Wang / Memon Cotton Science and Processing Technology

Gene, Ginning, Garment and Green Recycling
1. Auflage 2020
ISBN: 978-981-15-9169-3
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 567 Seiten

Reihe: Textile Science and Clothing Technology

This book summarizes all different fields of cotton fiber, including genetics, fiber chemistry, soft materials, textile, and fashion engineering. It also contains some new applications such as biomaterials, nanocoated smart fabrics, and functional textiles. Moreover, the significant improvement recently in gene modification and gene technology is introduced. This book discusses all these aspects in a more straightforward way, and new illustrations will help readers to understand the contents. It is intended for undergraduate and graduate students who are interested in cotton science and processing technologies, researchers investigating the updated applications of cotton in various fields as well as industrialists who want to have a quick review of the cotton and its different stages.

Prof. Dr. Hua Wang received his bachelor's degree in Dyeing and Finishing Engineering from Tianjin Textile Institute of Technology, China, in 1984. In 1994, he completed his post-graduation in Management Engineering from China Textile University (now Donghua University, China). In 2006, he completed his doctoral degree in Textile Science and Engineering from Donghua University, China. He has long-term working experience in cotton and wool textile production, printing and dyeing industry, as well as international trade. In 2012, he was appointed as Senior Visiting Scholar at Deakin University in Australia and studied cotton and wool fibers. In 2017, he was appointed as Chief Research Fellow of the 'Belt and Road Initiative' international cooperation development center of the textile industry by the China Textile Federation. In 2018, he was appointed as an Honorary Professor by Tashkent Institute of Textile and Light Industry, Uzbekistan, and also by the Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Industrial Innovation and Development of Tajikistan. In 2019, he was a Visiting Professor at the Novi Sad University of Serbia, as an expert committee of the International Silk Union.At present, Prof. Wang is engaged in the teaching and research of textile intelligent manufacturing technology, digital printing technology, and textile intangible cultural heritage in Donghua University. His main research directions include but not limited to the manufacturing and application technology of raw materials for wool textile, digital printing of textiles, and research on world textile history. He has completed five provincial and ministerial level projects, two individual research projects works, and three joint research works. He has authored four invention patents and published more than 50 papers. Also, he has published three textbooks in the field of textile as editor, including 'Textile Digital Printing Technology.' He has been teaching five courses for undergraduate, master, and doctoral students, and one full English course for international students at Donghua University. He has also been a chief member for establishing joint laboratories and research bases for natural textile fiber and processing in Xinjiang Autonomous Region and Central Asian countries. In 2018, he won the only 'Golden Sail Golden Camel' award of Donghua University. In 2019, he won the second prize in the science and technology progress of China Textile Federation. He has been awarded the title of 'Best Teacher and Best Tutor' by overseas students of Donghua University for the last three consecutive years.
