Whitten The Stratospheric Aerosol Layer

Erscheinungsjahr 2013
ISBN: 978-3-642-81757-1
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 28, 156 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: Topics in Current Physics

It is now a quarter of a century since Junge and his coworkers recovered the first sample from the sulfate aerosol layer in the stratosphere. Since that time vast strides have been made in determining its physical properties and morphology. These investigations have been performed with instruments on board aircraft and balloon platforms as in the early days, with ground-based lidar (optical radar), and most recently with satellite-borne optical instruments. It will become evident in Chapter 2 that in situ measurements by aircI'aft and ,balloon sensors complement rather than duplicate the remote techniques (lidar and satellite). Hence future programs will probably continue to utilize direct as well as indirect experimental techniques. Concurrently, with the observations of the gross properties of the aerosol layer, la~oratory and theoretical studies have sought to elucidate the chemical and micro physical processes which influence the formation and growth of the aerosol par ticles. The laboratory investigations have included studies of gas phase chemistry, and particle nucleation and growth mechanisms. Theoretical studies have revolved mainly around a series of models developed by atmospheric scientists. The earliest of these models was constructed by Junge and his colleagues. With the advent of third- and fourth-generation computers, the capacity to solve the quite complex continuity equations whi~h govern particle formation, growth, and removal has ad vanced to the point where most of the particle properties can be simulated with reasonable confidence.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Whitten, R.C.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1. Introduction.- 1.1 General Discussion.- 1.2 Influence on Climate.- 1.3 Microphysical Processes.- References.- 2. Observations.- 2.1 Measurements of Precursor Gases in the Stratosphere.- 2.2 Aircraft and Balloon Measurement of Aerosol Properties.- 2.3 Lidar Measurements.- 2.4 Satellite Observations.- References.- 3. The Chemical Kinetics of Aerosol Formation.- 3.1 Chemical Origin.- 3.2 Nucleation.- 3.3 Nucleation Mechanisms in the Stratosphere.- 3.4 Growth and Heterogeneous Reactions.- 3.5 Conclusions.- References.- 4. Models of Stratospheric Aerosols and Dust.- 4.1 Overview.- 4.2 The Generalized Aerosol Continuity Equation.- 4.3 Aerosol Models.- 4.4 Models of Upper Atmospheric Dust.- 4.5 Anthropogenic Perturbations of the Aerosols.- 4.6 Conclusions.- References.- 5. Stratospheric Aerosols and Climate.- 5.1 Background.- 5.2 Statistical Relations Between Volcanic Explosions and Climatic Changes.- 5.3 Theoretical Relationships Between Volcanic Explosions and Climate.- 5.4 Studies of Anthropogenic Alterations of the Stratospheric Aerosol Layer.- 5.5 Summary.- References.