Wynberg / Schroeder / Chennells Indigenous Peoples, Consent and Benefit Sharing

Lessons from the San-Hoodia Case
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-90-481-3123-5
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 363 Seiten

Indigenous Peoples, Consent and Benefit Sharing is the first in-depth account of the Hoodia bioprospecting case and use of San traditional knowledge, placing it in the global context of indigenous peoples' rights, consent and benefit-sharing. It is unique as the first interdisciplinary analysis of consent and benefit sharing in which philosophers apply their minds to questions of justice in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), lawyers interrogate the use of intellectual property rights to protect traditional knowledge, environmental scientists analyse implications for national policies, anthropologists grapple with the commodification of knowledge and, uniquely, case experts from Asia, Australia and North America bring their collective expertise and experiences to bear on the San-Hoodia case.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Wynberg, Rachel

Schroeder, Doris

Chennells, Roger

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Acknowledgements;7
3;Contents;10
4;List of Figures;12
5;List of Tables;13
6;List of Boxes;14
7;Contributors;15
8;Foreword;22
9;List of Acronyms;24
10;Part I: Community Consent and Benefit Sharing: The Context;27
10.1;1 Introduction;28
10.2;2 Justice and Benefit Sharing;36
10.2.1;2.1 Common Heritage of Humankind Versus National Sovereignty;38
10.2.2;2.2 Different Concepts of Justice;40
10.2.2.1;2.2.1 Natural Rights Versus Social Utility;41
10.2.2.2;2.2.2 Distributive Justice and Justice in Exchange;43
10.2.3;2.3 Benefit Sharing: Distributive Justice or Justice in Exchange?;45
10.2.4;2.4 Conclusion;49
10.2.5;References;50
10.3;3 Informed Consent: From Medical Research to Traditional Knowledge;52
10.3.1;3.1 Introduction;53
10.3.1.1;3.1.1 Informed Consent in the Medical Context;54
10.3.1.2;3.1.2 Prior Informed Consent in Accessing Traditional Knowledge;56
10.3.2;3.2 Consent;58
10.3.2.1;3.2.1 Consent and Health Care;58
10.3.3;3.3 Consent and Traditional Knowledge;61
10.3.4;3.4 Informed Consent;64
10.3.4.1;3.4.1 Informed Consent and Health Care;64
10.3.4.2;3.4.2 Informed Consent and Traditional Knowledge;65
10.3.5;3.5 Prior Informed Consent;68
10.3.6;3.6 Free Prior Informed Consent;71
10.3.7;3.7 Conclusion;73
10.3.8;References;74
10.4;4 Protecting the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Can Prior Informed Consent Help?;77
10.4.1;4.1 Introduction;78
10.4.2;4.2 ‘Biopiracy’;79
10.4.3;4.3 The Concept of Prior Informed Consent;82
10.4.4;4.4 Prior Informed Consent in Practice: Is It Workable? And What Good Can It Do Anyway?;85
10.4.4.1;4.4.1 The Peru International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups Project;85
10.4.4.2;4.4.2 The Rosy Periwinkle;87
10.4.5;4.5 Discussion;88
10.4.6;4.6 Conclusions;90
10.4.7;References;90
10.5;5 Bioprospecting, Access and Benefit Sharing: Revisiting the ‘Grand Bargain’;92
10.5.1;5.1 Introduction;93
10.5.2;5.2 Bioprospecting through History;94
