Varma Mycorrhiza

State of the Art, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Eco-Function, Biotechnology, Eco-Physiology, Structure and Systematics
3rd Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-3-540-78826-3
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 797 Seiten

This book is perfectly timed for the worldwide explosion of interest in mycorrhizal research. With a strong emphasis on the latest findings in genetics and molecular biology, it contains all current information and speculation on the structure, function and biotechnological applications of mycorrhizas.

Ajit Varma is also series editor of our series 'Soil Biology'.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Varma, Ajit

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
1.1;References;8
2;Preface;9
3;Preface;11
4;Preface to the First Edition;13
5;Contents;15
6;Contributors;19
7;Part I of the Art;33
7.1;Mycorrhizal Fungi: What We Know and What Should We Know?;34
7.1.1;1 Introduction;34
7.1.2;2 Origin and Evolution of Mycorrhizal Studies;36
7.1.3;3 Development of AM Fungi;38
7.1.4;4 Beneficial Effects of AM Fungi;39
7.1.5;5 Mycorrhiza as Biological Agents;43
7.1.6;6 Factors Affecting the Symbiosis;45
7.1.7;7 Mycorrhizal Host Specificity and Seasonality;48
7.1.8;8 Ecological Significance of AMF Diversity: Inter- and Intraspecies Variations;49
7.1.9;References;49
7.2;Diversity, Function and Potential Applications of the Root- Associated Endophytes;60
7.2.1;1 Diversity of Fungal Root Endophytes;60
7.2.2;2 The Shortgrass Steppe: A Case Study of Fungal Root Endophyte Diversity and Function;61
7.2.3;3 Functions of Root Endophytes;66
7.2.4;4 Potential Applications of Root-Associated Endophytes;80
7.2.5;5 Conclusions;84
7.2.6;References;85
7.3;Structure, Extent and Functional Significance of Belowground Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Networks;90
7.3.1;1 Introduction;90
7.3.2;2 Spore Germination and Structure of Pre-symbiotic Mycelium;91
7.3.3;3 Evidence for Nonself-incompatibility in Pre-symbiotic Mycelial Networks;94
7.3.4;4 Visualization of Intact Mycorrhizal Networks Spreading from Roots Colonized by AM Fungi;97
7.3.5;5 Visualization of Belowground Interconnections Between Plants of Different Species, Genera and Families;98
7.3.6;References;100
7.4;Foraging for Resources in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: What is an Obligate Symbiont Searching for and How is it Done?;104
7.4.1;1 Introduction;104
7.4.2;2 Resources for an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus;106
7.4.3;3 Foraging Activity;108
7.4.4;4 Testing Foraging Models in AMF;110
7.4.5;5 Main Challenges and New Approaches in Foraging Studies;115
7.4.6;6 Conclusions;116
7.4.7;References;116
7.5;Global Diversity Patterns of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi – Community Composition and Links with Functionality;120
7.5.1;1 Introduction;120
7.5.2;2 Taxon Diversity of AM Fungal Communities;121
7.5.3;3 Methodological Issues, Obstacles;126
7.5.4;4 Factors Shaping Communities of AM Fungi;130
7.5.5;5 Linking Taxonomic Diversity with Functionality;132
7.5.6;6 Conclusions;136
7.5.7;References;137
7.6;Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria;144
7.6.1;1 Introduction;144
7.6.2;2 Helper Strains: Origin and Taxonomy;145
7.6.3;3 The Helper Mechanisms;146
7.6.4;4 Potential for Use of Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria in Agri- and Silviculture;155
7.6.5;5 Perspectives;158
7.6.6;References;158
8;Part II Genetics and Molecular Biology;164
8.1;Genomic Organization and Mechanisms of Inheritance in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Contrasting the Evidence and Implications of Current Theories;166
8.1.1;1 Introduction;166
8.1.2;2 Mendelian versus Non-Mendelian Inheritance;167
8.1.3;3 AM Fungal Cells Harbor Many Nuclei and Many Genetic Variants;168
