Buch, Englisch, 151 Seiten, PB, Format (B × H): 212 mm x 240 mm, Gewicht: 559 g
Buch, Englisch, 151 Seiten, PB, Format (B × H): 212 mm x 240 mm, Gewicht: 559 g
ISBN: 978-3-89937-132-1
Verlag: Pfeil, Dr. Friedrich
All known and relevant data and features to enable an identification of sharks of the genus Carcharhinus (BLAINVILLE 1816) are summarised and visualised in this book. The introduced species are difficult to separate for somebody who is not experienced in identifying sharks. An identification key is given to determine and to differentiate the species. For each species an extended list of characters is given including coloured figures to show the lateral and ventral view, a detailed view of nostril and teeth, and in some cases of juveniles and special characters. Further, data on body size and appearance, colouration, tooth formula and shape, numbers of vertebrae, on other internal and external characters, the geographical distribution, preferred habitat and food spectrum are presented. In addition, biological and reproductional data are included, e. g. number of young per litter, size at birth, size at sexual maturity, as well as behaviour and migrational patterns.
Most of the previous works about Carcharhinus listed and discussed a maximum of 30 species. In contrast, this field guide describes 33 species, six species with special notes of the authors. Further, a possible subdivision of the spinner shark, C. brevipinna, in an Atlantic and Pacific subspecies is briefly discussed. An almost unknown species, C. acarenatus, formerly considered a synonym of C. brachyurus, is introduced. A very rare species, C. leiodon, which was hitherto recorded only once by GARRICK (1985), is included and controversially discussed. Another species in dispute, Carcharhinus sp. A, mentioned by COMPAGNO et al. (2005) as new member of the genus, is comprised and discussed.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
Inhalt
Foreword 6
Preface 7
Acknowledgments 8
Introduction 9
Aims of this book 9
Evolution of sharks – fossil records 9
Taxonomic classification of sharks 10
Short introduction to general biology and anatomy of sharks (genus Carcharhinus) 10
Morphology 10
Senses 12
Teeth 12
Buoyancy and breathing 12
Reproduction 12
Distribution and behaviour 12
Sexual dimorphism 13
Preparation of this book 13
Materials and Methods 13
Key to species 13
Systematic arrangement 13
Generic synonyms 14
Examination of specimens 14
Species characterisations 14
Coloured figures of species 15
Species synonyms 15
Diagnostic features 15
Dental formula and tooth morphology 16
Colouration 17
Size 17
Misidentifications 17
Geographical Distribution 17
Habitat preference 18
General biological issues 18
Reproductive Biology 18
Food spectrum 18
Red list status 18
Tables and Graphs 18
Detailed photographs of dentition 18
Measurements 19
Technical terms 23
Key to genera and species 31
Key to genera 31
Key to species of the genus Carcharhinus 32
Species characterisations 35
Carcharhinus acarenatus 35
Carcharhinus acronotus 37
Carcharhinus albimarginatus 39
Carcharhinus altimus 41
Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides 43
Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos 45
Carcharhinus amboinensis 47
Carcharhinus borneensis 49
Carcharhinus brachyurus 51
Carcharhinus brevipinna 53
Carcharhinus cautus 56
Carcharhinus dussumieri 58
Carcharhinus falciformis 60
Carcharhinus fitzroyensis 62
Carcharhinus galapagensis 64
Carcharhinus hemiodon 66
Carcharhinus isodon 68
Carcharhinus leiodon 70
Carcharhinus leucas 72
Carcharhinus limbatus 75
Carcharhinus longimanus 77
Carcharhinus macloti 80
Carcharhinus melanopterus 82
Carcharhinus obscurus 84
Carcharhinus perezii 87
Carcharhinus plumbeus 89
Carcharhinus porosus 91
Carcharhinus sealei 93
Carcharhinus signatus 95
Carcharhinus sorrah 97
Carcharhinus tilstoni 99
Carcharhinus wheeleri 101
Species in question 103
Carcharhinus sp. A. 103
Tables 104
Graphs 113
Detailed photographs of dentition 121
Abbreviations 138
Bibliography 139
Index of Scientific and Vernacular Names 148
Foreword
When I first saw the illustrations of sharks by Dietmar Weber many years ago, during a meeting of the German Elasmobranch Society, I was completely baffled how someone can depict a shark so realistically and with such clarity in detail. The pictures, which are scientific absolutely correct portrayed, really screamed at one’s face, use me for a shark identification book!
Since then, his pictures have illustrated conservation reports, calendars, posters, conference banners and now, for the first time, they have found their way into a field guide. But these are not only pictures of sharks; they are complete tables with featured details of specific body parts, sometimes juvenile specimens, rows of teeth and other highlighted characteristics that help the reader to identify the species.