10.5.3;5.3 New Regulatory Frameworks for Bioprospecting;95
10.5.4;5.4 The Commercial Use of Biodiversity;97
10.5.5;5.5 Perceptions of Access and Benefit Sharing;100
10.5.6;5.6 Coming Back to Earth? Today’s Key Policy Issues;102
10.5.7;5.7 Conclusion;105
10.5.8;References;106
11;Part II: Learning from the San;110
11.1;6 Green Diamonds of the South: An Overview of the San- Hoodia Case;112
11.1.1;6.1 Introduction;113
11.1.2;6.2 The San;114
11.1.3;6.3 Traditional Use and Knowledge of Hoodia Species;116
11.1.4;6.4 Research and Development of Hoodia for Commercial Application;118
11.1.5;6.5 Negotiating a Benefit-Sharing Agreement with the CSIR;123
11.1.5.1;6.5.1 Initiating Talks;123
11.1.5.2;6.5.2 Reaching a Memorandum of Understanding;125
11.1.5.3;6.5.3 Developing Positions and Identifying Key Issues of Concern;126
11.1.5.3.1;6.5.3.1 Building Trust;127
11.1.5.3.2;6.5.3.2 Identifying Holders of Traditional Knowledge and Beneficiaries;127
11.1.5.3.3;6.5.3.3 Protecting San Culture and Knowledge;129
11.1.5.4;6.5.4 The CSIR-San Benefit-Sharing Agreement;130
11.1.6;6.6 Hoodia Booms and Busts: 2001–2006;132
11.1.7;6.7 Negotiating a Benefit-Sharing Agreement with the Southern African Hoodia Growers Association;135
11.1.8;6.8 Implementation Challenges;137
11.1.8.1;6.8.1 Decision-Making and the Distribution of Benefits;137
11.1.8.2;6.8.2 Regional Differences in Benefit-Sharing Policies;139
11.1.8.3;6.8.3 Hoodia Trade and Markets;140
11.1.9;6.9 Conclusion;141
11.1.10;References;144
11.2;7 Policies for Sharing Benefits from Hoodia;148
11.2.1;7.1 Introduction;149
11.2.2;7.2 ABS Regulation in Southern Africa;149
11.2.3;7.3 Bioprospecting or Biotrade?;157
11.2.4;7.4 Regional Coherence in ABS;157
11.2.5;7.5 Linkages Between Hoodia Conservation, Trade and ABS;158
11.2.6;7.6 Ownership of Hoodia Genetic Resources;160
11.2.7;7.7 Conclusion;160
11.2.8;References;161
11.3;8 The Struggle for Indigenous Peoples’ Land Rights: The Case of Namibia;163
11.3.1;8.1 Introduction;164
11.3.2;8.2 Land Reform in Namibia;166
11.3.3;8.3 ‘Kill the Tribe to Build the Nation’;168
11.3.4;8.4 Customary Law and Communal Areas;169
11.3.5;8.5 Aboriginal Title;172
11.3.6;8.6 Aboriginal Title and the San: From ‘Civilized’ to ‘Socially Organized’;174
11.3.7;8.7 Khwe San Land Claims;176
11.3.8;8.8 Idealization of Indigeneity;177
11.3.9;8.9 Conclusion;179
11.3.10;References;179
11.4;9 Speaking for the San: Challenges for Representative Institutions;184
11.4.1;9.1 Introduction;185
11.4.2;9.2 San Institutions Prior to Modernity;186
11.4.3;9.3 Marginalization of San Peoples;187
11.4.3.1;9.3.1 A Hunter-Gatherer World View?;188
11.4.3.2;9.3.2 Poverty and Poor Health?;189
11.4.3.3;9.3.3 Collective Trauma As a Cause of Societal Problems?;189
11.4.4;9.4 San Modern Institutions;191
11.4.4.1;9.4.1 San Development and Support NGOs;192
11.4.4.2;9.4.2 San Representative Organizations;196
11.4.5;9.5 Some Reflections and Concerns from the Field;201
11.4.5.1;9.5.1 Leadership;201
11.4.5.2;9.5.2 Organizational Structures;203
11.4.6;9.6 Discussion and Conclusion;205
11.4.7;References;206
11.5;10 Trading Traditional Knowledge: San Perspectives from South Africa, Namibia and Botswana;210