Dr. Hafeezullah Memon received his B.E. in Textile Engineering from Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan, in 2012. He served at Sapphire Textile Mills as Assistant Spinning Manager for more than one year while earning his Master's in Business administration from the University of Sindh, Pakistan. He completed his masters in Textile Science and Engineering from Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, China, and Ph.D. degree in Textile Engineering from Donghua University in 2016 and 2020, respectively.Dr. Memon focuses on the research of natural fibers and their spinning, woven fabrics, their dyeing and finishing, carbon fiber reinforced composites, recyclable, and smart textile composites. His recent research interests also include natural fiber-reinforced composites, textiles and management, textile fashion, and apparel industry. Since 2014, Dr. Memon has published more than 40 peer-reviewed technical papers in international journals and conferences, and he has been working over more than ten industrial projects.Dr. Memon was a student member of Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering and has served as Vice President for SAMPE-DHU Chapter. He is a Full Professional Member of the Society of Wood Science and Technology. Moreover, he is a registered Engineer of the Pakistan Engineering Council. He has served as a Reviewer of several international journals and has reviewed more than 200 papers.Dr. Memon is a recipient of the CSC Outstanding Award of 2020 by the Chinese Scholarship Council, China. He was awarded Excellent Social Award for three consecutive years during his doctoral studies by International Cultural Exchange School, Donghua University, China, and once Grand Prize of NZ Spring International Student Scholarship and third Prize of Outstanding Student Scholarship Award in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Moreover, he received Excellent Oral Presentation Award in 2018 at 7th International Conference on Material Science and Engineering Technology held in Beijing, China, and also Best Presentation and Best Research Paper at Student Research Paper Conference 2012, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan. He has also received 'Fun with Flags-Voluntary Teaching Award' and 'Jing Wei Cultural Ambassador' by International Cultural Exchange School, Donghua University, China, and International exchange project 'Around the Globe' of the Experimental School affiliated to Donghua University, China, for the I-Teach Program. Currently, he is serving as a post-doc fellow at the College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Wang, Hua

Memon, Hafeezullah

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;6
2;Preface;8
3;Contents;12
4;1 Introduction;14
4.1;1.1 History of Cotton;14
4.2;1.2 The Cotton Would Retain Its Importance Even in the Future;16
4.3;1.3 Global Trade History of Cotton;17
4.4;1.4 International Trade Disputes over Cotton;19
4.4.1;1.4.1 Global Trade Disputes over Cotton Are Continuing;19
4.4.2;1.4.2 WTO Agricultural Negotiation for Development;19
4.4.3;1.4.3 Dispute Settlement Mechanism to Promote Fairness (Brazil vs. US Cotton Subsidy Case);20
4.5;1.5 Financial Attributes of Cotton;21
4.6;1.6 Conclusion;23
4.7;References;23
5;2 Status and Recent Progress in Determining the Genetic Diversity and Phylogeny of Cotton Crops;27
5.1;2.1 Introduction;28
5.2;2.2 Origin and Distribution;29
5.3;2.3 Adaptations for Natural Habitat;30
5.4;2.4 Evolutionary History;30
5.5;2.5 Gossypium Diversity;32
5.5.1;2.5.1 Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Crop Plants;32
5.5.2;2.5.2 Tools for Cotton Genetic Improvement;36
5.6;2.6 Markers and Methods;38
