Williams / Ebach Foundations of Systematics and Biogeography

1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-0-387-72730-1
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 310 Seiten

Anyone interested in comparative biology or the history of science will find this myth-busting work genuinely fascinating. It draws attention to the seminal studies and important advances that have shaped systematic and biogeographic thinking. It traces concepts in homology and classification from the 19th century to the present through the provision of a unique anthology of scientific writings from Goethe, Agassiz, Owen, Naef, Zangerl and Nelson, among others.

David M. Williams is a diatom researcher and Head of Global Biodiversity Group in the Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, London.
He has published over 150 scientific papers, including 6 books. Among his books he is a co-author of the standard text Cladistics: The Theory and Practice of Parsimony Analysis (1992) and co-editor on Models in Phylogeny Reconstruction (1994) and Milestones in Systematics (2004). He is interested in the history and theory of systematics and biogeography and the systmatics of diatoms. Malte C. Ebach is the WP5 Scientific Coordinator for the European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy at the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem. His interests include the history and theory of comparative biology (systematics and biogeography), Goethe's way of Science and when he has the time, trilobite taxonomy.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Williams, David M.

Ebach, Malte C.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;6
2;Prologue;8
3;Acknowledgments;10
4;Contents;11
5;Introduction: Systematics, Evolution, and Classification;16
5.1;1.1 The Evolution of "Cladistics";17
5.2;1.2 Cladistic Analysis;24
5.3;1.3 Cladistic Classification;29
5.4;1.4 Overview;33
6;Systematics as Problem-Solving;36
6.1;2.1 The Problem;36
6.2;2.2 The Solutions;36
6.3;2.3 Discovering Solutions;39
7;The Archetype;43
7.1;3.1 The Dynamic Organism:;43
7.2;3.2 The Beginnings of Comparative Biology: Goethe’s Archetype;44
7.3;3.3 Visualizing the Archetype;45
7.4;3.4 Metamorphosis;47
7.5;3.5 Urhomologie;48
7.6;3.6 Relating the Ideal Organism;49
7.7;3.7 Transformation and Goethe’s Archetype;50
8;Ernst Haeckel and Systematische Phylogenie;52
8.1;4.1 Ernst Haeckel and Darwin;52
8.2;4.2 Haeckel’s Genealogical Oaks and Stick “Trees”;53
8.3;4.3 Heinrich Georg Bronn: Trunks and Twigs;54
8.4;4.4 Schleicher, Linguistics & Trees;60
8.5;4.5 Haeckel and Palaeontological Truth;62
9;The German Development of Morphology: From Ernst Haeckel to Willi Hennig;68
9.1;5.1 Post-Haeckelian Systematics;68
9.2;5.2 After Haeckel: Spemann and Homology;70
9.3;5.3 Adolf Naef and “Systematische Morphologie” ( Systematic Morphology);71
9.4;5.4 Konrad Lorenz, Homology, and Systematics;78
9.5;5.5 Willi Hennig and the Resurrection of Transformational Systematics;79
9.6;5.6 A Postscript on Naef’s Criteria: Patterson’s Homology Testing;82
10;Pattern Cladistics;97
10.1;6.1 Preamble;101
10.2;6.2 Discovering Léon Croizat;102
10.3;6.3 Erik Stensiö, Vertebrate Palaeontology, and the Birth of Cladistics;104
10.4;6.4 Lars Brundin, Vertebrate Palaeontology, and the Growth of Cladistics: “ An Unlikely Place to Find Enlightenment”;108
10.5;6.5 Lars Brundin and Léon Croizat: Conflict over Origins;110
10.6;6.6 The London Reaction: A Salmon, a Lungfish, a Cow, and the Vertebrate Palaeontologists;111
10.7;6.7 The Beginnings in New York: Fossils and Reform;132
10.8;6.8 New York Collaborations: Distributions and Historical Biogeography;134
10.9;6.9 The Two Cladistics;137
10.10;6.10 Overview;138
11;Homologues and Homology;141
11.1;7.1 The Search for the Unit of Classification;141
11.2;7.2 Homologues and Analogues;146
11.3;7.3 Homology and Analogy;146
11.4;7.4 Homology;148
11.5;7.5 Homotype;149
11.6;7.6 Analogy;150
11.7;7.7 The Conceptual Split: Owen's Archetype and the Path to Transformation;151
11.8;7.8 Parts and Their Meaning;152
12;Discovering Homologues;154
12.1;8.1 Homologues and Criteria;154
12.2;8.2 Homologues and Phenetics;156
12.3;8.3 Homologues and Cladistics;161
12.4;8.4 The Data Matrix;164
13;Homology and Systematics;170
13.1;9.1 Natural Systems, Affinity, and Analogy;170
13.2;9.2 William Sharp MacLeay and "Affinity" and "Analogy";170
13.3;9.3 The Horae Entomologicae (MacLeay 1819–1821) and After;173
13.4;9.4 WestwoodÌs Affinity and Analogy;175
13.5;9.5 StricklandÌs Affinity and Analogy;176
13.6;9.6 Owen and Strickland on Homology and Analogy;177
13.7;9.7 Homology and Relationship;178
13.8;9.8 Homology, Analogy, Parts, and Wholes;180
14;Homology and Transformation;183
14.1;10.1 The Process of Change;183
14.2;10.2 Material Transformation;184
14.3;10.3 Logical Transformation;189
14.4;10.4 Generalised Causes;190
14.5;10.5 Transformation Revisited;192
15;Character Conflict;199
15.1;11.1 The Problem of Conflict;199
15.2;11.2 Cladistic Analysis;202
15.3;11.3 The Data Matrix-Again: Components Characters;209
15.4;11.4 Augmented Component Analysis;222
16;The Analyses of Relationships;225
16.1;12.1 Three-Item Data;225
16.2;12.2 The Relationship Between Three-Item Statements and Binary Characters;225
16.3;12.3 The Relationship Between Three-Item Statements and Multi- State Characters;228
16.4;12.4 Cladogram Length and Three-Item Statements;228
16.5;12.5 Information Measures: How Good Is a Three-Item Cladogram?;228
16.6;12.6 Minimal Trees;229
16.7;12.7 Explanations;231
16.8;12.8 “Reversals”;231
16.9;12.9 Alternatives to Simulation;232
16.10;12.10 Summary;242
17;Biogeographical Relationships, Evolution, and Classification;243
17.1;13.1 Prelude;243
17.2;13.2 The Threefold Parallelism: Its Beginning;246
17.3;13.3 Haeckel’s Hypothetische Skizze des monophyletischen Ursprungs und der Verbreitung der 12 Menschen-Species von Lemurien aus über die Erde and the Concept of Chorology;248
17.4;13.4 The Development of Chorology;251
17.5;13.5 Vicariance Versus Dispersal: Another "False War";255
17.6;13.6 Origins;256
17.7;13.7 Realms, Regions, and Provinces;259
17.8;13.8 Agassiz's (1854) Geographical Realms:;261
17.9;13.9 Regions, Homology, and Relationships;264
17.10;13.10 Sclater, Huxley, and the Classification of Regions;264
17.11;13.11 CroizatÌs Radical Realms: Ocean Basin and Cladograms;266
17.12;13.12 The Threefold Parallelism: . . . and Its End;268
17.13;13.13 Systematic Biogeography: The Rediscovery of Classification;269
18;Epilogue: Pattern Cladistics From Goethe to Brady;274
19;References;277
20;Index;320