Wiley Estuarine Processes

Uses, Stresses, and Adaptation to the Estuary
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-6558-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 560 Seiten, Web PDF

Estuarine Processes, Volume I: Uses, Stresses, and Adaptation to the Estuary provides information pertinent to estuarine processes and focuses on dynamic interactions at several levels of organization. This book presents the strategies to rehabilitate and protect estuaries. Organized into seven parts encompassing 37 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the alternative ways of attaining the pervasive goals of pollution abatement and estuarine management. This text then discusses the significance of maintaining estuarine environment quality if fisheries are to continue. Other chapters consider the great value of the estuarine zone, which lies in the multiplicity of uses it serves, but herein also lies its vulnerability. This book discusses as well the identification of the major factors regulating phytoplankton productivity and regulating the level of phytoplankton biomass. The final chapter deals with assessing the potential deleterious effects of certain toxicants to penaeid shrimp. This book is a valuable resource for ecologists, environmentalists, and scientists.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Wiley, Martin

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Uses, Stresses, and Adaptation to the Estuary;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;LIST OF CONVENERS;10
6;LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS;12
7;PREFACE;18
8;PART 1: REHABILITATION OF ESTUARIES;20
8.1;CHAPTER 1. ESTUARINE CLEANUP-CAN IT WORK?;22
8.1.1;ABSTRACT;22
8.1.2;INTRODUCTION;22
8.1.3;THAMES ESTUARY;23
8.1.4;SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT IN THE UNITED STATES;27
8.1.5;NEW YORK HARBOR;28
8.1.6;DELAWARE ESTUARY;30
8.1.7;DISCUSSION;31
8.1.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;32
8.1.9;REFERENCES;32
8.2;CHAPTER 2. ESTUARINE FISHERIES: ARE THEY DOOMED?;34
8.2.1;ABSTRACT;34
8.2.2;INTRODUCTION;34
8.2.3;ESTUARINE-DEPENDENT SPECIES IN THE U.S. CATCH;36
8.2.4;HAZARDS TO ESTUARINE FISHERY RESOURCES;37
8.2.5;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;44
8.2.6;REFERENCES;45
8.3;CHAPTER 3. TIDAL LOCKS ACROSS THE EAST RIVER: AN ENGINEERING SOLUTION TO THE REHABILITATION
OF WESTERN LONG ISLAND SOUND;47
8.3.1;ABSTRACT;47
8.3.2;INTRODUCTION;48
8.3.3;TIDAL LOCKS ACROSS THE EAST RIVER;52
8.3.4;EXPECTED IMPROVEMENTS IN WATER QUALITY;52
8.3.5;INCREASE IN LONG ISLAND SOUND SALINITY;54
8.3.6;RATES OF IMPROVEMENT IN WATER
QUALITY IN LONG ISLAND SOUND;55
8.3.7;THE EFFECT ON THE SALINITY AND
CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATIONS IN NEW YORK HARBOR;55
8.3.8;NOTES ON TRAFFIC CONGESTION AND SAFETY;58
8.3.9;ENGINEERING PROBLEMS AND OTHER ASPECTS;59
8.3.10;CONCLUSION;60
8.3.11;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;60
8.3.12;REFERENCES;60
8.4;CHAPTER 4. THE
SANTEE-COOPER: A STUDY OF ESTUARINE MANIPULATIONS;63
8.4.1;ABSTRACT;63
8.4.2;DIVERSION;63
8.4.3;IMPACT OF DIVERSION;66
8.4.4;REDIVERSION;70
8.4.5;AN OPINION;73
8.4.6;REFERENCES;73
8.5;CHAPTER 5. ZONING – A RATIONAL APPROACH
TO ESTUARINE REHABILITATION AND MANAGEMENT;76
