Wonder M. A. Bloodstain Patterns

Identification, Interpretation and Application
1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-0-12-415965-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 352 Seiten

Bloodstain Patterns: Identification, Interpretationÿand Application combines material from Blood Dynamics (2001) and Bloodstain Pattern Evidence (2007) with updated case work and scientific advances from medical and hard sciences. The text expands coverage of such areas as arterial damage pattern identification, staging of crime scenes, legal applications and problems from both sides of the bench, and extending teaching and training to those outside criminal justice. With violent offenders more aware of crime scene investigation techniques and attempting to frame others, the text expands outdated basic training programs that are insufficient to identify attempts to confuse the investigation. This book clarifies previous understandings as well as bridges the gap toward future advance courses. Based on the work of Paul Leland Kirk, the book's focus is on first line investigators' accuracy in identifying specific bloodstain patterns, correctly interpreting and applying them to casework. - Combines and updates material from Blood Dynamics and Bloodstain Pattern Evidence into one comprehensive reference - Covers new topics, including arterial damage pattern identification, staging of crime scenes, legal applications, and problems from both sides of the bench - More than 300 full color photographs, some with line overlays showing the objective criteria which identify patterns

Anita Wonder is Founder and Director of the Wonder Institute, a forensic science consulting, training and research association specializing in Bloodstain Pattern Evidence, based in Carmichael, CA. From 1971 to 2005 Ms. Wonder was the Senior Clinical Laboratory Scientist for a large national HMO. She continues to lecture, handle special case studies and testify on the evidence for both prosecution and defense. Anita has testified for both criminal and civil proceedings.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Wonder M. A., Mt-Ascp