8.1.4;4 Alternative Hypotheses on Genomic Organization: The Evidence;168
8.1.5;5 Alternative Hypotheses on Genomic Organization: The Implications;173
8.1.6;6 A Model of Inheritance under Heterokaryosis;176
8.1.7;7 Conclusions;177
8.1.8;References;178
8.2;Ectomycorrhiza and Water Transport;180
8.2.1;1 Introduction;180
8.2.2;2 Impact of Soil Growing Hyphae on Plant Water Support;181
8.2.3;3 Ectomycorrhiza Formation Results in Modification of Plant Roots and Affects Their Water Transport Properties;181
8.2.4;4 Aquaporins: Gates for Symplastic Water Transport;182
8.2.5;5 Modulation of Plasma Membrane Water Transport Capacity in Poplar Fine Roots by Ectomycorrhiza Formation;183
8.2.6;6 Impacts of Ectomycorrhizas on Trees under Drought Conditions;185
8.2.7;7 Conclusions;186
8.2.8;References;187
8.3;Hypogeous Pezizaceae: Physiology and Molecular Genetics;192
8.3.1;1 Introduction;192
8.3.2;2 Unresolved Problems in the Life Cycle of Underground Pezizaceae;193
8.3.3;3 Factors Determining the Type of Mycorrhiza Formed;198
8.3.4;4 Genes Expressed in Fungus and Plant Prior to and under Mycorrhizal Conditions;204
8.3.5;5 Conclusions;209
8.3.6;References;209
8.4;Evaluation of the Possible Participation of Drought- induced Genes in the Enhanced Tolerance of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Plants to Water Deficit;216
8.4.1;1 Introduction;216
8.4.2;2 Late Embryogenesis Abundant Proteins;217
8.4.3;3 D1-Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Synthetase (P5CS);219
8.4.4;4 Genes Encoding 14-3-3 Proteins and Binding Proteins;222
8.4.5;5 Modulation of Aquaporins;226
8.4.6;6 Conclusions;230
8.4.7;References;231
9;Part III Eco-Function;238
9.1;The Beneficial Effect of Mycorrhizae on N Utilization by the Host- Plant: Myth or Reality?;240
9.1.1;1 Introduction;240
9.1.2;2 Dynamics of N in Terrestrial Environment and Availability of N in Soils;241
9.1.3;3 Absorption and Assimilation of Nitrogen by the Partners of the Mycorrhizal Symbiosis;245
9.1.4;4 Transfer of Nitrogen to the Host Plant;250
9.1.5;5 Conclusions;264
9.1.6;References;265
9.2;Ion Dynamics During the Polarized Growth of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: From Presymbiosis to Symbiosis;272
9.2.1;1 Introduction;272
9.2.2;2 The Structural Organization Definition and Polarized Growth in the Germ Tubes of AM Fungi;274
9.2.3;3 Proton Fluxes and the Regulation of Ion Uptake;277
9.2.4;4 Electrophysiological Responses as a Component of Signaling Plant – fungus: A Possible pH- sensing Mechanism;281
9.2.5;5 Ions Play in the AM Signaling? Going to Symbiosis!;284
9.2.6;6 Conclusions;286
9.2.7;References;287
9.3;Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Metal Hyperaccumulating Plants;292
9.3.1;1 Introduction;292
9.3.2;2 Metal Hyperaccumulations: State of the Art;293
9.3.3;3 Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Metal-Contaminated Environments;296
9.3.4;4 AM in Metal Hyperaccumulating Plants;300
9.3.5;References;306
9.4;Mycorrhizal Fungi and Other Root Endophytes as Biocontrol Agents Against Root Pathogens;312
9.4.1;1 Introduction;312
9.4.2;2 Endophytes;312
9.4.3;3 Mycorrhizal Fungi;314
9.4.4;4 Plant Growth-promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPRs);318
9.4.5;5 Biological Control;319
9.4.6;6 Microbial Diversity and Disease Suppression;320
9.4.7;7 Interactions for the Biological Control of Root Pathogens;323
9.4.8;8 Biocontrol Research, Development and Adoption;330
9.4.9;9 Conclusions;330
9.4.10;References;331
9.5;The Biocontrol Effect of Mycorrhization on Soilborne Fungal Pathogens and the Autoregulation of the AM Symbiosis: One Mechanism, Two Effects?;338
9.5.1;1 Introduction;338
9.5.2;2 The Biocontrol Effect of Mycorrhization on Soilborne Fungal Pathogens;339
9.5.3;3 The Mycorrhizal Autoregulation;344
9.5.4;4 The Mycorrhizal Biocontrol Effect and the Mycorrhizal Autoregulation: One Mechanism, Two Effects?;345
