Vandeberg / Williams-Blangero / Tardif The Baboon in Biomedical Research

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-0-387-75991-3
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 392 Seiten

Reihe: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects

Nonhuman primates have played critical roles in biomedical research, and they are among the few animals whose use in research continues to increase. The scienti?c value of nonhuman primates derives from their close phylogenetic proximity to man and their consequent anatomic, physiologic, and genetic similarities to man. Only nonhuman primates can provide adequate models for many complex physiological and disease processes of humans. The baboon is a relative newcomer to the repertoire of nonhuman primates used in biomedical research. However, in less than 50 years since its ?rst use in the U. S. , it has become one of the most popular laboratory primate species. It is larger than the other widely used monkey species, making it advantageous for many types of experiments and technological developments. It is extraordinarily hardy and highly fecund in captivity. It closely resembles humans in a variety of physiological and disease processes, such as cholesterol metabolism, early stages of atherosclerosis, and alcoholic liver disease. Its chromosomes closely resemble those of humans, and many genes of the two species lie in the same chromosomal order. Among all primates, baboons are the most widely used models for the genetics of susceptibility to complex diseases and they are the ?rst nonhuman primate for which a framework genetic linkage map was established. In addition, the baboon genome is currently being sequenced, and as a result the utility of this species for biomedical research will be dramatically increased.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Williams-Blangero, Sarah

Vandeberg, John L.

Tardif, Suzette D.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;7
2;Contents;9
3;Contributors;11
4;Introduction;16
5;The Development and Status of the Baboon Genetic Linkage Map;23
5.1; Introduction;23
5.2; Early Linkage Studies in Macaques and Baboons;23
5.3; Initial Studies of Microsatellite Polymorphisms in Nonhuman Primates;24
5.4; Development of the Baboon Whole Genome Linkage Map;25
5.5; Current Status of the Baboon Linkage Map;26
5.6; Locating Quantitative Trait Loci Using the Baboon Linkage Map;37
5.7; Future Directions for Research;38
6;The Study of Captive Baboon Behavior;42
6.1; Introduction;42
6.2; A Primer on Baboon Behavior;43
6.3; Behavioral Measures of Baboons in Biomedical Research;43
6.4; The Study of Behavior;45
6.5; Behavioral Management of Captive Baboons;47
7;Spontaneous Pathology of Baboons;56
7.1; Introduction;56
7.2; Integumental System;63
7.3; Alimentary System;64
7.4; Genitourinary System;65
7.5; Central Nervous System;66
7.6; Musculoskeletal System;66
7.7; Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Systems;67
7.8; Cardiovascular System;68
7.9; Respiratory System;68
7.10; Endocrine System;69
8;Growth and Development of Baboons;77
8.1; Introduction;77
8.2; Materials and Methods;78
8.2.1;2.1 Materials;78
8.2.2;2.2 Methods;79
8.3; Results;82
8.3.1;3.1 General Features of Growth;82
8.4; Growth Curves;92
8.4.1;4.1 Body Mass;92
8.4.2;4.2 Body Surface Area;92