11.5.1;10.1 Introduction;211
11.5.2;10.2 Methodology;212
11.5.2.1;10.2.1 Scenario Survey;212
11.5.2.2;10.2.2 San Communities;214
11.5.3;10.3 Perceptions of Commodification;216
11.5.3.1;10.3.1 Scenario Surveys: San Responses to the Commodification of Medicinal Knowledge;216
11.5.3.2;10.3.2 Perceptions of the Commercialization of the Hoodia from a Cultural Perspective;220
11.5.4;10.4 Conclusion;222
11.5.5;References;223
11.6;11 Putting Intellectual Property Rights into Practice: Experiences from the San;227
11.6.1;11.1 Introduction;227
11.6.2;11.2 International and National Intellectual Property Rights;229
11.6.3;11.3 Vulnerability of Traditional or Indigenous Knowledge;233
11.6.4;11.4 Breach of Intellectual Property Rights and the Use of Law;235
11.6.4.1;11.4.1 Intellectual Property and Research;235
11.6.4.2;11.4.2 Intellectual Property and the Media;236
11.6.4.3;11.4.3 Intellectual Property, Music and Dance;237
11.6.4.4;11.4.4 Rock Art and Cultural Symbols;238
11.6.4.5;11.4.5 Art and Crafts;239
11.6.4.6;11.4.6 Traditional Knowledge of Biodiversity;240
11.6.4.7;11.4.7 Contract Law;242
11.6.5;11.5 Conclusion;242
11.6.6;References;243
11.7;12 Sharing Benefits Fairly: Decision-Making and Governance;246
11.7.1;12.1 Introduction;247
11.7.2;12.2 Decision-Making and the Democratic Model;248
11.7.3;12.3 Traditional Decision-Making Among the San;250
11.7.4;12.4 Decision-Making in the Negotiation and Implementation of San- Hoodia Benefit-Sharing Agreements;254
11.7.4.1;12.4.1 Negotiations Between the San and the CSIR;254
11.7.4.2;12.4.2 Establishment of the San- Hoodia Benefit-Sharing Trust;258
11.7.4.3;12.4.3 Receiving and Disbursing Funds;260
11.7.5;12.5 Challenges and Conclusion;262
11.7.5.1;12.5.1 Tension of Time Frames;262
11.7.5.2;12.5.2 Lack of Adequate Resources for San Negotiating Team;263
11.7.5.3;12.5.3 Continued Lack of Resources for Trust;263
11.7.5.4;12.5.4 Clarity on Roles and Responsiblities;264
11.7.5.5;12.5.5 Lack of Success in Local Community Governance;265
11.7.5.6;12.5.6 Cross-Country Cooperation;266
11.7.6;12.6 Appendix: Methods and Approach;268
11.7.6.1;12.6.1 Planning and organization;268
11.7.6.1.1;12.6.1.1 Selection of Workshop Participants;268
11.7.6.1.2;12.6.1.2 Logistics;269
11.7.6.1.3;12.6.1.3 Costs;269
11.7.6.2;12.6.2 Semi-Structured Interviews with the San- Hoodia Trust;269
11.7.6.3;12.6.3 Analysis;270
11.7.6.4;12.6.4 Focus Groups;270
11.7.7;References;271
12;Part III: Reflections;273
12.1;13 The Role of Scientists and the State in Benefit Sharing: Comparing Institutional Support for the San and Kani;274
12.1.1;13.1 Introduction;275
12.1.2;13.2 Brief Overview of Kani Case;276
12.1.3;13.3 Key Issues for Comparison;277
12.1.3.1;13.3.1 Sensitivity of Scientists;277
12.1.3.2;13.3.2 Role of the State;279
12.1.3.3;13.3.3 Institutional Framework;280
12.1.4;13.4 Concluding Remarks;282
12.1.5;References;283
12.2;14 The Law is not Enough: Protecting Indigenous Peopls' Rights Against Mining Interests in the Philippines;284
12.2.1;14.1 Violation of Indigenous Peoples' Human Rights;286
12.2.1.1;14.1.1 Background to the Case;287
12.2.2;14.2 Open Season for Large-Scale Mining;288
12.2.3;14.3 The Legal Framework of FPIC;289
