Wahl Marine Hard Bottom Communities

Patterns, Dynamics, Diversity, and Change
2009
ISBN: 978-3-540-92704-4
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 206, 446 Seiten

Reihe: Ecological Studies

Marine hard bottoms feature some of the most spectacular and diverse biological communities on this planet. These not only contain a rich treasure of genetic, taxonomic and functional information but also deliver irreplaceable ecosystem services. At the same time, they are highly vulnerable and increasingly threatened by anthropogenic pressures. This volume has collected contributions by 50 scientists from numerous biogeographic regions, dealing with characteristics of hard bottom communities. Distributional patterns in space and time are described, followed by analyses of the intrinsic and extrinsic dynamics producing these patterns. A strong emphasis is placed on the ongoing changes occurring in the structure and diversity of these communities in response to spiralling environmental impacts, and on state-of-the-art countermeasures aiming to preserve these ecological treasures. Finally, various values of diversity are assessed, hopefully as an incentive for enhanced conservation efforts.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Wahl, Martin

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;20
4;Part I Habitat, Substrata and Communities;26
4.1;Introduction;27
4.2;Conclusion;28
4.3;References;29
4.4;Chapter 1 Habitat Characteristics and Typical Functional Groups ;30
4.4.1;1.1 Particularities of the Aquatic Medium;30
4.4.2;1.2 Life Forms in Hard Bottom Communities;33
4.4.3;References;39
4.5;Chapter 2 The Role of Mineral, Living and Artificial Substrata in the Development of Subtidal Assemblages ;41
4.5.1;2.1 Patterns on Temperate Hard Substrata;41
4.5.2;2.2 The Colonisation Process;44
4.5.3;2.3 The Role of Substrata in the Colonisation and Development of Assemblages;44
4.5.4;2.4 Future Focus;52
4.5.5;References;53
4.6;Chapter 3 Communities on Deep-Sea Hard Bottoms ;60
4.6.1;3.1 Islands in a Sea of Mud;60
4.6.2;3.2 Types of Hard Substrata in the Deep Sea;61
4.6.3;3.3 Major Groups of Deep-Sea Organisms;64
4.6.4;3.4 Population and Community Ecology of Hard-Bottom Deep-Sea Epifauna;66
4.6.5;3.5 Conclusions;75
4.6.6;References;76
4.7;Chapter 4 Epibiosis: Ecology, Effects and Defences;82
4.7.1;4.1 Sessile Mode of Life;82
4.7.2;4.2 Establishment of an Epibiotic Community;82
4.7.3;4.3 Consequences of Epibioses;84
4.7.4;4.4 Distributional Patterns of Epibioses;86
4.7.5;4.5 Responses of the Host;88
4.7.6;References;90
5;Part II Diversity Patterns and Their Causes ;94
5.1;Introduction;95
5.2;Conclusion;97
5.3;Chapter 5 Latitudinal Patterns of Species Richness in Hard-Bottom Communities;100
5.3.1;5.1 Introduction;100
5.3.2;5.2 Case Studies;101
5.3.3;5.3 Discussion;103
5.3.4;References;104
5.4;Chapter 6 Regional-Scale Patterns;107
5.4.1;6.1 Introduction;107
5.4.2;6.2 Regional Diversity—Biotic Interchange and Speciation;108
5.4.3;6.3 Influence of Regional Species Pools on Local Diversity;110
5.4.4;6.4 Local Diversity;112
5.4.5;6.5 Conclusions;114
5.4.6;References;115
5.5;Chapter 7 Patterns Along Environmental Gradients;118
5.5.1;7.1 Introduction;118
5.5.2;7.2 Zonation;120
5.5.3;7.3 Gaps in Knowledge;123
5.5.4;References;126
5.6;Chapter 8 Evolutionary Patterns of Diversity and Their Causes;130
5.6.1;8.1 Introduction;130
5.6.2;8.2 Evolutionary Process;130
5.6.3;8.3 Regional Biogeographic Patterns;133
5.6.4;8.4 Discussion;138
5.6.5;References;139
5.7;Chapter 9 Environmental Variability: Analysis and Ecological Implications;143
5.7.1;9.1 Introduction;143
5.7.2;9.2 A Framework for Investigating Ecological Variability;144
5.7.3;9.3 Observational Approaches: Variability in Ecological Responses;146
5.7.4;9.4 Experimental Approaches: Manipulation of Intensity and Variance of Ecological Drivers;148