8.4.3;4.3 Head Dimensions;94
8.4.4;4.4 Other Axial Dimensions;94
8.4.5;4.5 Limb Dimensions;99
8.4.6;4.6 Testes Volume;102
8.5; Discussion;102
8.5.1;5.1 Growth Patterns;102
8.5.2;5.2 Growth Spurts;104
8.6; Conclusions;105
9;Reproductive Biology of Baboons;109
9.1; Introduction;109
9.2; Social Structure and Life History in Relation to Reproduction;109
9.3; Female;113
9.3.1;3.1 Reproductive Anatomy;113
9.3.2;3.2 Reproductive Physiology;116
9.3.3;3.3 Menopause;120
9.4; Male;121
9.4.1;4.1 Reproductive Anatomy;121
9.4.2;4.2 Reproductive Physiology;123
9.5; Potential of the Baboon as a Model for Studies of Human Reproductive Biology;125
10;Microbiology of Captive Baboons;131
10.1; Introduction;131
10.2; Bacterial Infections;131
10.2.1;2.1 Mycobacterium;131
10.2.2;2.2 Streptococcus;132
10.2.3;2.3 Staphylococcus;133
10.2.4;2.4 Shigella;133
10.2.5;2.5 Salmonella;134
10.2.6;2.6 Clostridium;135
10.2.7;2.7 Klebsiella;136
10.2.8;2.8 Bordetella;136
10.2.9;2.9 Pasteurella;136
10.2.10;2.10 Francisella;136
10.2.11;2.11 Campylobacter;137
10.2.12;2.12 Helicobacter;137
10.2.13;2.13 Yersinia;137
10.2.14;2.14 Pseudomonas;138
10.2.15;2.15 Nocardia;138
10.3; Parasitology;138
10.3.1;3.1 Arthropods;139
10.3.2;3.2 Cestodes;139
10.3.3;3.3 Nematodes;140
10.3.3.1;3.3.1 Intestinal Nematodes;140
10.3.3.2;3.3.2 Filarid Nematodes;140
10.3.4;3.4 Protozoa;141
10.3.4.1;3.4.1 Enteric Protozoans;141
10.3.4.2;3.4.2 Hemoprotozoans;142
10.3.5;3.5 Trematodes;142
10.4; Viruses;142
10.4.1;4.1 Herpesviruses;143
10.4.1.1;4.1.1 Alpha-Herpesviruses;144
10.4.1.2;4.1.2 Beta-Herpesviruses;145
10.4.1.3;4.1.3 Gamma-Herpesviruses;146
10.4.2;4.2 Retroviruses;147
10.4.2.1;4.2.1 Simian Foamy Virus;147
10.4.2.2;4.2.2 Simian T Cell Lymphotropic Virus;147
10.4.2.3;4.2.3 Endogenous Retroviruses;148
10.4.2.4;4.2.4 Simian Immunodeficiency Virus;149
10.4.3;4.3 Papovaviruses;150
10.5; Summary;150
11;Baboon Model for Endometriosis;159
11.1; Introduction;159
11.1.1;1.1 Why Is There Limited Progress in Endometriosis Research?;159
11.2; Advantages of the Baboon Model for the Study of Endometriosis;160
11.3; Development of the Baboon as a Model for Research in Endometriosis (Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya);162
11.3.1;3.1 Prevalence of Macroscopic and Microscopic Endometriosis in Baboons;162
11.3.2;3.2 Prevalence of Spontaneous Retrograde Menstruation in Baboons;163
11.3.3;3.3 Pathogenesis of Endometriosis: Retrograde Menstruation;163
11.3.3.1;3.3.1 Experimental Retrograde Menstruation;163
11.3.3.2;3.3.2 Intraperitoneal Transplantation of Menstrual Endometrium;164
11.3.3.3;3.3.3 Menstruation, Transplantation, and Inflammation;164
11.3.3.4;3.3.4 Conclusion;165
11.3.4;3.4 Pathogenesis of Endometriosis: Immunological Aspects;166
11.3.4.1;3.4.1 White Blood Cell Populations in Peritoneal Fluid and Peripheral Blood;166
11.3.4.2;3.4.2 High-Dose Immunosuppression and Development of Endometriosis;167
11.3.5;3.5 Spontaneous Evolution of Endometriosis in Baboons;167
11.3.6;3.6 Endometriosis and Subfertility;168
11.3.7;3.7 Endometriosis, Subfertility, and the Role of the Luteinized Unruptured Follicle Syndrome;169
11.3.7.1;3.7.1 Re-epithelialization of Ovulation Stigma in the Early Luteal Phase;169
11.3.7.2;3.7.2 Luteinized Unruptured Follicle Syndrome;169
11.3.8;3.8 Baboon as a Preclinical Model for Prevention and Treatment of Endometriosis;170