9.5.5;5 Conclusions;347
9.5.6;References;348
9.6;Resource Partitioning Between Extraradical and Intraradical AM Fungal Mycelium;352
9.6.1;1 Introduction;352
9.6.2;2 Mechanisms of Nutrient Transport;353
9.6.3;3 Carbon Transport and Partitioning;354
9.6.4;4 Phosphate Transport and Partitioning;358
9.6.5;5 Conclusions;364
9.6.6;References;364
9.7;Ozone Stress and Ectomycorrhizal Root – Shoot Signaling;368
9.7.1;1 Ozone Stress and Belowground Processes;368
9.7.2;2 Cytokinins and the Natural Environment;369
9.7.3;3 Cytokinin Relations in Mycorrhiza;371
9.7.4;4 Ozone Effects on Roots and Ectomycorrhiza of Young and Adult Beech Trees;374
9.7.5;5 Root–Shoot Signaling in Ozone Fumigated Beech Trees;382
9.7.6;References;385
10;Part IV Biotechnology;390
10.1;From Production to Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Agricultural Systems: Requirements and Needs;392
10.1.1;1 Introduction;392
10.1.2;2 Basic Requirements for Sustainable Agricultural Systems;393
10.1.3;3 Plants as Part of the Mycorrhizal Symbiosis;395
10.1.4;4 Conclusions;401
10.1.5;References;402
10.2;Agronomic Management of Indigenous Mycorrhizas;406
10.2.1;1 Introduction;406
10.2.2;2 Use of AM Fungal Inoculum;407
10.2.3;3 Crop Rotation;408
10.2.4;4 Soil Aggregation and Tillage Regime;410
10.2.5;5 Weeds and AM Fungi;414
10.2.6;6 Nutrient Management;416
10.2.7;7 Fungicides and AM Fungi;422
10.2.8;8 Evaluation of AM Fungal Diversity;423
10.2.9;9 Conclusion;424
10.2.10;References;425
10.3;AM Inoculation in Tropical Agriculture: Field Results;434
10.3.1;1 Introduction;434
10.3.2;2 Production Modes;436
10.3.3;3 Research and Priorities for the Future;445
10.3.4;References;446
10.4;The International Market Development for Mycorrhizal Technology;450
10.4.1;1 Introduction;450
10.4.2;2 Commercialization;451
10.4.3;3 Cultural and Social Aspects;455
10.4.4;4 Technologies;456
10.4.5;5 Selling Points and Marketing Strategies for Mycorrhizal Technology;457
10.4.6;6 Inoculum Productions and Quality Assurance;462
10.4.7;7 Intellectual Properties and their Effect on Market Development;464
10.4.8;8 Research that will Affect the Development of the Global Market for Mycorrhizal Fungi;464
10.4.9;9 Conclusions;466
10.4.10;References;467
10.5;Why and How Using Micropropagated Trees rather than Germinations for Controlled Synthesis of Ectomycorrhizal Associations?;470
10.5.1;1 Introduction;470
10.5.2;2 Variations in Morphology, Physiology and Architecture during Tree Development, Consequences on EM Symbiosis and Culture Models for Their Study;471
10.5.3;3 Tree Cuttings and Microcuttings for Controlled Synthesis of EM Symbiosis;473
10.5.4;4 Micropropagation of an Episodic Growing Tree: The Oak Model (Quercus robur L.);476
10.5.5;5 Conclusions;489
10.5.6;6 Outlook;489
10.5.7;References;490
10.6;Biotechnology and Cultivation of Desert Truffles;498
10.6.1;1 Introduction;498
10.6.2;2 Chemical Composition;499
10.6.3;3 Biotechnological Aspects;501
10.6.4;4 Cultivation of the Desert Truffle;509
10.6.5;Plantation;509
10.6.6;Establishment and Management;509
10.6.7;References;512
10.7;The Fungal Transmitted Viruses;516
10.7.1;1 Introduction;516
10.7.2;2 Fungi Transmitting Plant Viruses;517
10.7.3;3 Viruses Transmitted by Plasmodiophorids;524
10.7.4;4 Mycorrhiza and Viruses;530
10.7.5;References;531
11;Part V Eco-Physiology;536
11.1;Intertwined Existence: The Life of Plant Symbiotic Fungi in Agricultural Soils;538
11.1.1;1 Introduction;538
11.1.2;2 Fertilizer Impact on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi;539
11.1.3;3 Soil Tillage;542
11.1.4;4 Pest Control;544
11.1.5;5 The Selection of Rotation Crops;546
11.1.6;6 Spatial and Seasonal Variations Influencing Symbiotic Fungi in Pastures;547
11.1.7;7 Symbiotic Fungi Biotechnology;550
11.1.8;8 Conclusion;551
11.1.9;References;552