8.5.1;ABSTRACT;76
8.5.2;INTRODUCTION;76
8.5.3;USES AND ABUSES OF THE ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT;77
8.5.4;ZONING–A
RATIONAL ALTERNATIVE;79
8.5.5;ZONING FOR DISPOSAL OF DREDGED
SPOIL–A CRITICAL NEED;81
8.5.6;CONCLUSIONS;83
8.5.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;83
8.5.8;LITERATURE CITED;83
9;PART 2: NUTRIENT CYCLING IN ESTUARIES;86
9.1;CHAPTER 6. SOURCES OF NEW NITROGEN FOR THE
SOUTH ATLANTIC BIGHT;88
9.1.1;ABSTRACT;88
9.1.2;INTRODUCTION;89
9.1.3;CONCLUSIONS;95
9.1.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;96
9.1.5;REFERENCES;97
9.2;CHAPTER 7. PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS IN SOME
COASTAL PLAIN ESTUARIES;98
9.2.1;ABSTRACT;98
9.2.2;INTRODUCTION;98
9.2.3;ANNUAL CYCLE;99
9.2.4;PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS REGULATION;101
9.2.5;ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY;103
9.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;106
9.2.7;LITERATURE CITED;106
9.3;CHAPTER 8. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF UREA FOR PHYTOPLANKTON NUTRITION
IN THE YORK RIVER, VIRGINIA;109
9.3.1;ABSTRACT;109
9.3.2;INTRODUCTION;109
9.3.3;METHODS;110
9.3.4;RESULTS;113
9.3.5;DISCUSSION;116
9.3.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;120
9.3.7;REFERENCES;120
9.4;CHAPTER 9. THE IMPACT OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS RELEASE FROM
A SILICEOUS SEDIMENT ON THE OVERLYING WATER;122
9.4.1;ABSTRACT;122
9.4.2;INTRODUCTION;122
9.4.3;METHODS;123
9.4.4;RESULTS;128
9.4.5;DISCUSSION;129
9.4.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;135
9.4.7;REFERENCES;135
9.5;CHAPTER 10. NUTRIENT-PHYTOPLANKTON RELATIONSHIPS IN NARRAGANSETT BAY DURING
THE 1974 SUMMER BLOOM;137
9.5.1;ABSTRACT;137
9.5.2;INTRODUCTION;137
9.5.3;METHODS;138
9.5.4;RESULTS;142
9.5.5;DISCUSSION;147
9.5.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;150
9.5.7;REFERENCES;150
10;PART 3: POPULATION DYNAMICS;154
10.1;CHAPTER 11. A MODEL STUDY OF STRIPED BASS POPULATION DYNAMICS
IN THE HUDSON RIVER;156
10.1.1;ABSTRACT;156
10.1.2;INTRODUCTION;157
10.1.3;DYNAMICS OF STRIPED BASS LIFE CYCLE;157
10.1.4;YOUNG-OF-THE-YEAR MODEL;159
10.1.5;CALCULATION OF MIGRATION RATE,
M;161
10.1.6;ADULT MODEL;163
10.1.7;SOLUTION TECHNIQUE;165
10.1.8;VERIFICATION OF MODEL PREDICTIONS;165
10.1.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;168
10.1.10;REFERENCES;169
10.2;CHAPTER 12. AN ANALYSIS OF 1974 STRIPED BASS SPAWNING SUCCESS IN THE POTOMAC
ESTUARY;170
10.2.1;ABSTRACT;170
10.2.2;INTRODUCTION;171
10.2.3;REVIEW OF SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING SPAWNING SUCCESS;172
10.2.4;SAMPLING PROGRAM DESIGN;173
10.2.5;INTERPRETATION OF ICHTHYOPLANKTON SURVEY RESULTS;175
10.2.6;ESTIMATES OF ICHTHYOPLANKTON ABUNDANCES AND MORTALITIES;180
10.2.7;CONCLUSIONS;182
10.2.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;183
10.2.9;REFERENCES;183
10.3;CHAPTER 13. THE USE OF INNATE TAGS TO SEGREGATE SPAWNING STOCKS
OF STRIPED BASS (MORONESAXATILIS);185
10.3.1;ABSTRACT;185
10.3.2;INTRODUCTION;186
10.3.3;MATERIALS AND METHODS;186
10.3.4;RESULTS;188
10.3.5;DISCUSSION;192
10.3.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;193
10.3.7;LITERATURE CITED;194
10.4;CHAPTER 14.