11.4; Conclusion;172
12;The Baboon in Embryology and Teratology Research;177
12.1; Introduction;177
12.2; Embryology;178
12.2.1;2.1 Nervous System (Stages 8--16);178
12.2.2;2.2 Eye (Optic Vesicle, Stages 10--23);180
12.2.3;2.3 Ear (Otic Vesicle, Stages 10--23);181
12.2.4;2.4 Nose/Palate (Stages 12--23);181
12.2.5;2.5 Urinary Tract Development;182
12.2.6;2.6 Limb Development;182
12.2.7;2.7 Development of the Placenta;183
12.2.8;2.8 Comparative Features;183
12.2.9;2.9 Spontaneous Incidence of Prenatal Loss;186
12.3; Teratology;186
12.3.1;3.1 Thalidomide;187
12.3.2;3.2 Sex Hormones;187
12.3.3;3.3 Triamcinolone Acetonide;189
12.3.4;3.4 Bendectin ® ;189
12.3.5;3.5 Rubella Virus;190
12.3.6;3.6 Comparative Features;191
12.3.7;3.7 Protocols for Safety Evaluation;192
12.3.8;3.8 Spontaneous Malformations;192
13;Baboon Models for Neonatal Lung Disease;199
13.1; Introduction;199
13.2; Primate Neonatal Lung Research;200
13.2.1;2.1 Fetal Lung Development;200
13.2.1.1;2.1.1 Stages of Lung Development;200
13.2.1.2;2.1.2 Vasculogenesis;200
13.2.1.3;2.1.3 Bombesin-Like Protein;201
13.2.1.4;2.1.4 Extracellular Matrix;202
13.2.2;2.2 Hyaline Membrane Disease;202
13.2.2.1;2.2.1 Early Model Development;202
13.2.2.2;2.2.2 Surfactant Metabolism and Replacement;203
13.2.2.3;2.2.3 Nitric Oxide Metabolism;205
13.2.2.4;2.2.4 Antioxidants and Free Oxygen Radicals;205
13.2.3;2.3 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia;206
13.2.3.1;2.3.1 140-day Model ("Old BPD");206
13.2.3.2;2.3.2 125-day Model ("New" BPD);207
13.2.3.3;2.3.3 Infection;208
13.2.4;2.4 Interventional Studies;208
13.2.4.1;2.4.1 High-Frequency Ventilation;208
13.2.4.2;2.4.2 Inhaled Nitric Oxide;210
13.2.4.3;2.4.3 Superoxide Dismutase Mimetic;210
13.2.4.4;2.4.4 Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF);210
13.2.4.5;2.4.5 Nasal CPAP;211
13.3; Cardiopulmonary Aspects of Neonatal Lung Disease;211
13.3.1;3.1 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA);211
13.3.1.1;3.1.1 Closure of the Ductus Arteriosus;211
13.3.1.2;3.1.2 Cardiopulmonary Effects of PDA;212
13.3.1.3;3.1.3 Surgical/Medical Closure of the PDA;213
13.3.2;3.2 Cardiac Function;214
13.4; Brain Development and Injury in the Premature Baboon Model For Lung Disease;214
13.4.1;4.1 MRI and Histology;217
13.4.2;4.2 Brain Activity;217
13.5; Summary;218
14;The Baboon Model for Dental Development;226
14.1; Introduction;226
14.2; Development of the Dental Formula;227
14.3; Development of Tooth Crown Morphology;229
14.4; Tooth Crown Mineralization;232
14.5; Dental Eruption Schedule;233
14.6; Conclusions;235
15;Baboon Model for Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis;243
15.1; Introduction;243
15.2; Atherosclerosis in Baboons;243
15.2.1;2.1 Pathology of Atherosclerosis;244
15.2.2;2.2 Experimental Atherosclerosis;244
15.3; Genetic and Dietary Effects;244
15.3.1;3.1 High-Density Lipoproteins (HDLs);245
15.3.1.1;3.1.1 Genetic Effects;245
15.3.1.2;3.1.2 Diet Effects;245
15.3.2;3.2 Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDLs);246
15.3.2.1;3.2.1 Genetic Effects;246
15.3.2.2;3.2.2 Diet Effects;246
15.3.3;3.3 Lipoprotein (a) 'Lp(a)';247
15.3.3.1;3.3.1 Genetic Effects;247
15.3.3.2;3.3.2 Diet Effects;248
15.3.4;3.4 Oxidative Damage;248
15.3.4.1;3.4.1 Genetic Effects;248
15.3.4.2;3.4.2 Diet Effects;248
15.3.5;3.5 Endothelial Cell Damage;249