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front
Cover;1
2;Dedication;3
3;BLOODSTAIN
PATTERNS;4
4;Copyright;5
5;Contents;6
6;Acknowledgments;12
7;ABOUT THE AUTHOR;14
8;List of Figures;16
9;SECTION I -
INTRODUCTION;22
9.1;Chapter 1 - Introduction;24
9.1.1;TO SOLVE A PROBLEM, YOU IDENTIFY IT;24
9.1.2;CHANGED HISTORY;29
9.1.3;TERMINOLOGY SHIFT;30
9.1.4;CORRECTING MISPERCEPTIONS;32
9.1.5;PREVIOUS CONFUSION CORRECTED;35
9.1.6;THE ECONOMICS OF BLOODSTAIN PATTERN TRAINING;36
9.2;Chapter 2 - The Science of Bloodstain Pattern Evidence;40
9.2.1;REFERENCES;50
9.3;Chapter 3 - Discussion on Terminology;52
9.3.1;ABSENCE TRANSFER;54
9.3.2;AREA OF CONVERGENCE;54
9.3.3;ARTERIAL DAMAGE STAINS;55
9.3.4;ARTERIAL FOUNTAIN;55
9.3.5;ARTERIAL GUSH;55
9.3.6;ARTERIAL RAIN;56
9.3.7;ARTERIAL SPURT;56
9.3.8;ARTERIES;56
9.3.9;BACK SPATTER;57
9.3.10;BLOCKAGE TRANSFER;57
9.3.11;BLOOD;57
9.3.12;BLOOD INTO BLOOD;58
9.3.13;BLOOD SPATTER;58
9.3.14;BLOODSTAIN;59
9.3.15;BLUNT FORCE IMPACT;59
9.3.16;BULLET CAPSULAR BLAST;59
9.3.17;CALIPERS;59
9.3.18;CASTOFF SPATTERS;60
9.3.19;CESSATION CASTOFFS;60
9.3.20;CLOT (COAGULATION);60
9.3.21;CONTAMINATION;61
9.3.22;DIRECTION OF TRAVEL;61
9.3.23;DRIP CASTOFF;61
9.3.24;ENTRANCE WOUND SPATTER;62
9.3.25;EXIT WOUND SPATTER;62
9.3.26;GUNSHOT WOUND;63
9.3.27;HEMOLYZE;63
9.3.28;HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT SPATTER (HVIS);63
9.3.29;INCIDENT ANGLE;64
9.3.30;INLINE BEADING;64
9.3.31;INSIDE ANGLE (INCIDENT ANGLE OR IMPACT ANGLE);64
9.3.32;INVESTIGATIVE TRANSFER (IT);65
9.3.33;LOW VELOCITY IMPACT SPATTER (LVIS);66
9.3.34;MEDIUM VELOCITY IMPACT SPATTER (MVIS);66
9.3.35;MIST SPATTER OR MISTING;66
9.3.36;MOVING CONTACT BLOODSTAINS;67
9.3.37;MUZZLE BLAST;67
9.3.38;ORIGIN;68
9.3.39;PARENT DROP;68
9.3.40;PASSIVE;68
9.3.41;PATTERN;68
9.3.42;PHYSIOLOGICALLY ALTERED BLOODSTAIN (PABS);69
9.3.43;PLASMA;69
9.3.44;POOL (VOLUME);69
9.3.45;PREBLAST;69
9.3.46;PROTRACTOR;70
9.3.47;RED BLOOD CELLS;70
9.3.48;RETRACTION (CLOT);70
9.3.49;SATELLITE SPATTER;70
9.3.50;SECONDARY SPATTER;71
9.3.51;SERUM;71
9.3.52;SERUM STAIN;71
9.3.53;SHADOWING;72
9.3.54;SIMPLE DIRECT TRANSFER PATTERNS;72
9.3.55;SMEAR (SMUDGE);72
9.3.56;SPATTER;72
9.3.57;SPINE;73
9.3.58;SPLASH;73
9.3.59;SPLATTER;73
9.3.60;STRING RECONSTRUCTION;74
9.3.61;SWIPE MOVING TRANSFER PATTERN;74
9.3.62;TARGET;74
9.3.63;TEMPLATE TRANSFERS;74
9.3.64;TRANSFER PATTERN;75
9.3.65;VOID;75
9.3.66;VOLUME (POOL);75
9.3.67;WHOLE PATTERN;76
9.3.68;WIPE MOVING TRANSFER PATTERN;76
9.3.69;REFERENCES;76
10;SECTION II -
IDENTIFICATION;78
10.1;Chapter 4 - Review of Historical Approaches to Bloodstain Pattern Identification;80
10.1.1;IDENTIFYING THE WHOLE PATTERN;82
10.1.2;DIRECTIONS OF TRAVEL;82
10.1.3;ALIGNMENTS;93
10.1.4;DISTRIBUTION/DENSITY;95
10.1.5;FURTHER DISCUSSIONS REGARDING EXAMPLES OF SPATTER PATTERNS;119
10.1.6;REFERENCES;122
10.2;Chapter 5 - Differentiations Between Similar Patterns;123
10.2.1;ADDITIONS TO GUIDELINES FOR IDENTIFICATION;123
10.2.2;VARIOUS BLOODSTAIN PATTERNS FOUND ON THE FLOOR;138
10.2.3;MOVING TRANSFER PATTERNS;143
10.3;Chapter 6 - How Many Pieces of Evidence?;147
10.3.1;DISCUSSION OF FIGURE 6.1;154
10.3.2;DISCUSSION OF FIGURE 6.2;161
10.3.3;DISCUSSION OF FIGURE 6.3;168
10.3.4;DISCUSSION OF FIGURE 6.4;175
10.3.5;DISCUSSION OF FIGURE 6.5;182
10.3.6;DISCUSSION OF FIGURE 6.6;189
10.3.7;PUTTING THE SECTIONS TOGETHER FOR A CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION;189