THE DYNAMICS OF ESTUARINE BENTHIC COMMUNITIES;196
10.4.1;ABSTRACT;196
10.4.2;INTRODUCTION;196
10.4.3;DYNAMICS OF A POLYHALINE COMMUNITY;197
10.4.4;DYNAMICS OF AN OLIGOHALINE COMMUNITY;206
10.4.5;FACTORS CAUSING VARIATIONS IN BENTHIC POPULATIONS;208
10.4.6;LIFE HISTORIES AND COMMUNITY PERSISTENCE;211
10.4.7;IMPLICATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS;212
10.4.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;212
10.4.9;REFERENCES;213
10.5;CHAPTER 15. POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGICAL ENERGETICS OF A PULSED ZOOPLANKTON PREDATOR, THE
CTENOPHORE MNEMIOPSIS LEIDYI;216
10.5.1;ABSTRACT;216
10.5.2;INTRODUCTION;217
10.5.3;SIMULATION MODEL FOR INDIVIDUAL GROWTH;220
10.5.4;THE POPULATION MODEL;228
10.5.5;CONCLUSIONS;232
10.5.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;233
10.5.7;LITERATURE CITED;233
11;PART 4: WETLANDS USES;236
11.1;CHAPTER 16. GRAZING ON WETLAND MEADOWS;238
11.1.1;ABSTRACT;238
11.1.2;REFERENCES;243
11.2;CHAPTER 17. MANAGEMENT OF WETLANDS FOR WILDLIFE HABITAT IMPROVEMENT;245
11.2.1;ABSTRACT;245
11.2.2;INTRODUCTION;245
11.2.3;WILDLIFE SPECIES;246
11.2.4;MANAGEMENT PLANNING;246
11.2.5;WILDLIFE HABITAT;247
11.2.6;MARSH IMPOUNDMENTS;248
11.2.7;WEIRS;249
11.2.8;POTHOLES AND DITCHES;249
11.2.9;CATTLE GRAZING;249
11.2.10;FOOD PLANTINGS;250
11.2.11;MARSH BURNING;250
11.2.12;WEED CONTROL;251
11.2.13;LITERATURE CITED;251
11.3;CHAPTER 18.
ASSIMILATION OF SEWAGE BY WETLANDS;253
11.3.1;ABSTRACT;253
11.3.2;INTRODUCTION;254
11.3.3;THE IMPACT AND PROCESSING OF PLANT NUTRIENTS;255
11.3.4;RETENTION OF HEAVY METALS BY MARSHES;258
11.3.5;HYDROCARBON RETENTION AND ITS EFFECTS ON MARSHES;263
11.3.6;FATE OF PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS IN WETLAND WATERS;265
11.3.7;THE ROLE OF WETLANDS IN ASSIMILATION OF WASTES;266
11.3.8;REFERENCES;267
11.4;CHAPTER 19. CRAFT INDUSTRIES FROM COASTAL WETLAND VEGETATION;273
11.4.1;ABSTRACT;273
11.4.2;INTRODUCTION;273
11.4.3;TREES;274
11.4.4;SHRUBS AND VINES;279
11.4.5;SCREW-PINE;279
11.4.6;PALMS;280
11.4.7;FERNS;282
11.4.8;HERBS;282
11.4.9;SEDGES, RUSHES AND REEDS;283
11.4.10;GRASSES;283
11.4.11;REFERENCES;284
11.5;CHAPTER 20. PHARMACOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF MARSH PLANTS;286
11.5.1;ABSTRACT;286
11.5.2;INTRODUCTION;286
11.5.3;PRELIMINARY CHEMICAL STUDIES;287
11.5.4;EVALUATION OF THE ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY OF MARSH PLANTS;288
11.5.5;PRESENT EMPHASIS OF INVESTIGATION;291
11.5.6;LITERATURE CITED;295
12;PART 5: BEHAVIOR AS A MEASURE OF SUBLETHAL STRESS;296
12.1;CHAPTER 21. CRUSTACEAN LARVAL BEHAVIOR AS AN INDICATOR OF SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF AN INSECT JUVENILE
HORMONE MIMIC;298
12.1.1;ABSTRACT;298
12.1.2;INTRODUCTION;299
12.1.3;MATERIALS AND METHODS;300
12.1.4;RESULTS;301
12.1.5;DISCUSSION;306
12.1.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;307
12.1.7;LITERATURE CITED;307
12.2;CHAPTER 22. PCB AND THE ACTIVITIES BUDGET OF THE CRAB HEMIGRAPSUS
OREGONENSIS;309
12.2.1;BSTRACT;309
12.2.2;INTRODUCTION;310
12.2.3;MATERIALS AND METHODS;310