5.7.5;9.5 Future Directions;152
5.7.6;9.6 Conclusions;154
5.7.7;References;155
6;Part III Community Dynamics;158
6.1;Introduction;159
6.2;Conclusion;160
6.3;Chapter 10 Fertilization Strategies;162
6.3.1;10.1 Introduction;162
6.3.2;10.2 Scope and Definition of Terms;163
6.3.3;10.3 Main Topics in Fertilization Ecology of Rocky Shore Species;163
6.3.4;10.4 Gamete Traits that Influence Fertilization Success;166
6.3.5;10.5 Gamete Mixing;169
6.3.6;10.6 Risk of Polyspermy and the Role of Polyspermy Blocks;171
6.3.7;10.7 Fertilization Compatibility;172
6.3.8;10.8 Conclusions;173
6.3.9;References;173
6.4;Chapter 11 Larval Supply and Dispersal;178
6.4.1;11.1 Introduction;178
6.4.2;11.2 Variability in the Production of Larvae;178
6.4.3;11.3 Mortality in the Plankton;180
6.4.4;11.4 Scales of Dispersal and Larval Supply;182
6.4.5;11.5 Genetic Consequences of Variation in Larval Production and Dispersal;185
6.4.6;11.6 Conclusions;186
6.4.7;References;186
6.5;Chapter 12 Settlement and Recruitment;190
6.5.1;12.1 Introduction;190
6.5.2;12.2 Definitions of Settlement and Recruitment;190
6.5.3;12.3 Patterns of Settlement and Recruitment on Hard Substrata;191
6.5.4;12.4 Behaviour at Settlement;193
6.5.5;12.5 Biological and Physical Interactions at Settlement;194
6.5.6;12.6 Early Post-Settlement Survival;196
6.5.7;12.7 Consequences of Variation in Settlement and Recruitment;197
6.5.8;12.8 Summary;199
6.5.9;References;199
6.6;Chapter 13 Seasonal Dynamics;204
6.6.1;13.1 Introduction;204
6.6.2;13.2 Causes, Cues and Clocks;205
6.6.3;13.3 Identifying Drivers and Responses;206
6.6.4;13.4 From Intertidal Habitats to Deep-Sea Communities;208
6.6.5;13.5 Future Directions;211
6.6.6;References;211
6.7;Chapter 14 Disruption, Succession and Stochasticity;214
6.7.1;14.1 Definitions;214
6.7.2;14.2 Disruptions as Unique Events;218
6.7.3;14.3 Disruption as a Chronically Recurring Process;220
6.7.4;References;224
6.8;Chapter 15 Changes in Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning During Succession;226
6.8.1;15.1 Introduction;226
6.8.2;15.2 Concepts and Terminology;226
6.8.3;15.3 Creation of New Space;228
6.8.4;15.4 Early Colonisation by Microorganisms;228
6.8.5;15.5 Macrobiotic Succession on Rocky Shores;229
6.8.6;15.6 Succession, Species Diversity and Ecosystem Processes;231
6.8.7;15.7 Overview and Concluding Remarks;233
6.8.8;References;234
6.9;Chapter 16 Simple and Complex Interactions;237
6.9.1;16.1 Introduction;237
6.9.2;16.2 Intraspecific Interactions;237
6.9.3;16.3 Interspecific Interactions;239
6.9.4;16.4 Community Interactions;243
6.9.5;References;246
7;Part IV Changing Biodiversity;250
7.1;Introduction;251
7.2;Conclusion;252
7.3;References;254
7.4;Chapter 17 Anthropogenic Changes in Patterns of Diversity on Hard Substrata: an Overview;256
7.4.1;17.1 Introduction;256
7.4.2;17.2 Scales of Disturbances Affecting Distributions and Abundances;257
7.4.3;17.3 Conclusions;263
7.4.4;References;264
7.5;Chapter 18 Shifts in Abiotic Variables and Consequences for Diversity;266
7.5.1;18.1 Introduction;266
7.5.2;18.2 Global-Scale Change;266
7.5.3;18.3 Regional-Scale Change;270
7.5.4;18.4 Local-Scale Change;272
7.5.5;18.5 Conclusions;275
7.5.6;References;275
7.6;Chapter 19 The Loss of Natural Habitats and the Addition of Artificial Substrata;278
7.6.1;19.1 Human Changes to Coastal Habitats;278
7.6.2;19.2 Causes of Habitat Loss;279
7.6.3;19.3 Trends of Habitat Loss;280
7.6.4;19.5 The Importance of Regional and Historical Contexts;285
7.6.5;19.6 The Case for Mitigating Habitat Loss;286
7.6.6;References;287
7.7;Chapter 20 Multiple Stressors and Disturbances: When Change Is Not in the Nature of Things;290
7.7.1;20.1 Introduction;290
7.7.2;20.2 A Framework of Disturbance by Multiple Stressors;291
7.7.3;20.3 Types of Stressors and Responses;291
7.7.4;20.4 Temporal Stressors;292