11;SECTION III -
INTERPRETATION;195
11.1;Chapter 7 - Information for Interpretation;197
11.1.1;INTERPRETATIONS BASED ON COMMON WORKSHOP EXPERIMENTS;200
11.2;Chapter 8 - Investigative Leads: Suggested Questions and Answers;213
11.2.1;A CONTINUOUS LIST OF QUESTIONS FOR INTERPRETATION OF BLOODSTAIN PATTERN EVIDENCE;213
11.2.2;ANSWER THE PRECEDING QUESTIONS;217
11.2.3;REFERENCES;237
11.3;Chapter 9 - Staging;239
11.3.1;PHYSIOLOGICALLY ALTERED BLOODSTAINS;242
11.3.2;VOLUME STAINS (POOLING OF BLOOD);244
11.3.3;CASE EXAMPLES WHERE STAGING SHOULD HAVE BEEN ELIMINATED;245
11.3.4;CLEVER STAGING?;249
11.3.5;REFERENCE;257
12;SECTION IV -
APPLICATION;259
12.1;Chapter 10 - Expanding Applications in Bloodstain Pattern Evidence;261
12.1.1;OF THE EVIDENCE;262
12.1.2;2. INVESTIGATIONS OF VANDALISM;263
12.1.3;3. DETERMINATION OF SUICIDE, ACCIDENT, OR HOMICIDE;264
12.1.4;4. CSI GENERAL WORK-UP FOR VIOLENT EVENTS;264
12.1.5;5. RECOGNITION OF STAGED CRIME SCENES;264
12.1.6;6. TRIAL STRATEGY FOR BOTH PROSECUTION AND DEFENSE;265
12.1.7;7. OPENINGS FOR APPEALS;265
12.1.8;8. EVIDENCE FOR PAROLE CONSIDERATIONS;265
12.1.9;9. COLD CASE AND HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS;266
12.1.10;10. CHILD ABUSE AND ANIMAL CRUELTY;266
12.1.11;OFFICER-INVOLVED SHOOTINGS;266
12.1.12;12. INCARCERATED POPULATION INTERROGATION;266
12.1.13;HOW TO APPLY BLOODSTAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS;267
12.2;Chapter 11 - Applications of Bloodstain Pattern Evidence to Crime Scene Investigation;275
12.2.1;INTRODUCTION;275
12.2.2;APPLYING WORKSHOPS AND LECTURES TO CASE WORK-UP;276
12.2.3;THE IMPORTANCE OF THE 3D APPROACH;288
12.2.4;APPLICATIONS TO REVIEW WITHIN A 3D CONTEXT;290
12.3;Chapter 12 - Bloodstain Pattern Application in Court;295
12.3.1;HISTORY FROM THE LEGAL VIEWPOINT;295
12.3.2;INTERACTIONS BETWEEN LAWYERS AND BLOODSTAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS EXPERTS;296
12.3.3;IMPORTANCE OF PRETRIAL MOTIONS;298
12.3.4;APPLICATION OF EXPERTISE EARLY IN THE CASE;299
12.3.5;QUESTIONS FOR KEY WITNESSES IN BLOODSTAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS (BPA) CASES;300
12.3.6;SUMMATION;317
12.3.7;REFERENCES;318
13;SECTION V -
RESEARCH FOR THE FUTURE;319
13.1;Chapter 13 - Reinventing the Wheel;321
13.1.1;1. IDENTIFY AND LIMIT THE SPECIFIC PROBLEM OR QUESTION TO BE UNDERSTOOD AND/OR RESOLVED WITH THE PROJECT;322
13.1.2;2. CONDUCT A LITERATURE SEARCH FOR APPLICABLE SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS;325
13.1.3;3. CONSTRUCT AN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN FOR THE PROJECT;327
13.1.4;AND DEVICES, AND COMPILE A FORMULA FOR REAGENTS AS NECESSARY;331
13.1.5;5. IDENTIFY WHAT AND HOW RECORDS OF THE PROJECT RESULTS WILL BE KEPT AND DISTRIBUTED;333
13.1.6;6. CONDUCT THE PROJECT;335
13.1.7;AND DRAW CONCLUSIONS;336
13.1.8;8. SUGGEST MODIFICATIONS FOR FUTURE PROJECTS TO DEAL WITH UNSUSPECTED RESULTS AND EXTEND UNDERSTANDING;337
13.2;Chapter 14 - Research Project Examples;339
13.2.1;COLOR USED TO DETERMINE AGE OF BLOODSTAINS;339
13.2.2;THE INVESTIGATION INTO THE FOOTPRINT OF A BLOOD DROP;349
13.2.3;CSF AND BLOOD PROJECT;356
13.2.4;REFERENCES;363
13.3;Chapter 15 - Summation and Review;365
13.3.1;IT ALWAYS COMES BACK TO HISTORY;365
13.3.2;PATTERN EVIDENCE?;365
13.3.3;REVIEW;369
13.3.4;CONCLUSION;371
14;Index;373

