Webster Comparative Vertebrate Morphology

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-7259-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 535 Seiten, Web PDF

Comparative Vertebrate Morphology provides a comprehensive discussion of vertebrate morphology. The structure-function concept at the level of organs and organ systems is fundamental to an understanding of comparative evolutionary morphology. It is upon these three interrelated aspects-structure, function, and evolution- that that contents of this volume have been organized and presented. The book opens with a discussion of general concepts on vertebrate evolution. This is followed by separate chapters on vertebrate phylogeny, skeletal components, the cranial and postcranial skeleton, muscular tissues, muscular system, and development of the integument, nervous tissues, sense organs, nervous system structure, nervous pathways, and endocrines. Subsequent chapters deal with the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory and water balance, and reproductive systems. This book was designed to meet the needs of a one-semester course for students who have already had an introductory course in biology. It is assumed that the lectures will be supplemented by a laboratory with its own laboratory manual. The organization of the text allows the instructor to coordinate the laboratory and lecture portions of the course.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Webster, Douglas

Webster, Molly

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Comparative Vertebrate Morphology;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;PREFACE;14
6;CHAPTER 1. HOW WE GOT HERE: INTELLECTUAL BACKGROUND;16
6.1;General Concepts of Vertebrate Evolution;28
6.2;Suggested Reading;30
7;CHAPTER 2. HOW WE GOT HERE: VERTEBRATE PHYLOGENY;32
7.1;Fishes;34
7.2;Transition from Water to Land;43
7.3;Development of Homeothermy;49
7.4;Spatial and Temporal Diversity;53
7.5;Suggested Reading;56
8;CHAPTER 3. SKELETAL COMPONENTS;58
8.1;Vertebrate Skeletal Tissues;60
8.2;Joints;68
8.3;Suggested Reading;69
9;CHAPTER 4. SKELETON CRANIAL;70
9.1;Cephalization;72
9.2;Embryologic Development of the Head Skeleton;72
9.3;A Generalized Vertebrate Skull, Amia calva;75
9.4;Diversity of Vertebrate Skull Organization;78
9.5;Suggested Reading;97
10;CHAPTER 5. POSTCRANIAL SKELETON;98
10.1;Axial Skeleton: The Vertebral Column and Notochord;100
10.2;Axial Skeleton: Ribs;108
10.3;Axial Skeleton: Sternum;110
10.4;Appendicular Skeleton;110
10.5;Suggested Reading;122
11;CHAPTER 6. MUSCULAR TISSUES;124
11.1;Smooth Muscle;126
11.2;Skeletal Muscles;129
11.3;Cardiac Muscles;134
11.4;Suggested Reading;135
12;CHAPTER 7. MUSCULAR SYSTEM;136
12.1;Ontogeny of Skeletal Muscles;138
12.2;Determining Muscle Homologies and Phylogenies;139
12.3;Somatic Muscles: Axial;141
12.4;Somatic Muscles: Appendicular;148
12.5;Branchiomeric Muscles;157
12.6;Suggested Reading;162
13;CHAPTER 8. THE INTEGUMENT;164
13.1;Development of the Integument;166
13.2;Microscopic Structure;167
13.3;Integumentary Glands;169
13.4;Scales and Denticles;175
13.5;Horns and Antlers;179
13.6;Digital Tips;182
13.7;Feathers;183
13.8;Hair;186
13.9;Color;187
13.10;The Integument as an Organ System;190
13.11;Suggested Reading;190
14;CHAPTER 9. NERVOUS TISSUES;206
14.1;Neurons;208
14.2;Terminology;214
14.3;Exploring the Nervous System;215
14.4;Reflexes;216
14.5;Suggested Reading;220
15;CHAPTER 10. SENSE ORGANS;222
15.1;Fundamental Characteristics of Sense Organs;224
15.2;Cutaneous Receptors;226
15.3;Proprioceptors;227
15.4;Chemoreceptors;229
15.5;Photoreceptors;233
15.6;Ophidian Pit Organs;241
15.7;The Acousticolateralis Receptors;241
15.8;Middle Ear;249
15.9;Auditory Inner Ear;253
15.10;Suggested Reading;261
16;CHAPTER 11. NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURE;262
16.1;Development;264
16.2;Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves;267
16.3;Cranial Nerves;271
16.4;Special Sensory Nerves;276
16.5;Visceral Nervous System;277
16.6;Structure of the Brain;280
16.7;Suggested Reading;299
17;CHAPTER 12. NERVOUS PATHWAYS;300
17.1;Pathways of the Somatic Sensory System;302
17.2;Auditory Pathways;308
17.3;Vestibular Pathways;309
17.4;Visual Pathways;310
17.5;Olfactory Pathways;313
17.6;Corticospinal System;314
17.7;Extrapyramidal Motor System;316
17.8;Cerebellar Pathways;319
17.9;Final Common Pathway;322
17.10;The Mammalian "Limbic Lobe";323
17.11;Mammalian Neocortex;324
17.12;Suggested Reading;325
18;CHAPTER 13. ENDOCRINES;326
18.1;Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis;329
18.2;Thyroid Gland;335
18.3;Parathyroid Glands;338
18.4;Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans;339
18.5;Adrenal Glands and Tissues;340
18.6;Gastrointestinal Hormones;343
18.7;Minor and Less Well Understood Endocrines;343
18.8;Reproductive Hormones;345
18.9;Suggested Reading;345
19;CHAPTER 14. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM;346
19.1;Selective Factors in Evolution;348
19.2;Development and General Structure;349
19.3;Oral Cavity;352
19.4;Teeth;358
19.5;Pharynx;367
19.6;Esophagus;369
19.7;Stomach;370
19.8;Pyloric Sphincter;376
19.9;Intestines;376
19.10;Caudal Termination of the Alimentary Canal;381
19.11;Pancreas;381
19.12;Liver and Gallbladder;382
19.13;Suggested Reading;384
20;CHAPTER 15. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM;386
20.1;Gill Respiration in Fishes;389
20.2;The Gas Bladder;394
20.3;Air Breathing in Fishes;396
20.4;Are Lungs and Gas Bladders Homologous?;399
20.5;Amphibian Respiration;403
20.6;Reptilian Respiration;406
20.7;Avian Respiration;408
20.8;Mammalian Respiration;411
20.9;Sound Production;414
20.10;Suggested Reading;416
21;CHAPTER 16. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM;418
21.1;Formation of Blood (Hemopoiesis);421
21.2;Structure of Blood Vessels;422
21.3;Vertebrate Heart;424
21.4;Aortic Arches and Anterior Arteries;435
21.5;Posterior Arteries;442
21.6;Venous System;442
21.7;Lymphatic System;448
21.8;Suggested Reading;450
22;CHAPTER 17. EXCRETORY AND WATER BALANCE SYSTEM;452
22.1;Ontogeny of Kidneys and Ducts;455
22.2;The Holonephros;456
22.3;The Opisthonephros;458
22.4;The Metanephros;460
22.5;Maintenance of Water Balance in Major Groups of Vertebrates;466
22.6;The Urinary Bladder;476
22.7;Suggested Reading;476
23;CHAPTER 18. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM;478
23.1;The Gonads;480
23.2;The Reproductive Ducts;487
23.3;Mechanisms Facilitating Union of Sperm and Egg;490
23.4;Care of Eggs and Fetal Young;497
23.5;Endocrines and Sex in Mammals;500
23.6;Epilogue;505
23.7;Suggested Reading;506
24;Glossary;508
25;Index;530