van Wyk The Impact of Climate Change Law on the Principle of State Sovereignty over Natural Resources

1. Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-3-8452-8554-2
Verlag: Nomos
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band 35, 384 Seiten, Format (B × H): 153 mm x 227 mm

Reihe: Schriftenreihe Recht und Verfassung in Afrika - Law and Constitution in Africa

The overarching objective of this book is to make a positive contribution to the global efforts to address the problem of climate change by considering the possible contribution of the international law principle of sovereignty over natural resources. The legal principle of sovereignty over natural resources is considered in this book as a means by which to address the lack of state compliance to climate commitments made in terms of the international legal climate change regime. The gravity of the effects of climate change justify a reinterpretation and reconfiguration of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources in terms of which the right of people to economic self-determination is promoted and constitutes a basis upon which states can be held accountable to climate commitments made in terms of the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.

Autoren/Hrsg.

van Wyk, Sanita

Fachgebiete

• Geowissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften Klimawandel, Globale Erwärmung
• Geowissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften Umweltverschmutzung, Umweltkriminalität, Umweltrecht
• Rechtswissenschaften Internationales Recht und Europarecht Internationales Recht Internationales Verwaltungs-, Umwelt- und Gesundheitsrecht

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2; CHAPTER 1: Introduction;23
2.1; 1 1 Background to research question;23
2.2; 1 2 Research question;26
2.3; 1 3 Hypotheses;27
2.4; 1 4 Research objectives and assumptions;27
2.5; 1 5 Research design and methodology;28
2.6; 1 6 Chapter overview;29
3; CHAPTER 2: The principle of sovereignty over natural resources;33
3.1; 2 1 Introduction;33
3.2; 2 2 Foundation of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources;33
3.3; 2 3 Legal nature of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources;38
3.4; 2 4 Objects of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources;46
3.4.1; 2 4 1 Identifying key terminology;46
3.4.2; 2 4 2 Natural resources;49
3.4.2.1; 2 4 2 1 Definition of natural resources;49
3.4.2.2; 2 4 2 2 Possibility of climate as a natural resource;52
3.4.2.3; 2 4 2 3 Classification of natural resources;54
3.4.2.3.1; 2 4 2 3 1 Classifying natural resources according to renewability and non-renewability;54
3.4.2.3.2; 2 4 2 3 2 Classifying natural resources according to location;55
3.4.3; 2 4 3 Natural wealth;60
3.4.4; 2 4 4 Economic activities;61
3.5; 2 5 Subjects of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources;62
3.5.1; 2 5 1 Ambiguity in UNGA resolutions and instruments of international law;62
3.5.1.1; 2 5 1 1 Introduction;62
3.5.1.2; 2 5 1 2 UNGA resolutions;62
3.5.1.3; 2 5 1 3 Instruments of international law;66
3.5.2; 2 5 2 States as the subjects of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources;70
3.5.2.1; 2 5 2 1 Meaning of states;70
3.5.2.2; 2 5 2 2 Permanency as an attribute of state sovereignty;73
3.5.2.3; 2 5 2 3 State sovereignty;76
3.5.2.3.1; 2 5 2 3 1 Introduction;76
3.5.2.3.2; 2 5 2 3 2 Brief overview of the development of sovereignty;77
3.5.2.3.3; 2 5 2 3 3 International environmental law as a limitation of sovereignty;85
3.5.2.3.3.1; i Introduction;85
3.5.2.3.3.2; ii Continued existence of sovereignty;87
3.5.2.3.3.3; iii Denial or criticism of sovereignty;88
3.5.2.3.3.4; iv Erosion of sovereignty;89
3.5.2.3.3.5; v The principle of sovereignty over natural resources and global climate justice;95
3.5.3; 2 5 3 People as the subjects of sovereignty over natural resources;98
3.5.3.1; 2 5 3 1 Meaning of people;98
3.5.4; 2 5 4 Final note on the subjects of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources;101
3.6; 2 6 Reinterpreting and reconfiguring the principle of sovereignty over natural resources as a means to combat climate change;103
3.7; 2 7 Conclusion;105
4; CHAPTER 3: The international legal climate change regime and the question of whether the gravity of climate change warrants a reinterpretation and reconfiguration of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources;107
4.1; 3 1 Introduction;107
4.2; 3 2 Nexus between climate change and the principle of sovereignty over natural resources;109
4.3; 3 3 Defining the international legal climate change regime;111
4.3.1; 3 3 1 Definition of climate change;111
4.3.2; 3 3 2 Definition of regime;113
4.4; 3 4 Scientific basis of climate change: linking activity in terms of sovereignty over natural resources with greenhouse gas emissions;114
4.4.1; 3 4 1 Link between greenhouse gas emissions and climate change;114
4.4.2; 3 4 2 Anthropocentric activity in terms of sovereignty over natural resources and the resulting increase in a specific greenhouse gas emission;117
4.4.2.1; 3 4 2 1 Carbon dioxide and anthropocentric activity;117
4.4.2.2; 3 4 2 2 Methane and anthropocentric activity;119
4.4.2.3; 3 4 2 3 Nitrous oxide and anthropocentric activity;119
4.4.2.4; 3 4 2 4 Fluorinated gases and anthropocentric activity;120
4.5; 3 5 Illustrating the gravity of climate change in terms of its environmental, social and economic impacts on the well-being of people;121
4.5.1; 3 5 1 Introduction;121
4.5.2; 3 5 2 Understanding the term ‘well-being’;122
4.5.3; 3 5 3 Well-being of people as an objective of the international legal climate change regime and as an objective of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources;124