7.7.5;20.5 Spatial Patterns of Stressors;293
7.7.6;20.6 Empirical Evidence of Stressor Effects;293
7.7.7;20.7 Conclusions;300
7.7.8;References;300
7.8;Chapter 21 Mass Mortalities and Extinctions;304
7.8.1;21.1 Introduction;304
7.8.2;21.2 Porifera;304
7.8.3;21.3 Cnidaria;305
7.8.4;21.4 Molluscs;309
7.8.5;21.5 Echinoderms;309
7.8.6;21.6 Ascidians;310
7.8.7;21.7 Extinctions and Massive Mortalities: Effects on Benthic Communities;310
7.8.8;References;312
7.9;Chapter 22 Biological Invasions: Insights from Marine Benthic Communities;317
7.9.1;22.1 Introduction;317
7.9.2;22.2 The Arrival of Introduced Species: Vectors and Propagule Pressure;317
7.9.3;22.3 What Makes a Good Invader?;319
7.9.4;22.4 Which Communities Are More Susceptible to Invasion?;320
7.9.5;22.5 The Effects of Invasions;323
7.9.6;22.6 Overview;325
7.9.7;References;325
7.10;Chapter 23 Habitat Distribution and Heterogeneity in Marine Invasion Dynamics: the Importance of Hard Substrate and Artificial Structure;329
7.10.1;23.1 Introduction;329
7.10.2;23.2 Habitat Distribution of Non-native Species in North America;329
7.10.3;23.3 Integrating Substratum Heterogeneity and Spatial Scale;337
7.10.4;References;339
7.11;Chapter 24 Rehabilitation of Habitat and the Value of Artificial Reefs;341
7.11.1;24.1 Introduction;341
7.11.2;24.2 Rehabilitation of Marine Habitats;342
7.11.3;24.3 Evaluating Success of Rehabilitation;346
7.11.4;24.4 Conclusions;349
7.11.5;References;349
7.12;Chapter 25 Protection of Biota and the Value of Marine Protected Areas;353
7.12.1;25.1 Introduction;353
7.12.2;25.2 Protection Outside Reserves;353
7.12.3;25.3 Reserves as Protection—Principles;356
7.12.4;25.4 Reserves as Protection—Practice;357
7.12.5;25.5 What Happens Outside Reserves?;358
7.12.6;25.6 Assessing Effectiveness of Marine Reserves;360
7.12.7;25.7 Conclusions;361
7.12.8;References;361
8;Part V Role of Diversity;364
8.1;Introduction;365
8.2;Conclusion;365
8.3;Chapter 26 The Role of Biodiversity for the Functioning of Rocky Reef Communities;367
8.3.1;26.1 Introduction;367
8.3.2;26.2 How and Why Biodiversity Can Be Linked to Ecosystem Performance;368
8.3.3;26.3 Roles of Species in Mediating Ecosystem Performance;369
8.3.4;26.4 Biodiversity and Primary Production;370
8.3.5;26.5 The Role of Consumer Diversity;372
8.3.6;26.6 The Role of Within-Species Diversity;373
8.3.7;26.7 Conclusions and Outlook;374
8.3.8;References;375
8.4;Chapter 27 Functional and Taxonomic Perspectives of Marine Biodiversity: Functional Diversity and Ecosystem Processes;380
8.4.1;27.1 Introduction;380
8.4.2;27.2 Defining Diversity;380
8.4.3;27.3 Operational Characterisation of Functional Diversity;382
8.4.4;27.4 How to Test the Validity and Value of Particular Methods/Groupings;386
8.4.5;27.5 Evidence from Hard Substrata Regarding Sensitivity of Systems to Changes in Functional Diversity;389
8.4.6;27.6 The Relative Importance of Functional and Taxonomic Diversity: Summary of Current Knowledge and Suggestions for the Future;391
8.4.7;References;392
8.5;Chapter 28 Mechanisms Underpinning Diversity–Stability Relationships in Hard Bottom Assemblages;396
8.5.1;28.1 Introduction;396
8.5.2;28.2 Measures of Stability;398
8.5.3;28.3 Three Mechanisms Relating Stability to Diversity;399
8.5.4;28.4 Diversity–Stability Relationships in Assemblages of Rocky Shores;403
8.5.5;28.5 Discussion;408
8.5.6;References;410
8.6;Chapter 29 The Aesthetic Value of Littoral Hard Substrata and Consideration of Ethical Frameworks for Their Investigation and Conservation;413
8.6.1;29.1 Introduction;413
8.6.2;29.2 Aesthetics;414
8.6.3;29.3 Ethics;416
8.6.4;29.4 Conclusions;422
8.6.5;References;423
9;Part VI Appropriate Research Methods;427
9.1;Chapter 30 Field and Research Methods in Marine Ecology;428
9.1.1;30.1 Field Methods in Marine Ecology;428
9.1.2;30.2 Experimental and Sampling Designs;431
10;References;437
11;Index;439