11.2;Macroecology of Microbes – Biogeography of the Glomeromycota;560
11.2.1;1 Introduction;560
11.2.2;2 Challenges and Benefits of Elucidating Glomeromycotan Biogeography;564
11.2.3;3 Conclusions;587
11.2.4;References;588
11.3;Arbuscular Mycorrhiza of Endangered Plant Species: Potential Impacts on Restoration Strategies;596
11.3.1;1 Introduction;596
11.3.2;2 Diversity of AMF;596
11.3.3;3 Factors Causing a Change in the AMF Community;598
11.3.4;4 Identification and Assessment of AMF Colonization;599
11.3.5;5 Inoculum: Indigenous Versus Exotic Fungi;600
11.3.6;6 Restoration;601
11.3.7;7 Interactions with Other Soil Microorganisms;602
11.3.8;8 Mycorrhization of Endangered Medicinal Plants: A Special Case;603
11.3.9;9 Outlook;604
11.3.10;References;606
11.4;Community Developmental Patterns and Ecological Functions of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi: Implications from Primary Succession;612
11.4.1;1 Introduction;612
11.4.2;2 Volcanoes: Unique Field Sites for EMF Studies;613
11.4.3;3 Developmental Patterns of EMF Communities;615
11.4.4;4 Ecological Role of EMF;623
11.4.5;References;627
11.5;Colonization of Plant Roots by Pseudomonads and AM Fungi: A Dynamic Phenomenon, Affecting Plant Growth and Health;632
11.5.1;1 Introduction;632
11.5.2;2 Plant Root Colonization by Bacterial Cells;633
11.5.3;3 Dynamic of the Spatio-Temporal Pattern of Root Colonization by Fluorescent Pseudomonads;635
11.5.4;4 AM Fungi;640
11.5.5;5 Conclusions;648
11.5.6;References;649
11.6;In vitro Cultures Open New Prospects for Basic Research in Arbuscular Mycorrhizas;658
11.6.1;1 Introduction;658
11.6.2;2 The Use of Monoxenic Cultures in Basic AM Research: Advantages, Drawbacks and Future Challenges;666
11.6.3;3 Three New in vitro Techniques That Will Make AM Research Easier;675
11.6.4;4 Conclusions;681
11.6.5;References;681
11.7;Interactions of Piriformospora indica with Medicinal Plants;686
11.7.1;1 Introduction;686
11.7.2;2 The Medicinal Plants;687
11.7.3;3 Piriformospora indica – Model Symbiotic Fungus;694
11.7.4;4 Interaction Between Novel Symbiotic Fungus and Medicinal Plants;700
11.7.5;Conclusion;705
11.7.6;References;706
11.8;In vivo Assessment of Stress Impact on Plant’s Vitality: Applications in Detecting and Evaluating the Beneficial Role of Mycorrhization on Host Plants;710
11.8.1;1 Introduction;710
11.8.2;2 Assessing Plant’s Vitality in Terms of Activity and Adaptability: Theoretical Frame and Experimental Procedure;711
11.8.3;3 Case studies: Mycorrhization Effectiveness Probed by the JIP- test;719
11.8.4;4 Conclusions;731
11.8.5;References;732
12;Part VI Structure and Systematics;736
12.1;Edible Mycorrhizal Fungi: Identification, Life Cycle and Morphogenesis;738
12.1.1;1 Introduction;738
12.1.2;2 From Morphological to Molecular Identification; Tuber and Boletus – A Two Case Study;742
12.1.3;3 The Life Cycle of Edible Mycorrhizal Fungi;748
12.1.4;4 Conclusion;755
12.1.5;References;755
12.2;Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Physiological and Morphological Adaptations of Mediterranean Plants;764
12.2.1;1 Introduction;764
12.2.2;2 Physiological and Morphological Changes in Shoots due to AM Symbiosis;766
12.2.3;3 Physiologial and Morphological Changes in Roots due to AM Symbiosis;772
12.2.4;4 Root Morphology;775
12.2.5;Conclusions;778
12.2.6;References;780
12.3;Novel Symbiotrophic Endophytes;784
12.3.1;1 Introduction;784
12.3.2;2 Strategy for Endophyte Discovery;785
12.3.3;3 Case Study: Priformospora indica – A New Champion of Symbiosis;789
12.3.4;4 Conclusions;794
12.3.5;References;794
12.4;Frankia Nodulation, Mycorrhization and Interactions Between Frankia and Mycorrhizal Fungi in Casuarina Plants;798
12.4.1;1 Introduction;798
12.4.2;2 Frankia Nodulation;801
12.4.3;3 Mycorrhization;803
12.4.4;4 Interactions of Frankia and Mycorrhizal Fungi;805
12.4.5;5 Conclusion;807
12.4.6;References;808
13;Index;814