Weller The Psychology of Driving on Rural Roads

Development and Testing of a Model
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-531-92414-4
Verlag: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 318 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: Verkehrspsychologie

Dr. Gert Weller is a senior researcher and human factors consultant at the Chair of Traffic and Transportation Psychology at the Technische Universität Dresden.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Weller, Gert

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Acknowledgements;6
2;Zusammenfassung auf Deutsch;7
3;Abstract in English;11
4;Contents;15
5;List of Tables;19
6;List of Figures;23
7;List of Abbreviations;26
8;1 Driving on Rural Roads: The Current Situation;29
9;2 Applying Existing Models to Driving on Rural Roads;30
9.1;2.1 A Framework;30
9.2;2.2 Individual Differences: Traits and Demographic Variables;33
9.3;2.3 Driving as a Self Paced Task: Motivational Models;35
9.3.1;2.3.1 Introduction;35
9.3.2;2.3.2 Behavioural Adaptation;36
9.3.3;2.3.3 Control Theory Applied to Motivational Regulation;38
9.3.4;2.3.4 Risk Models;41
9.3.5;2.3.5 Workload Models;50
9.3.6;2.3.6 A Brief Overview of the Measurement of Workload ;60
9.3.7;2.3.7 Motivational Target Variables: Can They be Distinguished? ;61
9.3.8;2.3.8 How is the Target Defined?;63
9.3.9;2.3.9 Homeostatic Regulation and Failure Thereof, Discussed in Two Examples;65
9.3.9.1;2.3.9.1 Preliminary Summary of Existing Theories With Respect to Practical Application to Rural Road Safety ;65
9.3.9.2;2.3.9.2 Existing Findings Concerning the Effect of Road Width Discussed With Relation to the Existing Theories ;67
9.3.9.3;2.3.9.3 Existing Findings Concerning the Effect of Curve Radius Discussed With Relation to the Existing Theories;72
9.3.9.4;2.3.9.4 Conclusions Derived From the Two Examples With Respect to the Theories;76
9.4;2.4 Perception and Information Processing;76
9.4.1;2.4.1 A Framework for Cognitive Models: Rumar’s Model;77
9.4.2;2.4.2 Expectations and Mental Models;79
9.4.3;2.4.3 Attention;82
9.4.4;2.4.4 The Direct Approach to Perception;84
9.4.5;2.4.5 The Perception of Ego Speed;87
10;3 A Psychological Model for Driving on Rural Roads;89
11;4 Empirical Validation;92
11.1;4.1 Overview and General Course of Events;92
11.2;4.2 The Laboratory Study: The Role of Perceived Road Characteristics;93
11.2.1;4.2.1 Introduction and Rationale of the Laboratory Study;93
11.2.2;4.2.2 The Original Road Environment Construct List (RECL);94
11.2.3;4.2.3 The German Version of the RECL;98
11.2.4;4.2.4 Methodology;99
11.2.4.1;4.2.4.1 The Stimuli ;99
11.2.4.2;4.2.4.2 The Sample ;99
11.2.4.3;4.2.4.3 General Course of Events;99
11.2.4.4;4.2.4.4 Introductory Remarks to Statistical Testing;100
11.2.4.5;4.2.4.5 Statistical Methods Used for the Research Questions;101
11.2.4.6;4.2.4.6 Statistical Background: Factor Analysis;108
11.2.5;4.2.5 Results;114
11.2.5.1;4.2.5.1 Replication of the RECL Structure;114
11.2.5.2;4.2.5.2 Does This Factor Solution Allow the Prediction of Behaviour?;117
11.2.5.3;4.2.5.3 Replication of the RECL Structure With the Simulator Data ;118
11.2.5.4;4.2.5.4 Conclusions Concerning the Factor Structure ;121
11.2.5.5;4.2.5.5 Selection of Marker Items ;122
11.2.5.6;4.2.5.6 Predicting Behaviour Through Perception Assessed With the Marker Items: Results for the Laboratory Study ;125
11.2.5.7;4.2.5.7 The Role of Individual Factors;125
11.2.6;4.2.6 Summary, Conclusions and Discussion of the Results ;136
11.3;4.3 The Simulator Study: The Role of Cues and Affordances;138
11.3.1;4.3.1 Introduction: Rationale Behind the Simulator Study;138
11.3.2;4.3.2 Hypotheses and Additional Research Questions;138
11.3.3;4.3.3 Methodology;140
11.3.3.1;4.3.3.1 The Experimental Paradigm Used;140
11.3.3.2;4.3.3.2 General Course of Events;141
11.3.3.3;4.3.3.3 The Simulated Course;142
11.3.3.4;4.3.3.4 The Sample;143
11.3.3.5;4.3.3.5 Assignment of Participants to Different Driver Groups ;143