Marine biologist Matthias Voigt has collected over several years all the nitty-gritty data on species of the genus of Carcharhinus. He has visited many museums, took pictures, contacted scientist around the world to send him information and photos to sum it up into one big picture of this genus. This book describes 33 species of a group of sharks that are very hard to identify due to their similar appearance. Together with a wealth of information on biology, life history and distribution, the identification key leads the reader to the species information.
Almost all sharks of the genus Carcharhinus are coastal to pelagic sharks that occur in the tropical fisheries world-wide as targeted catch or by-catch. Their fins are primary goals for the fin market in Asia. Correct identification of these similar looking species is essential to establish species-specific management plans and for reported landing data. May this book by this help to actively support the conservation of these magnificent creatures of the sea.
Heike Zidowitz
Chair of the German Elasmobranch Society
Preface
The appearance of a new field guide identifying all recent species of sharks in the renowned genus Carcharhinus arouses various expectations among hobbyists and divers as much as it does for ichthyologists and paleontologists and probably also for commercial fishermen and conservationists. In me, it awakens memories of long-standing interests, and it makes me happy that the authors asked me to publish this guidebook in my publishing house.
In 1973, I was a young student of biology and paleontology searching the literature to compare the teeth of fossil sharks. It was then that “The genus Carcharhinus (Carcharhinidae)” by Bass, D’Aubray and Kistnasamy appeared in the series, “Sharks of the East Coast of Southern Africa” published in the “Investigational Reports” in Durban, South Africa. Their illustrations of the seventeen species occurring in the region were the best pictures of modern Carcharhinus teeth) available at that time.
In 1979/1980 I was in Wellington, New Zealand as a doctoral student. My supervisor there, Professor J. A. F Garrick, worked on his monograph of the genus Carcharhinus, which was published in 1982, as “Sharks of the genus Carcharhinus”. Traditionally – following Bigelow & Schroeder 1948 and Bass, D’Aubrey & Kistnasamy 1973 – the emphasis of the work was to compare as much morphometric data as possible. But Garrick saw the great importance of a more detailed investigation of the tooth morphology: “If one takes an overview of shark systematics in general, the best single feature that could be cited for determining similarities and differences between taxa at all levels, but perhaps predominantly at the generic level, is the shape of the teeth.” (Garrick 1982, p. 20). I was fascinated by the detailed drawings of the teeth. Garrick recognized the great variability of the teeth within a species, and therefore he illustrated the tooth rows of both a male and a female specimen of the species, C. brachyurus and C. dussumieri, showing a pronounced sexual dimorphism.
Unfortunately, drawings and/or photographs of Carcharhinus teeth in more recent publications, e. g. in the FAO Species Catalogue “Sharks of the World” by Compagno 1984, in “Sharks of the order Carcharhiniformes” Compagno 1988, Last & Stevens 1994 and 2009, “Field Guide to the Sharks of the World” Compagno, Dando & Fowler 2005, and Naylor & Marcus 1994, were in many cases too much “idealized” and less suitable for identification. The Illustration of the whole animals varied from simple black-and-white contour drawings to more realistic and sometimes highly artistic colored drawings, e. g. in Last & Stevens 1994 and 2009.
Nowadays, all species of Carcharhinus could be differentiated by using DNA analysis in the laboratory. But how could this work in the field? How does one identify the shark seen while diving or visiting an aquarium or caught by rod or net or found in the fish market? For such determination, one needs meaningful, colored illustrations and a key to the most important characters, above all those of the teeth.
Some expect to find all information in the Internet but anyone who is experienced knows that what he will find there is not satisfying. If one looks for taxonomic publications about sharks in the genus Carcharhinus, one must read the scientific literature. This kind of literature, however, is not accessible to everybody, and sometimes not easy to understand. Over the last three decades, researchers have learned much about the physiology of sharks, their taxonomy, however, has remained where it was more than 30 years ago.
When the two authors of this book, Matthias Voigt and Dietmar Weber asked me to publish their book, I needed little persuasion to agree to the project. At last, here were two, enthusiastic, young marine biologists, who would continue the tradition of earlier scientific descriptions of sharks and would supplement it with very high quality illustrations that would result in a field guide useful for everyone. They combine the necessary experience with the insight that makes the sober, morphometric data accessible even for the layman and allows the identification of all presently known, recent species of Carcharhinus. Dietmar Weber’s illustrations of sharks are as realistic as one could wish. The digitally remastered photographs of the teeth follow the tradition of Bass et al. 1973, and Garrick 1982, but show this time substantially more details. Especially for teeth of the holotypes, the illustrations shown here could not be any better.
I connect this field guide with the hope that further volumes may follow. It is a substantial step towards a comprehensive representation of all species of sharks. As a paleontologist, I would like to see even more of the variations that show up in the heterodonty of young and adult individuals and in the differences of males and females.
Hopefully, this field guide will contribute to improved recognition and better understanding of these animals, hunted and endangered by humans, so that they may finally be protected before they become extinct.
Fritz Pfeil
Munich 2011
