Wang / Li The South China Sea

Paleoceanography and Sedimentology
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-1-4020-9745-4
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 13, 506 Seiten

Reihe: Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research

Pinxian Wang and Qianyu Li The South China Sea (SCS) (Fig. 1. 1) offers a special attraction for Earth scientists world-wide because of its location and its well-preserved hemipelagic sediments. As the largest one of the marginal seas separating Asia from the Paci?c, the largest continent from the largest ocean, the SCS functions as a focal point in land-sea int- actions of the Earth system. Climatically, the SCS is located between the Western Paci?c Warm Pool, the centre of global heating at the sea level, and the Tibetan Plateau, the centre of heating at an altitude of 5,000m. Geomorphologically, the SCS lies to the east of the highest peak on earth, Zhumulangma or Everest in the Himalayas (8,848m elevation) and to the west of the deepest trench in the ocean, Philippine Trench (10,497m water depth) (Wang P. 2004). Biogeographically, the SCS belongs to the so-called 'East Indies Triangle' where modern marine and terrestrial biodiversity reaches a global maximum (Briggs 1999). Among the major marginal sea basins from the west Paci?c, the SCS presents some of the best conditions for accumulating complete paleoclimatic records in its hemipelagic deposits. These records are favorable for high-resolution pa- oceanographic studies because of high sedimentation rates and good carbonate preservation. It may not be merely a coincidence that two cores from the southern 14 SCS were among the ?rst several cores in the world ocean used by AMS C dating for high-resolution stratigraphy (Andree et al. 1986; Broecker et al. 1988).

Pinxian Wang was born in Shanghai in 1936. He graduated from the Moscow State University in 1960, majoring in paleontology, and was Alexander von Humboldt Fellow in 1981-82 in Kiel, Germany. He is now Professor at the Tongji University, where he was Director of the Department of Marine Geology and the Laboratory of Marine Geology for years. His research activities are mainly devoted to paleoceanography and micropaleontology in the Western Pacific and paleo-monsoon studies in East Asia, especially in the South China Sea. He was co-chief scientist of the Ocean Drilling Program Leg 184 to the South China Sea in 1999 and the Marco Polo Cruise to the South China Sea in 2005. He has promoted China's involvement in international deep-sea programs and founded the series of 'Asian Marine Geology Conferences'. He is Member of the Chinese Academy of Science, Honorary Fellow of the Geological Society London, AAAS Fellow,and Milutin Milankovic Medalist of EGU in 2007.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Wang, Pinxian

