;281
9.3.3;13.3 Attempts to Avoid the Garden Path;287
9.3.3.1;13.3.1 Markings Inside the Relative Clauses;289
9.3.3.2;13.3.2 Classifier-Noun Mismatch;290
9.3.3.3;13.3.3 Context That Induces Relative Clauses;292
9.3.3.4;13.3.4 Overt Instructions on the Existence of a Relative Clause;296
9.3.4;13.4 Implications;297
9.3.5;References;298
9.4;Use Your Headedness: An Exercise in Psycholinguistic Exploitation;301
9.4.1;14.1 Introduction;301
9.4.2;14.2 Experiment 1;303
9.4.2.1;14.2.1 Experiment 1A (Without Context);304
9.4.2.1.1;14.2.1.1 Materials;304
9.4.2.1.2;14.2.1.2 Participants and Procedure;305
9.4.2.1.3;14.2.1.3 Predictions;306
9.4.2.1.4;14.2.1.4 Results;307
9.4.2.2;14.2.2 Experiment 1B (With Preceding Context);308
9.4.2.2.1;14.2.2.1 Materials, Procedure and Participants;308
9.4.2.2.2;14.2.2.2 Predictions;309
9.4.2.2.3;14.2.2.3 Results;309
9.4.2.3;14.2.3 General Discussion of Experiment 1;311
9.4.3;14.3 Experiment 2;311
9.4.3.1;14.3.1 Materials;312
9.4.3.2;14.3.2 Procedures;316
9.4.3.3;14.3.3 Predictions;317
9.4.3.4;14.3.4 Results;317
9.4.4;14.4 General Discussion;321
9.4.5;References;322
10;Part VI: Head-Direction and Processing Theory;324
10.1;On Being Both Head-Initial and Head-Final;325
10.1.1;15.1 Introduction;325
10.1.2;15.2 Head Position, Branching Direction and Mode of Parsing;327
10.1.3;15.3 A New Argument for Strictly Incremental Parsing;330
10.1.3.1;15.3.1 The Verb-Adjective Ambiguity;331
10.1.3.2;15.3.2 V-A-Ambiguity: Processing by a Non-Incremental, Head-Driven Parser;332
10.1.3.3;15.3.3 V-A-Ambiguity: Processing by a Strictly Incremental Parser;334
10.1.3.4;15.3.4 Testing the Predictions;337
10.1.4;15.4 Some Consequences for the Grammar-Parser Relationship;340
10.1.5;15.5 Conclusion;345
10.1.6;References;346
10.2;Integration and Prediction in Head-Final Structures;348
10.2.1;16.1 Introduction;348
10.2.2;16.2 Locality in Sentence Comprehension;349
10.2.2.1;16.2.1 Counterexamples to Locality: Antilocality;351
10.2.2.2;16.2.2 Surprisal: A New Explanation for Antilocality Effects;353
10.2.2.3;16.2.3 Is the Locality Effect an Illusion?;355
10.2.2.4;16.2.4 Working Memory Structures and Locality: An Unexplored Puzzle;358
10.2.2.5;16.2.5 Locality: A Summing Up;358
10.2.2.6;16.2.6 Solving the Locality Puzzle;359
10.2.3;16.3 Interference in Sentence Comprehension;360
10.2.4;16.4 Concluding Remarks;363
10.2.5;References;364
10.3;Directionality in the Architecture of the Language Faculty: Integrating with Real Time;367
10.3.1;17.1 Introduction;367
10.3.2;17.2 Assumptions Regarding UG;368
10.3.3;17.3 The Grammatical Representation of Directionality;369
10.3.3.1;17.3.1 The Classic Program in UG: Head Direction Parameter (e.g., 2c,d);370
10.3.3.2;17.3.2 The Antisymmetric Program in UG (e.g., 2e);371
10.3.4;17.4 Deriving Theoretical and Empirical Predictions;375
10.3.4.1;17.4.1 Typology;376
10.3.4.1.1;Chinese;376
10.3.4.1.2;Interpreting Typological Data;376
10.3.4.2;17.4.2 The Learnability Challenge;377
10.3.4.3;17.4.3 Language Acquisition;379
10.3.4.3.1;Configuration and Linearity;379
10.3.4.3.2;Precedence Effects;380
10.3.4.4;17.4.4 Language Acquisition and Language Processing Converge;382
10.3.5;17.5 Conclusions;384
10.3.6;References;386
11;Index;393