5.7;2.7 Taxonomic Assessment from Random Molecules to Appropriate Methods;39
5.8;2.8 Molecular Markers;39
5.8.1;2.8.1 DNA Markers Based on Restriction Enzyme;40
5.8.2;2.8.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Based Markers (Mostly SSRs);40
5.8.3;2.8.3 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Markers;41
5.9;2.9 Mapping for Fiber-Related Traits in Cotton;42
5.10;2.10 Conclusions;45
5.11;References;45
6;3 Advancements in Cotton Cultivation;50
6.1;3.1 Introduction;51
6.2;3.2 Farming Technologies;52
6.3;3.3 Irrigation;55
6.3.1;3.3.1 Crop Water Management;56
6.3.2;3.3.2 Application of Herbicides, Nutrition, and Fertilizers with Irrigation Water;57
6.4;3.4 Land Preparation;57
6.5;3.5 Sowing Techniques of Cotton;57
6.6;3.6 Weeding;59
6.7;3.7 Pest and Disease Management;60
6.8;3.8 Testing of Cotton Fields;62
6.9;3.9 Consequences of Agricultural Parameters on Cotton;62
6.9.1;3.9.1 Cotton Plant Responses to Temperature;62
6.9.2;3.9.2 Cotton Plant Responses to Salinity;64
6.10;3.10 Cotton Harvesting;65
6.10.1;3.10.1 Manual Picking;65
6.10.2;3.10.2 Machine Picking;65
6.11;3.11 Conclusion;66
6.12;References;66
7;4 The Harvesting and Ginning of Cotton;71
7.1;4.1 Introduction;71
7.2;4.2 Graphical Cotton Elements Dictionary;72
7.3;4.3 Harvesting;72
7.4;4.4 Time for Harvesting;75
7.5;4.5 Harvesting Machines and Attachments;76
7.6;4.6 Fiber Quality;81
7.7;4.7 Harvesting Differences;83
7.8;4.8 The Moisture of Seed Cotton;84
7.9;4.9 Why Is Storage Essential?;85
7.10;4.10 Conclusion;85
7.11;References;86
8;5 Physical Structure, Properties and Quality of Cotton;89
8.1;5.1 Importance of Cotton Crop;90
8.2;5.2 World Cotton Production;90
8.3;5.3 Physical Structure of Cotton;91
8.3.1;5.3.1 Pima Cotton;92
8.3.2;5.3.2 Egyptian Cotton;92
8.3.3;5.3.3 Upland Cotton;92
8.3.4;5.3.4 Acala Cotton;92
8.4;5.4 Cotton Fiber Composition;93
8.5;5.5 Cotton Fiber Development;94
8.6;5.6 Cotton Quality Parameters;96
8.7;5.7 Best Management Practices for Cotton Crop;99
8.8;5.8 Environmental Effects on Fiber Quality;100
8.9;5.9 Better Cotton Initiative;102
8.10;5.10 Organic Cotton;102
8.11;5.11 Conclusion;103
8.12;References;103
9;6 Cotton Fiber Testing;108
9.1;6.1 Introduction;109
9.2;6.2 Fiber Length, Length Uniformity, and Short Fibers;111
9.2.1;6.2.1 Length Measurement Through HVI;111
9.2.2;6.2.2 Length Measurement Through AFIS;112
9.2.3;6.2.3 Length Uniformity;113
9.2.4;6.2.4 Short Fibers;113
9.3;6.3 Fiber Fineness and Maturity;115
9.4;6.4 Fiber Tenacity;117
9.5;6.5 Fiber Color and Trash;118
9.6;6.6 Fiber Neps;119
9.7;6.7 Effect of Fiber Parameters on the Quality of Yarn;120
9.7.1;6.7.1 Count Strength Product;120
9.7.2;6.7.2 Yarn Elongation and Yarn Tenacity;121
9.7.3;6.7.3 Fiber Maturity and Trash Content;121
9.7.4;6.7.4 Yarn Evenness;122
9.7.5;6.7.5 Yarn Hairiness;122
9.8;6.8 Conclusion;124
9.9;References;124
10;7 Cotton Contamination;129
10.1;7.1 Background;129
10.1.1;7.1.1 Introduction;129
10.1.2;7.1.2 What is Cotton Contamination?;130
10.2;7.2 Origin and Kinds of Cotton Contamination;133
10.2.1;7.2.1 Fibrous Contaminants;135
10.2.2;7.2.2 Non-fibrous Contaminants;136
10.3;7.3 Effect of Cotton Contamination on Cotton Processing;136
10.4;7.4 Detection and Controlling Systems of Cotton Contamination;137
10.4.1;7.4.1 Manual Vision Method;138
10.4.2;7.4.2 Gravimetric Method;139
10.4.3;7.4.3 Electro-optical Method;139
10.4.4;7.4.4 Acoustic Sensor Combined with an Optical Reflective Sensor;140
10.5;7.5 Cotton Contamination Measurement Systems;140
10.5.1;7.5.1 The Visible Light with UV, Polarized Light, and Multiple Detectors Method;140
10.5.2;7.5.2 Using Different Illumination Methods;141
10.5.3;7.5.3 Optical Reflective Techniques;142
10.5.4;7.5.4 Infrared and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Technique;142