Leseproben

List of Figures

Figure 1.1 South African cave painting. (Photograph by Linda Sue Smith)

Figure 1.2 Detail from South African cave paintings.

Figure 1.3 Handprint in blood on a bed sheet from a crime scene. (Photo from G. Michele Yezzo of Ohio)

Figure 1.4 Victim of violence attempts to write in blood on a wall. (Photograph from Peter Pizzola of New York)

Figure 1.5 Two blood drops making contact at different velocities. The bottom one is theoretically going twice as fast as the drop illustrated at the top.

Figure 1.6 Comparison of terminology application pre-1970s versus post-1970s.

Figure 1.7 Figure 2.5 Individual stains from Patterns Illustrating Known Dynamics, reprinted from Blood Dynamics. (Used by permission of Elsevier, Inc.)

Figure 2.1 As explained in trial (no mention of presence of anticoagulant with blood on sock).

Figure 2.2 The description of the bloodstain found on a sock at the scene.

Figure 2.3 Two possible ways to deposit bloodstain pattern as allegedly observed: (A) step on sock after arterial spurt if sock on floor; (B) arterial spurt while sock was worn.

Figure 2.4 Water drops distortions in flight. (Photograph by John Kim)

Figure 2.5 Blood drops from injury to the mouth (see also the cover photo of this book). (Photograph by John Kim)

Figure 2.6 Variation of appearance and shape for different hemoglobin: (A) 18.1 mg%, (B) 13.4 mg%, and (C) 6.1 mg%.

Figure 3.1 The right triangle drawn for a theoretical blood spatter to determine an angle of impact.

Figure 4.1 Practice examples for direction of travel determination.

Figure 4.2 Detail of stain 10 from Figure 4.1. Sometimes the direction of travel is a subtle blip at the leading edge. Small stains may be secondary to larger “parent” stains, so one needs to be cautious in interpretation.

Figure 4.3 Examples of hemoglobin variation and angle of impact.

Figure 4.4 The usual suspects.

Figure 4.5 Schematic arrows showing alignment alternatives for pattern identification.

Figure 4.6 Bloodstain pattern found on floor.

Figure 4.7 Bloodstain pattern found on a wall.

Figure 4.8 A bloodstain pattern that could be found on either a floor or a wall.

Figure 4.9 Arterial damage patterns: An example of arterial spurting is shown. Contrasting appearances with castoff patterns is essential.

Figure 4.10 Which pattern would be labeled “high velocity impact spatter” by post-1970 terminology?

Figure 4.11 Gunshot exhibit: An example of gunshot-distributed blood spatters with bullet entry holes.

Figure 4.12 Hair carried with the bullet and muzzle blast.

Figure 4.13 Respiratory-distributed blood spatter.

Figure 5.1 Muzzle blast separated from bullet entrance.

Figure 5.2 Strong wheeze/pant from a bloody nose.

Figure 5.3 Examination of bloodstained T-shirt.

Figure 5.4 Heavy arterial spurting on a vertical surface.

Figure 5.5 Mechanism for aneurism formation of arterial blood vessel breach.

Figure 5.6 Victim of blunt force with arterial injury.

Figure 5.7 Comparison of castoff versus arterial spurting, arterial to the left with castoff to the right.

Figure 5.8 Directions of travel combinations for arterial damage.

Figure 5.9 Wall with alleged castoffs.

Figure 5.10 Kitchen area showing struggle.

Figure 5.11 Side of freezer located in garage.

Figure 5.12 Bedroom wall with bright red spatter.

Figure 5.13 Typical flick arrangement of castoffs.

Figure 5.14 Cessation castoffs on the floor.