11.3.3.6;4.3.3.6 The Independent Variables ;145
11.3.3.7;4.3.3.7 The Dependent Variables: Initial Considerations;145
11.3.3.8;4.3.3.8 Ensuring Data Quality Prior to Data Analysis;148
11.3.3.9;4.3.3.9 Issues Relating to Reduced Sample Size for Subjective Ratings;148
11.3.3.10;4.3.3.10 The Role of Simulator Sickness;149
11.3.3.11;4.3.3.11 Familiarisation With and Behavioural Adaptation to the Simulator ;151
11.3.3.12;4.3.3.12 The Role of Element Order and Preceding Element on Behaviour;155
11.3.3.13;4.3.3.13 Ecological Validity of the Driving Simulator Study;167
11.3.3.14;4.3.3.14 The Dependent Variables: Final Version ;171
11.3.3.15;4.3.3.15 Statistical Methods of Data Analysis ;172
11.3.4;4.3.4 Results;175
11.3.4.1;4.3.4.1 Speed on Straight Road Sections: Hypotheses 1a and 1b ;175
11.3.4.2;4.3.4.2 Differences in Speed Between Driver Groups on Straight Road Sections ;177
11.3.4.3;4.3.4.3 Perception and Expectations on Straight Road Sections: Hypotheses 2a ;179
11.3.4.4;4.3.4.4 Differences in Perception Between Driver Groups for Straight Road Sections ;181
11.3.4.5;4.3.4.5 Summary and Discussion of Results for the Straight Road Sections ;182
11.3.4.6;4.3.4.6 Differences in Speed Between the Curves: Hypothesis 1c ;183
11.3.4.7;4.3.4.7 Differences in Speed Between Driver Groups in Curves ;185
11.3.4.8;4.3.4.8 Perception of Curves and Expectations for Curves: Hypothesis 2b ;187
11.3.4.9;4.3.4.9 Differences in Perception Between Driver Groups in Curves ;189
11.3.4.10;4.3.4.10 Summary and Discussion of Results for the Curves;191
11.3.5;4.3.5 Overall Conclusions of the Simulator Study With Respect to the Model;192
11.4;4.4 On the Road Driving Tests: Behaviour and Accidents;194
11.4.1;4.4.1 Introduction: Rationale Behind the Driving Experiments;194
11.4.2;4.4.2 Hypotheses and Further Research Questions;195
11.4.3;4.4.3 Methodology;199
11.4.3.1;4.4.3.1 General Course of Events ;199
11.4.3.2;4.4.3.2 The Test Route;199
11.4.3.3;4.4.3.3 Characteristics of the Curves Used as Independent Variables;203
11.4.3.4;4.4.3.4 Implications of Course and Accident Characteristics for the Study ;207
11.4.3.5;4.4.3.5 Preparation of the Raw Data for Statistical Analysis ;208
11.4.3.6;4.4.3.6 The Dependant Variables: Overview ;209
11.4.3.7;4.4.3.7 The Measurement Vehicle ;210
11.4.3.8;4.4.3.8 The Peripheral Detection Task;211
11.4.3.9;4.4.3.9 The Gaze Data ;213
11.4.3.10;4.4.3.10 The Sample;217
11.4.3.11;4.4.3.11 Ensuring Data Quality;218
11.4.3.12;4.4.3.12 Statistical Methods of Data Analysis ;225
11.4.3.13;4.4.3.13 Statistical Background: Binary Logistic Regression ;226
11.4.4;4.4.4 Results;232
11.4.4.1;4.4.4.1 Additional Research Question 2: Influence of the PDT on Behaviour ;232
11.4.4.2;4.4.4.2 Prototypical Application for the Functionality of IVIS & ADAS ;248
11.4.4.3;4.4.4.3 Summary and Discussion of Results Concerning the Influence of the PDT ;251
11.4.4.4;4.4.4.4 Differences in Behaviour Between High and Low Accident Rate Curves (Hypotheses 1 to 5) ;253
11.4.4.5;4.4.4.5 Hypotheses 1 to 5: Summary and Discussion of Results;258
11.4.4.6;4.4.4.6 Results for Additional Research Question 3: Are There Differences in Gaze Between High and Low Accident Rate Curves? ;264
11.4.4.7;4.4.4.7 Are Workload and Speed Related? ;264
11.4.4.8;4.4.4.8 Summary and Discussion of Results for the Relationship Between Speed and Reaction Time;267
11.4.5;4.4.5 Summary and Discussion of the Results for the Field Study;269
12;5 Empirical Validation: Summary and Conclusions;274
13;References;281
14;Appendix;309
15;Contents Appendix;310

Driving on Rural Roads: The Current Situation.- Applying Existing Models to Driving on Rural Roads.- A Psychological Model for Driving on Rural Roads.- Empirical Validation.- Empirical Validation: Summary and Conclusions.

Über Autor(innen)

Dr. Gert Weller is a senior researcher and human factors consultant at the Chair of Traffic and Transportation Psychology at the Technische Universität Dresden.