10.5.5;7.5.5 Machine Vision Method;143
10.5.6;7.5.6 Cotton Contamination Measurement Systems in the Laboratory;145
10.6;7.6 Conclusion;147
10.7;References;148
11;8 Recent Advancements in Cotton Spinning;150
11.1;8.1 Introduction;150
11.2;8.2 Blowroom;151
11.2.1;8.2.1 Difference Between Types of Plucking Roller of Automatic Bale Opener;152
11.2.2;8.2.2 Rieter Automatic Bale Opener;153
11.2.3;8.2.3 Trützschler Automatic Bale Opener (BLENDOMAT BO-A);153
11.2.4;8.2.4 Marzoli Automatic Bale Opener (Super Blender);153
11.2.5;8.2.5 Lakshmi Bale Plucking Machine;154
11.2.6;8.2.6 Compact Blowroom Line;154
11.2.7;8.2.7 Compact Blowroom Line of Trützschler;154
11.2.8;8.2.8 Mote Knife with Suction in Place of Grid bar;154
11.2.9;8.2.9 Mixing/Blending of Raw Material;155
11.2.10;8.2.10 Color and Other Impurities Removal;155
11.2.11;8.2.11 Barco Cotton Sorter for Detection and Removal of Contaminants in Raw Cotton;155
11.2.12;8.2.12 Rieter Vision Shield, Metal Shield, Fire Shield, and the Combo Shield;156
11.2.13;8.2.13 Loptex Optosonic Sorter;156
11.2.14;8.2.14 Online Parameter Settings;156
11.2.15;8.2.15 Trutzschler WASTECONTROL and CLEANCOMMANDER;156
11.3;8.3 Carding;157
11.3.1;8.3.1 Neps Removal Efficiency (%) and Neps %;158
11.3.2;8.3.2 Web-Cleaning Device;158
11.3.3;8.3.3 Nep Control Device;158
11.4;8.4 Drawframe;158
11.4.1;8.4.1 Auto Break Draft Setting;159
11.4.2;8.4.2 Clean Coil;160
11.4.3;8.4.3 Pneumatic Pressure Head;160
11.4.4;8.4.4 Tension Measuring System;160
11.4.5;8.4.5 Short Term Auto-Levelers;160
11.4.6;8.4.6 Use a Camera to Monitor the Sliver Quality;160
11.5;8.5 Simplex;161
11.5.1;8.5.1 Flyer Speed;161
11.5.2;8.5.2 Roving Bobbin Transport System;162
11.5.3;8.5.3 Roving Stop Motions;162
11.5.4;8.5.4 Electronic Driving System;162
11.5.5;8.5.5 Computer Monitoring Device;163
11.6;8.6 Ring-Spinning;163
11.6.1;8.6.1 Compact Spinning;164
11.6.2;8.6.2 Spinning Triangle;164
11.6.3;8.6.3 Principle of Superconducting Magnetic Bearing;164
11.7;8.7 Rotor Spinning;165
11.7.1;8.7.1 Reduction of Power Consumption;166
11.7.2;8.7.2 Rotor Speed and Diameter;167
11.7.3;8.7.3 Advancement in Rotor Bearings;167
11.7.4;8.7.4 Advancement in Suction System;167
11.7.5;8.7.5 Advancement in the Driving Rotor;167
11.7.6;8.7.6 Advancement in the Cooling System for Inverter;168
11.7.7;8.7.7 Advancement in Online Quality Monitoring;168
11.7.8;8.7.8 Advancement in Humidification;168
11.7.9;8.7.9 Automation and Digitization;168
11.7.10;8.7.10 Energy Saving;168
11.8;8.8 Conclusion;169
11.9;References;169
12;9 Recent Advancements in Cotton Spinning Machineries;172
12.1;9.1 Introduction;172
12.2;9.2 Recent Advancements in Blowroom Machines;173
12.2.1;9.2.1 Reciprocating Bale Plucker;173
12.2.2;9.2.2 Heavy Particle Separators;174
12.2.3;9.2.3 Opener;175
12.2.4;9.2.4 Multimixer;177
12.2.5;9.2.5 Cleaner;178
12.2.6;9.2.6 Dedusters;179
12.3;9.3 Recent Advancements in Carding Machine;179
12.3.1;9.3.1 Chute Feeder;179
12.3.2;9.3.2 Feeding System;180
12.3.3;9.3.3 Carding System;181
12.3.4;9.3.4 Flat Cleaning System;182
12.3.5;9.3.5 Transfer System;182
12.3.6;9.3.6 Dust Filter System;184
12.3.7;9.3.7 Carding Coiler;184
12.4;9.4 JWF1313—A Well-Developed Drawframe;185
12.4.1;9.4.1 The New Experience of Dual-Drive Drafting;186
12.4.2;9.4.2 A New Braking Device with Auto Can Change;186
12.4.3;9.4.3 Independent Suction System;187
12.4.4;9.4.4 Cleaning Monitoring to Guarantee Quality;187
12.4.5;9.4.5 Structure Simplification for Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection;188
12.5;9.5 JWF1316/JWF1316T—An Example of Advanced Drawframe;189
12.5.1;9.5.1 Easy Operation;190
12.5.2;9.5.2 Energy Conservation, Environmental Protection by Low Input and High Efficiency;190