12.2.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;313
12.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;318
12.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;319
12.2.7;BIBLIOGRAPHY;319
12.3;CHAPTER 23. SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM FRACTIONS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE LOBSTER, HOMARUS AMERICANUS,
AND THE MUD SNAIL, NASSARIUS OBSOLETUS;321
12.3.1;ABSTRACT;321
12.3.2;INTRODUCTION;321
12.3.3;EFFECTS OF VARIOUS PETROLEUM FRACTIONS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE MARINE MUD SNAIL,NASSARIUS
OBSOLETUS;322
12.3.4;EFFECTS OF VARIOUS PETROLEUM FRACTIONS ON THE
BEHAVIOR OF THE LOBSTER, HOMAR US AMERICANUS;326
12.3.5;GENERAL CONCLUSION OF OIL EFFECTS ON
MARINE INVERTEBRATE BEHAVIOR;329
12.3.6;REFERENCES;331
12.4;CHAPTER 24. AVOIDANCE RESPONSES OF ESTUARINE ORGANISMS
TO STORM WATER RUNOFF AND PULP MILL EFFLUENTS;332
12.4.1;ABSTRACT;332
12.4.2;INTRODUCTION;333
12.4.3;METHODS AND MATERIALS;334
12.4.4;RESULTS;340
12.4.5;DISCUSSION;347
12.4.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;348
12.4.7;LITERATURE CITED;348
13;PART 6: PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ADAPTATIONS;352
13.1;CHAPTER 25. RESPIRATORY ADAPTATION: FISHES;354
13.1.1;ABSTRACT;354
13.1.2;INTRODUCTION;354
13.1.3;TERMINOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY;355
13.1.4;ADAPTATION TO TEMPERATURE;356
13.1.5;ADAPTATION TO OXYGEN TENSION;359
13.1.6;EFFECT OF SIZE ON ADAPTATION;361
13.1.7;DISCUSSION;363
13.1.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;363
13.1.9;REFERENCES;363
13.2;CHAPTER 26. RESPIRATORY ADAPTATIONS: INVERTEBRATES;366
13.2.1;ABSTRACT;366
13.2.2;INTRODUCTION;366
13.2.3;OXYGEN CONSUMPTION RATES;367
13.2.4;ANAEROBIC PROCESSES;368
13.2.5;THE BALANCE BETWEEN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC METABOLISM;371
13.2.6;REFERENCES;372
13.3;CHAPTER 27. THE FUNCTION OF RESPIRATORY PIGMENTS IN ESTUARINE ANIMALS;375
13.3.1;ABSTRACT;375
13.3.2;INTRODUCTION;375
13.3.3;METABOLIC EFFECTS;376
13.3.4;DIRECT EFFECTS;378
13.3.5;THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODY FLUID pH
AND ENVIRONMENTAL SALINITY;386
13.3.6;THE INTEGRATION OF RESPIRATORY, OSMOTIC AND EXCRETORY
RESPONSES TO LOW SALINITY;395
13.3.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;396
13.3.8;LITERATURE CITED;396
13.4;CHAPTER 28. ACTIVITY OF
BACTERIA IN THE ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT;400
13.4.1;ABSTRACT;400
13.4.2;INTRODUCTION;400
13.4.3;BACTERIAL METABOLISM;401
13.4.4;BACTERIAL SURVIVAL;405
13.4.5;REFERENCES;408
13.5;CHAPTER 29. OSMOREGULATORY RESPONSES TO ESTUARINE CONDITIONS:
CHRONIC OSMOTIC STRESS AND COMPETITION;414
13.5.1;ABSTRACT;414
13.5.2;INTRODUCTION;415
13.5.3;OSMOREGULATION OF EURYHALINE FISH IN ESTUARINE HABITATS;416
13.5.4;COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF EURYHALINE MICROFAUNA
AND MEIOFAUNA IN ESTUARINE HABITATS;424
13.5.5;GENERAL CONCLUSIONS;425
13.5.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;427
13.5.7;REFERENCES;427