12.2.4;14.4 Resistance;291
12.2.5;14.5 Comparative Insights with the San- Hoodia Case;292
12.2.6;14.6 Contextualizing the FPIC Political Problematique;293
12.2.7;14.7 Common Lessons;294
12.2.7.1;14.7.1 Collective Action;294
12.2.7.2;14.7.2 Innovation in Democratic Work for Indigenous Peoples’ Rights;295
12.2.8;14.8 Conclusion;295
12.2.9;References;296
12.3;15 Benefit Sharing is No Solution to Development: Experiences from Mining on Aboriginal Land in Australia;298
12.3.1;15.1 Introduction;299
12.3.2;15.2 Brief Background on Indigenous People in Australia;300
12.3.3;15.3 Historical Genesis: Miners, Indigenous People and Benefit Sharing;302
12.3.4;15.4 Indigenous Leverage in Mining Agreements;304
12.3.5;15.5 Emerging Issues of Equity and Effectiveness;306
12.3.5.1;15.5.1 On What Basis Are Benefit-Sharing Agreements Made?;307
12.3.5.2;15.5.2 To Whom Should Payments Under Benefit-Sharing Agreements Be Distributed?;308
12.3.5.3;15.5.3 How Should Payments Made Under Benefit-Sharing Agreements Be Utilized?;309
12.3.5.4;15.5.4 Who Should Be Responsible for Decision-Making?;309
12.3.6;15.6 Comparative Implications for the San Hoodia Case;311
12.3.7;15.7 Conclusion;314
12.3.8;References;315
12.4;16 Human Research Ethics Guidelines as a Basis for Consent and Benefit Sharing: A Canadian Perspective;316
12.4.1;16.1 Introduction;317
12.4.2;16.2 Similarities and Differences;317
12.4.3;16.3 Researchers as Agents of Appropriation;320
12.4.3.1;16.3.1 Human Research Ethics as a Basis for Biodiversity Policy;322
12.4.4;16.4 Conclusion;324
12.4.5;References;326
12.5;17 The Limitations of Good Intent: Problems of Representation and Informed Consent in the Maya ICBG Project in Chiapas, Mexico;328
12.5.1;17.1 Introduction;329
12.5.2;17.2 The MAYA ICBG;329
12.5.3;17.3 Geographic, Cultural and Sociodemographic Political Context;330
12.5.4;17.4 Indigenous Partnership and Prior Informed Consent: Legitimacy vs Legality;332
12.5.4.1;17.4.1 International Regulation: Convention on Biological Diversity;332
12.5.4.2;17.4.2 Mexican National Regulations;332
12.5.5;17.5 Negotiating Prior Informed Consent with Communities;333
12.5.6;17.6 Intellectual Property Rights and Benefit Sharing;334
12.5.7;17.7 Opposition to the Project;335
12.5.8;17.8 Comparison with San Case;338
12.5.9;References;342
13;Part IV: Conclusions and Recommendations;345
13.1;18 Conclusions and Recommendations: Towards Best Practice for Community Consent and Benefit Sharing;347
13.1.1;18.1 Introduction;347
13.1.2;18.2 Land: The Foundation of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights;347
13.1.3;18.3 Justice and the Convention on Biological Diversity;349
13.1.4;18.4 Commodification;350
13.1.5;18.5 Prior Informed Consent;351
13.1.6;18.6 Identification of Traditional Knowledge Holders and Relevant Authorities;353
13.1.7;18.7 Capacity Development;354
13.1.8;18.8 Managing the Expectations of Bioprospecting;355
13.1.9;18.9 Intercultural Encounters and Governance;357
13.1.10;18.10 Policies and Laws for Indigenous Peoples, Access and Benefit sharing;358
13.1.11;18.11 The Law is Not Enough;359
13.1.12;18.12 Conclusion;361
13.1.13;References;362
14;Index;363