Figure 5.15 Multiple swing castoffs on a target position under the experiment, on the floor.

Figure 5.16 Simulated arterial rain in shower stall.

Figure 5.17 Splash from a footfall into a pool of blood.

Figure 5.18 Combination large and small spatters.

Figure 5.19 Blood dripping into blood.

Figure 5.20 Wipes and swipes.

Figure 6.7 Photograph of bruise on victim alleged to have come from a handgun butt.

Figure 6.8 Photograph of the victim’s cut scalp.

Figure 6.9 The outside glass panel of the entrance door.

Figure 6.10 Detail of bloodstain on front door glass panel.

Figure 6.11 Outlined outside front door latch.

Figure 6.12 Outline to show mirror image of outside front door latch pattern.

Figure 7.1 Paddle fan device.

Figure 7.2 Inside the fan device box.

Figure 7.3 Modification holes for the fan device.

Figure 7.4 Blood drop diameter not equal to blood spatter diameter.

Figure 7.5 Chords (cross-sections) of a sphere are always round.

Figure 7.6 Techniques to cut off blood spatter length.

Figure 7.7 Cutting off stain too long.

Figure 7.8 Cutting off stain too short.

Figure 7.9 Increases in error from wrongly placing victim.

Figure 9.1 (A) Fresh bloodstains. (B) Denatured bloodstains on the suspect’s pants. (C) The suspect’s shoes were added to a laundry load.

Figure 9.2 Freezer door corner located in garage (Figure 5.11 repeated).

Figure 9.3 Wall between door to garage and living room.

Figure 9.4 Drapes at living room front window.

Figure 9.5 Orange paint poured over a volume blood stain in front of the living room couch.

Figure 9.6 Smears and wipes suggestive of different times and attempts to clean up the bloodstains.

Figure 9.7 Misconstructed stringing.

Figure 9.8 Castoffs over bed.

Figure 9.9 Castoffs near window.

Figure 9.10 Fragment of clot material on sheer curtains.

Figure 9.11 Ceiling castoffs.

Figure 9.12 Door cast spatters.

Figure 9.13 Victim position on the landing.

Figure 9.14 Human CAD illustration of gunshot to victim.

Figure 9.15 Entrance wound to victim’s back.

Figure 9.16 Bloodstain on victim’s nightgown.

Figure 9.17 Bloodstain on bed sheet.

Figure 10.1 Bloody paw prints on a gate.

Figure 10.2 Detail of gate post.

Figure 10.3 Example of how dog could be held to leave paw prints as seen.

Figure 11.1 Application of drips on slants experiment versus impact spatter projected onto target.

Figure 11.2 Blood dripping from a nose bleed with 10 gram/dl hemoglobin/hematocrit 30% ratio packed cell volume blood at 30-, 45-, and 60-degree angles from 24 inches height of fall, onto a sheet of frosted glass.

Figure 11.3 Blood with composition of 6.1 gm/dl (1,2,3) and 18.1 gm/dl (4,5,6) hemoglobin, respectively, dropped from 6 (1 and 4), 3 (2 and 5), and 1 (3 and 6) foot heights onto newspaper at an approximate 45-degree angle.

Figure 11.4 A butcher paper target used in a drip castoff experiment to show a second article dripping larger drops along the medium-sized drop path.

Figure 11.5 A variety of spring trap devices that break up blood drops into various sizes.

Figure 11.6 Blood placement on the lip of a spring trap device.

Figure 11.7 Folds in the victim’s clothes suggest the body was repositioned after bleeding profusely and perhaps carried to the dirt shoulder of the road later.

Figure 11.8 Construction of recirculating pump and reservoir containing blood. Tested transfusion-quality blood must be used for safety reasons.

Figure 11.9 Recirculating pump spurting from a pinhole tear in latex tubing.

Figure 11.10 Variations of arterial damage patterns created from experiments with a recirculating pump.

Figure 11.11 Arterial damage pattern on the arm of a demonstrator using the pump. This observation could verify suicide by cut wrists.

Figure 11.12 Volunteer sitting as suggested by the crime lab when the victim was shot in the...