13.6;CHAPTER 30. NITROGEN METABOLISM AND EXCRETION: REGULATION OF
INTRACELLULAR AMINO ACID CONCENTRATIONS;433
13.6.1;ABSTRACT;433
13.6.2;INTRODUCTION;433
13.6.3;EXCRETION AND RESPONSE TO DECREASE IN SALINITY;434
13.6.4;RESPONSE TO INCREASED SALINITIES;441
13.6.5;SUMMARY;447
13.6.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;447
13.6.7;REFERENCES;447
13.7;CHAPTER 31. ASPECTS OF REPRODUCTION IN BIVALVE MOLLUSCS;451
13.7.1;ABSTRACT;451
13.7.2;INTRODUCTION;451
13.7.3;THE ALLOCATION OF ENERGY TO GAMETOGENESIS;452
13.7.4;THE GAMETOGENIC CYCLE;453
13.7.5;ENERGY (=NUTRIENT) RESERVES;454
13.7.6;OTHER SEASONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES;458
13.7.7;RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ADULT CONDITION AND LARVAL VIGOUR;460
13.7.8;CONCLUSIONS;463
13.7.9;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;464
13.7.10;REFERENCES;464
13.8;CHAPTER 32. ENDOCRINE MECHANISMS IN ESTUARINE ANIMALS:
INVERTEBRATES AND FISHES;468
13.8.1;ABSTRACT;468
13.8.2;INTRODUCTION;468
13.8.3;SALT AND WATER BALANCE;469
13.8.4;GROWTH;471
13.8.5;REPRODUCTION;474
13.8.6;PIGMENTARY EFFECTORS;476
13.8.7;HEART RATE;478
13.8.8;METABOLISM;478
13.8.9;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;479
13.8.10;REFERENCES;479
13.9;CHAPTER 33. THE DETRITUS PROBLEM AND THE
FEEDING AND DIGESTION OF AN ESTUARINE ORGANISM;488
13.9.1;ABSTRACT;488
13.9.2;REVIEW;488
13.9.3;EVIDENCE FROM A SUSPENSION FEEDER;492
13.9.4;ESTUARINE FEEDING AND DIGESTION–A
FOCUS;496
13.9.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;496
13.9.6;LITERATURE CITED;497
14;PART 7: CYCLING OF POLLUTANTS;500
14.1;CHAPTER 34. MICROBIOLOGICAL CYCLING OF OIL IN ESTUARINE MARSHLANDS;502
14.1.1;ABSTRACT;502
14.1.2;INTRODUCTION;502
14.1.3;MATERIALS AND METHODS;503
14.1.4;RESULTS;505
14.1.5;DISCUSSION;507
14.1.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;510
14.1.7;LITERATURE CITED;510
14.2;CHAPTER 35. TRACE METAL CYCLES IN SEAGRASS COMMUNITIES;512
14.2.1;ABSTRACT;512
14.2.2;INTRODUCTION;513
14.2.3;METHODS AND MATERIALS;513
14.2.4;RESULTS;515
14.2.5;DISCUSSION;522
14.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;524
14.2.7;REFERENCES;525
14.3;CHAPTER 36. DYNAMICS OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES IN ESTUARINE
SYSTEMS: EFFECTS ON ESTUARINE BIOTA;526
14.3.1;ABSTRACT;526
14.3.2;INTRODUCTION;527
14.3.3;MOVEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES;527
14.3.4;BIOLOGICAL CONCENTRATION OF PESTICIDES;530
14.3.5;DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION;530
14.3.6;BEHAVIOR;531
14.3.7;SYNERGISTIC INTERACTIONS AND 1VDDIFYING EFFECTS;533
14.3.8;POPULATION AND COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS;533
14.3.9;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;534
14.3.10;LITERATURE CITED;535
14.4;CHAPTER 37. METALS, PESTICIDES AND PCBs: TOXICITIES TO SHRIMP SINGLY
AND IN COMBINATION;542
14.4.1;ABSTRACT;542
14.4.2;INTRODUCTION;542
14.4.3;METHODS AND MATERIALS;543
14.4.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;543
14.4.5;CONCLUSIONS;549
14.4.6;LITERATURE CITED;550
15;INDEX;552