15.3.5.1;3.5.1 Endothelial Cell Responses to Cytokines;249
15.3.5.2;3.5.2 Endothelial Cell Responses to Atherogenic Diet;250
15.4; Conclusion;250
16;Baboon Model for the Study of Nutritional Influences on Pregnancy;255
16.1; Introduction;255
16.2; The Need for a Nonhuman Primate Model to Study the Effects of Undernutrition in Pregnancy;257
16.3; Design and Implementation of a System to Control Dietary Intake of the Pregnant Baboon;257
16.3.1;3.1 Description of the Group Housing System;259
16.3.2;3.2 Formation of Stable Groupings;259
16.3.3;3.3 General Observations;260
16.3.4;3.4 Diet;260
16.3.5;3.5 Training for Individual Feeding;260
16.3.6;3.6 Weight Measurements and Food Consumption Over the First 60 Days;261
16.3.7;3.7 Dominance Testing;261
16.3.8;3.8 Association of Dominance Rank and Feeding Behaviors and Food Intake;264
16.3.9;3.9 Other Procedures that Can Be Conducted with This System;266
16.4; Effects of Alteration of Feed Intake During Pregnancy;266
16.4.1;4.1 Maternal Physical Activity;266
16.4.2;4.2 Maternal and Fetal Morphometry;266
16.4.3;4.3 Development of Fetal Organs;267
16.5; Summary;268
17;Baboon Model for Infant Nutrition;272
17.1; Introduction;272
17.2; Nutritional Studies with Premature Baboons;272
17.3; Nutritional Studies During the Preweaning Period;273
17.3.1;3.1 Long-Chain Fatty Acid Accretion in the Brains of Neonatal Baboons;273
17.3.2;3.2 Responses to Dietary Fat and Cholesterol in Infancy;274
17.3.3;3.3 Neonatal Responses to Caloric Intake;275
17.4; Studies of Neonatal Nutritional Programming;276
17.4.1;4.1 Long-Term Effects of Infant Diet on Cholesterol Homeostasis and Thyroid Hormones;276
17.4.2;4.2 Long-Term Effects of Caloric Intake on Obesity;277
17.5; Experimental Malnutrition;279
17.6; Conclusion;279
18;Baboon Model for Ingestive Behaviors;282
18.1; Introduction;282
18.2; Approach;282
18.3; Background;283
18.3.1;3.1 Stress Hormones and Restraint Stress;285
18.3.2;3.2 Brain Angiotensin and Brain Sodium;290
18.4; Achievements and Perspectives;297
19;Baboon Model for Alcoholic Liver Disease: 1973-2003;301
19.1; Introduction;301
19.2; Model of Alcoholic Liver Disease in the Baboon;302
19.2.1;2.1 Alcohol-Containing Baboon Liquid Diet;302
19.2.2;2.2 Animals Used and Lesions Produced;304
19.2.3;2.3 Summary;307
19.3; Special Studies;307
19.3.1;3.1 Prevention of Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis by Supplementation with Polyenylphosphatidylcholine;307
19.3.2;3.2 Effects of Ethanol and Polyenlyphosphatidylcholine on Hepatic Phosphatidylethanolamine Methyltransferase Activity;309
19.3.3;3.3 Impaired Oxygen Utilization: A New Mechanism for the Hepatotoxicity of Ethanol;310
19.3.4;3.4 Effect of S -adenosyl- l -methionine on Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury;311
19.3.5;3.5 Silymarin Retards the Progression of Alcohol-Induced Hepatic Fibrosis;313
19.4; Conclusion;315
20;Baboons in Drug Abuse Research;318
20.1; Introduction;318
20.2; Eliciting Functions of Drugs;318
20.2.1;2.1 Methods for Evaluating Drug Effects on Motor and Sensory Function;319
20.2.2;2.2 Drug Effects on Motor Function;319
20.2.2.1;2.2.1 Basic Drug Effects and Drug Time Course;319
20.2.2.2;2.2.2 Effects of Drug Dose;321
20.2.2.3;2.2.3 Drug Time Course and Dosing Schedule Effects;321
20.2.3;2.3 Drug Effects on Sensory Function;321
20.2.4;2.4 Parceling Out Drug Effects on Sensory and Motor Function;325