Li, Qianyu

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;Contributors;10
3;Introduction;12
3.1;Appendix;18
3.1.1;References;25
4;Oceanographical and Geological Background;35
4.1;Introduction;35
4.2;2.1 Bathymetry and Geomorphology;36
4.3;2.2 Oceanography;38
4.3.1;Monsoon;39
4.3.2;Surface Circulation;42
4.3.3;Surface Temperature and Salinity;44
4.3.4;Thermocline and Upwelling;48
4.3.5;Water Exchange with Pacific and Kuroshio Intrusion;50
4.3.6;Deep Water Circulation;55
4.3.7;Other Oceanographic Features;58
4.3.8;Oceanographic Summary;58
4.4;2.3 Tectonic History and Sedimentary Basins;59
4.4.1;Prior Terrains and Opening of the SCS;61
4.4.2;Step-Wise Closure of the Sea Basin;68
4.4.3;Formation of Shelf-Slope Sedimentary Basins;69
4.4.4;South China Sea;70
4.4.5;Sediments of the SCS Shelf-Slope Basins: An Overview;74
4.4.6;Summary of Tectonics and Basin Formation;77
4.5;References;78
5;Stratigraphy and Sea Level Changes;84
5.1;Introduction;84
5.2;3.1 Lithostratigraphic Overview (Li Q. and Zhong G.) ;85
5.2.1;Pre-Cenozoic Basement;85
5.2.2;Lithostratigraphy of Syn-Rift Sediments;85
5.2.3;Post-Rift Sediments in Shelf-Slope Basins;89
5.2.4;Deep Water Lithostratigraphy;95
5.3;3.2 Biostratigraphic Framework (Li Q.);102
5.3.1;Floral and Shallow-Water Faunal Assemblages;102
5.3.2;Planktonic Foraminiferal and Nannofossil Biostratigraphy;104
5.3.3;Quaternary Lithobiostratigraphic Events;107
5.4;3.3 Isotopic and Astronomical Stratigraphy (Tian J. and Li Q.);109
5.4.1;Neogene Isotopic Records at Site 1148;109
5.4.2;PlioceneÒPleistocene Isotopic Records at Site 1143;116
5.5;3.4 Stratigraphy of Major Shelf and Slope Basins ( Zhong G. and Li Q.);118
5.5.1;Northern South China Sea Basins;120
5.5.2;Southern South China Sea Basins;137
5.6;3.5 Regional Sea Level Changes (Zhong G. and Li Q.);156
5.6.1;Late Quaternary Sea Level Changes;157
5.6.2;Long-Term Sea Level Changes Since the Oligocene;158
5.6.3;New Approach Toward Fine-Scale Sea Level Magnitude;160
5.6.4;Summary of South China Sea stratigraphy;164
5.7;References;166
6;Sedimentology;180
6.1;Introduction;180
6.2;4.1 Surface Deposition Patterns (Liu Z.) ;181
6.2.1;Deposit Distribution Patterns;181
6.2.2;Sediment Transport;187
6.3;4.2 Terrigenous Deposition (Liu Z.) ;189
6.3.1;Clay Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Source Areas;189
6.3.2;Clay Minerals;190
6.3.3;Geochemistry;196
6.3.4;Terrigenous Sediment Supply in Glacial Cycles;201
6.3.5;Long-Term Changes of Terrigenous Sediment Supply;208
6.4;4.3 Biogenic Deposition;213
6.4.1;Carbonate;213
6.4.2;Opal (Wang R.);226
6.5;4.4 Coral Reefs (Yu K. and Zhao J.);238
6.5.1;Modern Coral Reef Distribution;239
6.5.2;Carbonate Platform Sediments and Calcium Carbonate Production;246
6.5.3;Reef History;257
6.6;4.5 Volcanic Deposition (Liu Z.);264
6.6.1;Volcanic Rock Distribution;264
6.6.2;Volcanic Ash Records;266
6.6.3;Case Studies: Pinatubo, Toba;267
6.7;4.6 Estimation of Deposit Mass Since the Oligocene ( HuangW. andWang P.);271
6.7.1;Data Sources and Analyses;272
6.7.2;Sediment Distribution and Mass;274
6.7.3;Estimation of Terrigenous and Carbonate Masses;276
6.7.4;Depositional Patterns;278
6.7.5;Major Characteristics of SCS Sedimentation;285
6.8;References;287
7;Upper Water Structure and Paleo-Monsoon;305
7.1;Introduction;305
7.2;5.1 Sea Surface Temperature History (Jian Z. and Tian J.);306
7.2.1;SST Proxies;306
7.2.2;Paleo-SST Reconstruction;311
7.2.3;Paleo-SST Patterns;320
7.3;5.2 Thermocline Depth History (Tian J. and Jian Z.);326
7.3.1;Proxies of Thermocline Depth;326
7.3.2;Paleo-Thermocline Depth;328
7.4;5.3 Vegetation History in Deep-Sea Record (Sun X.);336
7.4.1;Pollen Distribution in Surface Sediments;337
7.4.2;Long-Term Evolution;339
7.4.3;Last Glacial Pollen Records: North-South Differences;350
7.4.4;North-South Comparison of the Vegetation During the LGM;357
7.5;5.4 Monsoon History (Jian Z. and Tian J.);359
7.5.1;Monsoon Proxies;360
7.5.2;Tectonic-Scale Long-Term Evolution;368
7.5.3;Orbital-Scale Variability;371
7.5.4;Suborbital-Scale Variability;382
7.6;Summary;389
7.7;References;390
8;Deep Waters and Oceanic Connection;403
8.1;Introduction;403
8.2;6.1 Modern DeepWaters and Their Faunal Features ;404
8.2.1;Marginal Seas in the Western Pacific;404
8.2.2;Modern Intermediate and Deep Waters in the South China Sea;405
8.2.3;Modern Deep-Sea Benthic Foraminifera and Ostracods;406
8.3;6.2 Late Quaternary Deep-Water Faunas and Stable Isotopes;410
8.4;6.3 Neogene and Oligocene Deep-Water Benthic Faunas from ODP Leg 184 Sites;413
8.4.1;Site 1148 Benthic Foraminifera;413
8.4.2;Site 1148 Ostracods;420
8.4.3;Faunal Indication of Deep-Water Mass Changes;420
8.5;6.4 DeepWater Evolution: Evidence from Carbonate Preservation and Isotopes ;427
8.5.1;Carbonate Dissolution;427
8.5.2;Isotopic Records;430
8.6;6.5 Oceanic Connection;433
8.7;Summary;435
8.8;References;438
9;Biogeochemistry and the Carbon Reservoir;446
9.1;Introduction;446
9.2;7.1 Productivity and Nutrient Dynamics in the Modern South China Sea ( Zhao M.);447
9.2.1;Primary Productivity;447
9.2.2;Nutrient Supplies;449
9.2.3;Community Structure, Export Productivity and Sedimentary Biogenic Content;452
9.3;7.2 Paleoproductivity Reconstruction of the South China Sea ( Zhao M.);456
9.3.1;Patterns of Productivity Changes During Glacial-Interglacial Oscillations;456
9.3.2;Pre-Pleistocene Paleoproductivity Changes;464
9.4;7.3 Carbon Reservoir Changes (Wang P., Tian J. and Li J.) ;466
9.4.1;Modern Carbon Cycling;466
9.4.2;Late Quaternary d13C Cyclicity;470
9.4.3;Long-Term Trend of Carbon Isotopes;480
9.5;Summary;483
9.6;References;483
10;History of the South China Sea – A Synthesis;491
10.1;Introduction;491
10.2;8.1 Evolution of the South China Sea Basin;492
10.2.1;Pre-Spreading Stage in the Early Paleogene;492
10.2.2;Seafloor Spreading in the Oligocene-Early Miocene;493
10.2.3;Post-Spreading Stage Since the Late Miocene;494
10.3;8.2 Evolution of the East Asian Monsoon ;495
10.3.1;Summer Monsoon and Chemical Weathering;495
10.3.2;Winter Monsoon and North-South Contrast;497
10.3.3;East and South Asian Monsoons;498
10.4;8.3 Evolution of Continent-Ocean Interactions;500
10.5;References;501
11;Index;503