12.5.3;9.5.3 Simple and Convenient Maintenance;190
12.5.4;9.5.4 Flexible Usage by the Auto-leveler System;190
12.5.5;9.5.5 Continuous Production Without Care;191
12.5.6;9.5.6 Highly Efficient and Stable Drafting System;191
12.5.7;9.5.7 The Driving System with Reliable Cleaning and Feeding;192
12.6;9.6 Recent Advancements in the Ring Frame;193
12.7;9.7 Conclusion;194
12.8;References;195
13;10 Cotton in Weaving Technology;198
13.1;10.1 Introduction;199
13.2;10.2 Warping;199
13.2.1;10.2.1 Direct Warping;200
13.2.2;10.2.2 Sectional Warping;200
13.2.3;10.2.3 Different Sections of Warping Machine;201
13.2.4;10.2.4 Commonly Used Parameters During Warping;201
13.3;10.3 Technical Discussion on Cotton Warping;202
13.3.1;10.3.1 Maintaining the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Cotton Yarn;202
13.3.2;10.3.2 Maintaining Uniform Tension;202
13.3.3;10.3.3 Circular Shape of the Warping Creel;203
13.3.4;10.3.4 Optimum Warping Speed;204
13.3.5;10.3.5 Beam Drum Pressure;204
13.3.6;10.3.6 Density of Warp;204
13.4;10.4 Sizing;205
13.4.1;10.4.1 Requisite Properties of Size Material Used for Cotton;205
13.4.2;10.4.2 Basic Size Ingredients;206
13.4.3;10.4.3 Lubricant Used for Cotton Yarn Sizing;206
13.4.4;10.4.4 Gelatinization Process of Starch Solution;207
13.4.5;10.4.5 The Innovation of Biodegradable Textile Sizing Agent;211
13.5;10.5 Sizing Machine;211
13.5.1;10.5.1 Creel Zone;211
13.5.2;10.5.2 Size Box Zone;212
13.5.3;10.5.3 Drying Zone;212
13.5.4;10.5.4 Splitting Zone;215
13.5.5;10.5.5 Beaming Zone;215
13.5.6;10.5.6 Stretch of Cotton Yarn During Sizing;215
13.6;10.6 Looming;216
13.7;10.7 The Relation Between the Drop Wire Densities and Yarn Count;216
13.8;10.8 Shedding;217
13.8.1;10.8.1 Cam Shedding;218
13.8.2;10.8.2 Dobby Shedding;218
13.8.3;10.8.3 Jacquard Shedding;219
13.8.4;10.8.4 Pneumatic Shedding;220
13.9;10.9 Shed Geometry;220
13.10;10.10 Picking;224
13.10.1;10.10.1 Classification of Picking Mechanism;224
13.10.2;10.10.2 Loom Timing;225
13.10.3;10.10.3 Conventional Picking Mechanism for Cotton;225
13.10.4;10.10.4 Unconventional Picking Mechanism;226
13.10.5;10.10.5 Cotton Fabric Density in Projectile;228
13.10.6;10.10.6 Fully Guided Solid Carrier;228
13.10.7;10.10.7 Fluid Carrier;229
13.10.8;10.10.8 Energy Consumption of Different Picking Mechanism;230
13.11;10.11 Beat-up;231
13.11.1;10.11.1 Types of Beat-up;231
13.11.2;10.11.2 Crank Beat-up;231
13.11.3;10.11.3 Factors Affecting the Motion of the Sley;231
13.11.4;10.11.4 Sley Eccentricity Ratio;232
13.11.5;10.11.5 Cam Beat-up Mechanism;233
13.12;10.12 Let-off;233
13.12.1;10.12.1 Negative Let-off;234
13.12.2;10.12.2 Semi Positive Let-off;235
13.12.3;10.12.3 Positive Let-off;235
13.12.4;10.12.4 Mechanically Controlled Let-off System;235
13.12.5;10.12.5 Electronically Controlled Let-off System;236
13.12.6;10.12.6 Mechatronic Let-off;237
13.12.7;10.12.7 Back-Rest and Dropper Position and Its Effect on Warp Tension;237
13.12.8;10.12.8 Eliminating Stop Marks or Startup Marks by Using Positive Let-off Motion;238
13.12.9;10.12.9 Effect of Let-off Type on Fell of the Cloth and Crimp;238
13.12.10;10.12.10 Let-off Motion Can Even Affect the Color;239
13.12.11;10.12.11 Let-off Motion for Pile Fabric;239
13.13;10.13 Take-up;239
13.13.1;10.13.1 Different Arrangements of Take-up Rollers to Avoid Slippage;240
13.13.2;10.13.2 Types of Take-up Motion;240
13.13.3;10.13.3 Electronic Take-up Motion;241
13.13.4;10.13.4 Role of Take-up Motion in Keeping a Constant Cloth Fell;242
13.14;10.14 Creating Fancy Effects by Variable Pick Density;242
13.15;10.15 Weaving Parameters;242
13.16;10.16 Controlling Parameters of the Loom;243
13.16.1;10.16.1 Warp Tension;243