20.2.5;2.5 Drug Effects on Perceptual Discriminations;325
20.2.5.1;2.5.1 Human Speech Sound Discriminations;325
20.2.5.2;2.5.2 Drug Effects and Discrimination Difficulty;328
20.2.5.3;2.5.3 Drug Effects and Procedural Differences Versus Stimulus Differences;329
20.2.5.4;2.5.4 Drug Effects on the Discrimination of Species-Specific Baboon Calls;330
20.3; Reinforcing Functions of Drugs;331
20.3.1;3.1 Motivational Strength of Self-Administered Drugs;331
20.3.2;3.2 Models of Drug Craving and Relapse in Baboons;332
20.3.3;3.3 Methods for Testing Dependence Potential of Abused Drugs;333
20.4; Future Developments;338
21;Neuroimaging in Baboons;341
21.1; Introduction;341
21.2; Methods Development;342
21.2.1;2.1 Positron Emission Tomography (PET);342
21.2.1.1;2.1.1 Blood Flow, Blood Volume, Metabolism;342
21.2.1.2;2.1.2 Radiopharmaceutical Development for Receptor Imaging;342
21.2.2;2.2 Evaluation of SPECT Radiopharmaceuticals;346
21.2.3;2.3 Imaging;347
21.2.3.1;2.3.1 MRI:PET Registration;347
21.2.3.2;2.3.2 Population Functional Neuroimaging in Baboons: Brain Atlas Methods;348
21.2.4;2.4 Animal Model of Dystonia;349
21.3; Asymmetric Resting rCBF in Baboons and Humans;349
21.4; Pharmacologic Activation PET Studies;350
21.4.1;4.1 Introduction;350
21.4.1.1;4.1.1 Rationale and Face Validity;350
21.4.1.2;4.1.2 Background (2DG);351
21.4.2;4.2 Quinpirole, A Dopamine D2-Like Receptor Agonist;351
21.4.3;4.3 U91356a, A D2-Preferring Dopamine D2-Like Receptor Agonist;351
21.4.4;4.4 Levodopa, the Dopamine Precursor;352
21.4.4.1;4.4.1 Baboon and Macaque;352
21.4.4.2;4.4.2 Effects of Sedation;352
21.4.4.3;4.4.3 Humans with Parkinson's Disease;353
21.4.5;4.5 SKF82958, a Dopamine D1 Receptor Agonist;356
21.4.6;4.6 Pramipexole, a D3-Preferring Dopamine D2-Like Receptor Agonist;356
21.4.7;4.7 Model Validity vs. Comparison to Awake;357
21.5; Summary;357
22;The Baboon Model of Epilepsy: Current Applications in Biomedical Research;365
22.1; Epilepsy Classification;365
22.2; Natural Models of Epilepsy in Animals;366
22.3; Baboon Model of Photosensitive Epilepsy;366
22.3.1;3.1 Photosensitivity of the Baboon;367
22.3.1.1;3.1.1 Origins;367
22.3.1.2;3.1.2 Early Studies;367
22.3.1.3;3.1.3 EEG Findings;367
22.3.1.4;3.1.4 Physical Parameters;369
22.3.1.5;3.1.5 Environmental Factors;369
22.3.1.6;3.1.6 Interspecies and Intraspecies Differences;370
22.3.1.7;3.1.7 Invasive Electrophysiological Studies;370
22.3.1.8;3.1.8 Lesion Studies;372
22.3.1.9;3.1.9 Functional Neuroimaging;372
22.3.1.10;3.1.10 Pharmacological Studies;374
22.3.2;3.2 Electroclinical Features of Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy in the Baboon;375
22.3.2.1;3.2.1 Clinical Findings;375
22.3.2.2;3.2.2 Scalp EEG Findings;376
22.3.2.3;3.2.3 Invasive Electrophysiology;377
22.3.2.4;3.2.4 Pathological Studies;378
22.4; Summary;379
22.5; Future Directions;380
22.5.1;5.1 Genetic Studies;380
22.5.2;5.2 Longitudinal Studies;380
22.5.3;5.3 Invasive Electrophysiological Studies;381
23;The Baboon in Xenotransplant Research;385
23.1; Introduction;385
23.2; Scope of Experimental Use of Baboons;386
23.3; Technical Considerations;388
23.4; Xenotransplantation Survival Patterns;389
23.5; Baboons as Potential Organ Donors;390
23.6; Ethics Applied to Use of Baboons in Xenotransplantation Research;390
23.7; Summary;391
24;Index;395