13.16.2;10.16.2 Loom RPM;243
13.16.3;10.16.3 Shed Angle;244
13.16.4;10.16.4 Back-Rest Position and Height;244
13.16.5;10.16.5 Dropper Bar Position and Height;245
13.16.6;10.16.6 Fabric Width Control;246
13.16.7;10.16.7 Easing Motion;247
13.16.8;10.16.8 Weft Density (PPI);248
13.17;10.17 Conclusion;250
13.18;References;250
14;11 Role of Cotton Fiber in Knitting Industry;254
14.1;11.1 Introduction;254
14.2;11.2 What Is the Knitting Industry, and What Is the Role of Cotton Fiber in the Industry?;256
14.3;11.3 Basic Concepts and Definitions;256
14.4;11.4 Principles of Interlooping (Knitting) Technology;260
14.4.1;11.4.1 Principles of Hand Knitting;260
14.4.2;11.4.2 Principles of Machine Knitting;261
14.4.3;11.4.3 Interloping (Knitting) Elements;263
14.4.4;11.4.4 The Methods of Forming Yarn into Needle Loops;267
14.5;11.5 The Knitting (Interlooping) Processes on Knitting Machines;270
14.5.1;11.5.1 Concept of Knitting Machines’ Classification;270
14.5.2;11.5.2 Features of Knitting (Interlooping) Processes on Single Bed Knitting Machines;271
14.5.3;11.5.3 Weft Knitting Machine. Knitting Process with Bearded Needles on the Circular Knitting Machine;272
14.5.4;11.5.4 Weft Knitting Machine. Knitting Process with Latch Needles on the Circular Knitting Machine;274
14.5.5;11.5.5 Knitting Process with Bearded Needles on the Warp Knitting Machine;277
14.5.6;11.5.6 Knitting Process with Compound Needles on the Warp Knitting Machine;280
14.5.7;11.5.7 Features of Knitting (Interloping) Processes on Double-Bed Knitting Machines;280
14.5.8;11.5.8 Weft Knitting Machine. The Technology of Knitting with Latch Needles on Double-Bed Circular or Flat Knitting Machines;280
14.5.9;11.5.9 Weft Knitting Machine. The Technology of Knitting with Latch Needles on Double-Bed Knitting Machines with the Distribution;286
14.5.10;11.5.10 Warp Knitting Machine. The Technology of Knitting on the Double Bed Warp Knitting Machine by Warp Knitting Method;288
14.6;11.6 Structures and Properties of Knitted Fabrics;290
14.7;11.7 Features of the Structure and Properties of the Basic Weft Knitted Fabrics;292
14.7.1;11.7.1 Single Weft Knitted Fabrics. Plain and Its Properties;292
14.7.2;11.7.2 Double Weft Knitted Fabrics. Rib and Its Properties;294
14.7.3;11.7.3 Double Weft Knitted Fabrics. Purl and Its Properties;295
14.8;11.8 Features of the Structure and Properties of the Basic Warp Knitted Fabrics;296
14.8.1;11.8.1 Single Warp Knitted Fabrics. The Single Pillar Stitch and Its Properties;297
14.8.2;11.8.2 Single Warp Knitted Fabrics. Tricot Lap and Its Properties;298
14.8.3;11.8.3 Single Warp Knitted Fabrics. Atlas Lap and Its Properties;299
14.8.4;11.8.4 Double Warp Knitted Fabrics. Double Pillar Stitches and Its Properties;300
14.8.5;11.8.5 Double Warp Knitted Fabrics. Double Tricot Lap and Its Properties;301
14.8.6;11.8.6 Double Warp Knitted Fabrics. Double Atlas Lap and Its Properties;302
14.9;11.9 Features of the Structure and Properties Group of Derivative (Variation of the Basic Group) Weft Knitted Fabrics;303
14.9.1;11.9.1 Single Derivative Weft Knitted Fabrics. Float and Its Properties;303
14.9.2;11.9.2 Double Derivative Weft Knitted Fabrics. Double Rib (Interlock) and Its Properties;304
14.10;11.10 Features of the Structure and Properties Group of Derivative (Variation of the Basic Group) Warp Knitted Fabrics;306
14.10.1;11.10.1 Single Derivative Knit Structures of Tricot (Cord and Satin) and Atlas Lap. Their Properties;306
14.11;11.11 Conclusion;307
14.12;References;308
15;12 Cotton in Nonwoven Products;311
15.1;12.1 Introduction;311
15.2;12.2 Cotton in Nonwoven Personal Care Products;313
15.2.1;12.2.1 Pain Relief;315
15.2.2;12.2.2 Nursing Pads;315
15.2.3;12.2.3 Adhesive Dental Sponge;315
15.2.4;12.2.4 Nasal Strip;316
15.2.5;12.2.5 Diapers;316
15.2.6;12.2.6 Cotton in Nonwoven Feminine Hygiene Products;318
15.3;12.3 Cotton in Nonwoven Medicals and Surgery;319
15.3.1;12.3.1 Transdermal Drug Delivery;320
15.3.2;12.3.2 Underpads;321
15.3.3;12.3.3 Surgical Disposable Caps, Gowns, Masks, and Shoe Covers;321
15.3.4;12.3.4 Surgical Drapes, Wraps and Packs;321
15.3.5;12.3.5 Surgical Dressing;321
15.4;12.4 Cotton in Nonwoven Apparel;322
15.4.1;12.4.1 Cotton Interlining and Interfacing;322
15.4.2;12.4.2 Military Apparel;323
15.4.3;12.4.3 Contamination Control Gown/Examination Gowns;323
15.5;12.5 Cotton in Nonwoven Home Textile and Upholstery;324
15.5.1;12.5.1 Bedding;326
15.5.2;12.5.2 Mattresses;326
15.5.3;12.5.3 Curtains;326
15.5.4;12.5.4 Wallcovering;326
15.5.5;12.5.5 Carpets;327
15.6;12.6 Cotton in Nonwoven Wipes;327
15.6.1;12.6.1 Personal Care Wipes;329
15.6.2;12.6.2 Personal Hygiene;329
15.6.3;12.6.3 Medical or Surgical Wipes;329
15.6.4;12.6.4 Baby Wipes;330
15.6.5;12.6.5 Cleansing Pads;330
15.6.6;12.6.6 Cosmetic Pads;330
15.6.7;12.6.7 Pet Care;330
15.6.8;12.6.8 Household and Home Cleaning Wipes;331
15.6.9;12.6.9 Industrial Wipes;331
15.7;12.7 Cotton in Nonwoven Industrial and Technical Textiles;332
15.7.1;12.7.1 Filtration Textiles;332
15.7.2;12.7.2 Geotextiles;334
15.7.3;12.7.3 Packaging Textiles;334
15.7.4;12.7.4 Functional Nonwoven Textiles;334
15.8;12.8 Future Trend of Nonwoven Cotton;335
15.9;12.9 Conclusion;336
15.10;References;336
16;13 Pretreatment of Cotton;339
16.1;13.1 Introduction;340
16.2;13.2 Cotton Pretreatment Processes;341
16.2.1;13.2.1 Singeing;341
16.2.2;13.2.2 Desizing;343
16.2.3;13.2.3 Scouring;348
16.2.4;13.2.4 Bleaching;349
16.2.5;13.2.5 Bio-Polishing;350
16.2.6;13.2.6 Mercerization;350
16.3;13.3 Advancements in Pretreatment of Cotton Textiles;351
16.3.1;13.3.1 Enzymatic Processing;352
16.3.2;13.3.2 Integrated Enzymatic Processing;354
16.3.3;13.3.3 Plasma Technology;354
16.3.4;13.3.4 Electrochemical Technique;355
16.3.5;13.3.5 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Processing;356
16.4;13.4 Conclusion;356
16.5;References;357
17;14 Cotton Fiber and Yarn Dyeing;360
17.1;14.1 History of Cotton Dyeing;360
17.2;14.2 Theory of Dyeing;361
17.2.1;14.2.1 Physical Theory;362
17.2.2;14.2.2 Chemical Theory;362
17.2.3;14.2.3 Physical-Chemical Theory;363
17.2.4;14.2.4 Fiber Complex Theory;363
17.2.5;14.2.5 Solid Solution Theory;364
17.2.6;14.2.6 Mechanical and Pigment Theory;364
17.3;14.3 Dyes Used for Cotton;364
17.3.1;14.3.1 Reactive Dyes;364
17.3.2;14.3.2 Sulfur Dye;366
17.3.3;14.3.3 Azoic(Naphthol) Dye;367
17.3.4;14.3.4 Basic Dye;368
17.3.5;14.3.5 Indigo Dye;369
17.3.6;14.3.6 Vat Dye;369
17.3.7;14.3.7 Direct Dye;370
17.3.8;14.3.8 Natural Dyes;371
17.4;14.4 Dyeing Process;371
17.5;14.5 Different Principles Involved in Dyeing;372
17.6;14.6 Factors Influencing the Dyeing Process;372
17.7;14.7 Preparation for Medium;372
17.8;14.8 Preparation for the Dyeing Process;373
17.9;14.9 Cotton Fiber Dyeing Method;373
17.10;14.10 Yarn Dyeing Methods;373
17.10.1;14.10.1 Batch Dyeing;374
17.10.2;14.10.2 Hank Dyeing;374
17.10.3;14.10.3 Beam Dyeing Method;374
17.11;14.11 Continuous Dyeing Method;375
17.11.1;14.11.1 Rope Dyeing Method;375
17.11.2;14.11.2 Slasher Dyeing Method;375
17.12;14.12 Machinery Used for Dyeing;375
17.12.1;14.12.1 Dyeing Machine for Loose Cotton Fiber and Sliver;375
17.12.2;14.12.2 Machines for Dyeing Cotton Yarn;376
17.13;14.13 Conclusion;377
17.14;References;378
18;15 Cotton Based Clothing;381
18.1;15.1 Introduction;381
18.2;15.2 Classification of Cotton-Based Clothing;382
18.3;15.3 Market Share of Cotton-Based Apparel;383
18.4;15.4 Comfort Properties of Cotton-Based Clothing;387
18.4.1;15.4.1 Softness;388
18.4.2;15.4.2 Drapability;388
18.4.3;15.4.3 Thermal Comfort;388
18.4.4;15.4.4 Thermal Conductivity;389
18.4.5;15.4.5 Moisture Vapor Transmission;389
18.4.6;15.4.6 Air Permeability;390
18.5;15.5 The Durability of Cotton-Based Clothing;390
18.6;15.6 Value-Added Product;391
18.6.1;15.6.1 Cotton and High-Performance Fibers Blends;391
18.6.2;15.6.2 Cotton/Jute Blend;391
18.6.3;15.6.3 Cotton Blends with Other Technical Fibers;392
18.7;15.7 Conclusion;392
18.8;References;393
19;16 Biomedical Application of Cotton and Its Derivatives;396
19.1;16.1 Introduction;397
19.2;16.2 Wound Dressing;399
19.2.1;16.2.1 The Traditional Cotton-Based Wound Dressing;400
19.2.2;16.2.2 The Advanced Cotton-Based Wound Dressing;400
19.3;16.3 Physical Modification;401
19.4;16.4 Chemical Modification;403
19.4.1;16.4.1 Etherification;403
19.4.2;16.4.2 Oxidization;404
19.4.3;16.4.3 Phosphorylation;407
19.5;16.5 Drug Delivery;408
19.5.1;16.5.1 Non-responsive Drug Delivery;408
19.5.2;16.5.2 Stimulation Responsive Drug Delivery;409
19.6;16.6 Surgical Purpose;410
19.6.1;16.6.1 Cotton Roll;410
19.6.2;16.6.2 Surgical Sutures;411
19.7;16.7 Dental Use of Cotton: Iced Cotton Bud as a Pre-Cooling Method for Palatal Anaesthesia;411
19.8;16.8 Tissue Engineering;412
19.9;16.9 Conclusion;413
19.10;References;413
20;17 Chemical Structure and Modification of Cotton;420
20.1;17.1 Introduction;420
20.2;17.2 Chemical Structure of Cotton;422
20.3;17.3 Mechanisms of Modification of Cotton Fiber and Fabric;424
20.4;17.4 Conclusion;426
20.5;References;427
21;18 Advanced Physical Applications of Modified Cotton;436
21.1;18.1 Introduction;438
21.2;18.2 Superhydrophobicity;438
21.3;18.3 Flame Retardancy;458
21.4;18.4 Conclusion Remarks, Challenges, and Prospects;461
21.5;References;462
22;19 Advanced Biological Applications of Modified Cotton;476
22.1;19.1 Antimicrobial;477
22.2;19.2 Medical;489
22.3;19.3 Insecticide;492
22.3.1;19.3.1 Conclusion and Prospects;493
22.4;References;494
23;20 Advanced Chemical Applications of Modified Cotton;504
23.1;20.1 Electrical Conductivity, Sensitivity, and EMI Shielding;506
23.2;20.2 Chemical Detoxification and Photocatalysis;511
23.3;20.3 Multi-advanced Applications;516
23.4;20.4 Conclusion;522
23.5;References;523
24;21 Recycled Cotton Fibers for Melange Yarn Manufacturing;531
24.1;21.1 Introduction;532
24.2;21.2 Fiber Preparation Methods;533
24.2.1;21.2.1 Dyeing of Virgin Cotton;533
24.2.2;21.2.2 Recycled Fibers as a Raw Material for Mélange Yarn;534
24.3;21.3 Fiber Mixing and Blending;537
24.3.1;21.3.1 Blend Shade in Blow Room;539
24.3.2;21.3.2 Sliver Blending;540
24.4;21.4 Mélange Yarn Spinning;540
24.5;21.5 Factors Affecting Spinning Mélange Yarn;542
24.6;21.6 Classification of Mélange Yarn;542
24.6.1;21.6.1 Blended;543
24.6.2;21.6.2 Non?Blended;543
24.7;21.7 Pros and Cons of Mélange Yarn;543
24.7.1;21.7.1 Advantages of Mélange Yarn;543
24.7.2;21.7.2 Significant Problems in Manufacturing Mélange Yarn;544
24.8;21.8 Application of Mélange Yarn;546
24.9;21.9 Conclusion;546
24.10;References;547
25;22 Cotton Melange Yarn and Image Processing;549
25.1;22.1 Introduction;549
25.2;22.2 Importance of This Technology;551
25.3;22.3 Development in Fiber and Yarn Image Processing During the Last Century;552
25.4;22.4 Possible and Practical Software Approaches in the Melange Yarn Industry;553
25.5;22.5 Melange Yarn Inspection;555
25.5.1;22.5.1 Analysis of Visual Inspection and it’s Quality Control;555
25.5.2;22.5.2 Computerized Inspection Model and System with Quality Controlling;557
25.5.3;22.5.3 Differences and Advantages of the Proposed Computerized Inspection Approach;561
25.6;22.6 Future Perspectives;562
25.7;22.7 Conclusion;563
25.8;References;564