4.5.4; 3 5 4 Environmental effects of climate change on the well-being of people;126
4.5.5; 3 5 5 Social effects of climate change on the well-being of people;129
4.5.6; 3 5 6 Economic effects of climate change on the well being of people;132
4.6; 3 6 Development of the international legal climate change regime: pre-United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;136
4.6.1; 3 6 1 Introduction;136
4.6.2; 3 6 2 The emergence of climate change as an intergovernmental issue and the international legal climate change regime as a state-centric regime;137
4.6.3; 3 6 3 Targets and timetables negotiations;141
4.7; 3 7 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as the cornerstone of the international legal climate change regime and the embedding of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources;143
4.7.1; 3 7 1 Introduction to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;143
4.7.2; 3 7 2 Principles of the international legal climate change regime;147
4.7.2.1; 3 7 2 1 Principle of equity;147
4.7.2.2; 3 7 2 2 Principle of common but differentiated responsibility;154
4.7.2.2.1; 3 7 2 2 1 The principle;154
4.7.2.2.2; 3 7 2 2 2 The problem with the principle of common but differentiated responsibility as illustrated by the example of China and the United States of America;160
4.7.2.2.3; 3 7 2 3 Precautionary principle;164
4.7.2.3; 3 7 2 4 Polluter-pays principle;167
4.7.2.4; 3 7 2 5 Principle of sustainable development;169
4.7.3; 3 7 3 Conference of the parties;173
4.7.4; 3 7 4 Response to climate change;180
4.7.4.1; 3 7 4 1 Mitigation of climate change;180
4.7.4.1.1; 3 7 4 1 1 Introduction;180
4.7.4.1.2; 3 7 4 1 2 Example of a mitigation strategy: United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries;182
4.7.4.2; 3 7 4 2 Adaptation to climate change;185
4.8; 3 8 The Kyoto Protocol and the effectiveness of the international legal climate change regime;190
4.8.1; 3 8 1 Introduction;190
4.8.2; 3 8 2 Market-based mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol;191
4.8.2.1; 3 8 2 1 Introduction to international emissions trading;191
4.8.2.2; 3 8 2 2 Joint implementation mechanism;194
4.8.2.3; 3 8 2 3 Clean development mechanism;196
4.8.2.4; 3 8 2 4 Registry of Kyoto units acquired through market-based mechanisms;198
4.8.3; 3 8 3 Effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol;199
4.8.3.1; 3 8 3 1 Overall effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol and the possible movement towards a people-based solution;199
4.8.3.2; 3 8 3 2 Reporting as a component of an effective international legal climate change regime;201
4.8.3.3; 3 8 3 3 State compliance as a component of an effective international legal climate change regime;204
4.8.3.3.1; 3 8 3 3 1 Compliance provisions in the Kyoto Protocol and the inadequate repercussions of non-compliance;204
4.8.3.3.2; 3 8 3 3 2 Increasing compliance with the Kyoto Protocol and the principle of sovereignty over natural resources as a negative incentive;206
4.9; 3 9 The Paris Agreement;210
4.9.1; 3 9 1 Introduction;210
4.9.2; 3 9 2 Outline of differentiation between countries and nationally determined contributions in the Paris Agreement;211
4.9.3; 3 9 3 Market-based mechanism of the Paris Agreement;214
4.9.4; 3 9 4 Future outlook on the effectiveness of the Paris Agreement and the position of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources;216
4.10; 3 10 Conclusion;220
5; CHAPTER 4: The reinterpretation and reconfiguration of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources and the expansion of the means to combat climate change;223
5.1; 4 1 Introduction;223
5.2; 4 2 Rights and duties of states in terms of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources and the impact of climate change;225
5.2.1; 4 2 1 Introduction to the rights and duties of states in terms of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources;225
5.2.2; 4 2 2 Rights of states in terms of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources and the impact of climate change;227
5.2.2.1; 4 2 2 1 Right to dispose freely of, explore, and exploit natural resources;227
5.2.2.2; 4 2 2 2 Right to exercise effective control over natural resources and the right to receive appropriate compensation;231
5.2.2.3; 4 2 2 3 Right to use natural resources for national development;233
5.2.2.4; 4 2 2 4 Right to manage natural resources according to national environmental policy;235
5.2.2.5; 4 2 2 5 Right to an equitable share in benefits of transboundary natural resources;239
5.2.2.6; 4 2 2 6 Rights pertaining to foreign investment;243
5.2.2.6.1; 4 2 2 6 1 Introduction to and delineation of rights (and duties) pertaining to foreign investment;243
5.2.2.6.2; 4 2 2 6 2 Rights pertaining to the regulation and exercise of authority over foreign investment;244
5.2.2.6.3; 4 2 2 6 3 Rights pertaining to the taking of property and the payment of compensation;248
5.2.2.6.4; 4 2 2 6 4 Possible right pertaining to the settlement of disputes on the basis of national law;254
5.2.3; 4 2 3 Duties of states in terms of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources and the impact of climate change;262
5.2.3.1; 4 2 3 1 Duty to exercise sovereignty over natural resources for national development and the well-being of people;262
5.2.3.2; 4 2 3 2 Duty to cooperate in respect of international development;266
5.2.3.3; 4 2 3 3 Duty of conservation and sustainable use of natural resources;269
5.2.3.4; 4 2 3 4 Duty to share transboundary natural resources equitably;274
5.2.3.4.1; 4 2 3 5 Duty to respect international law;279
5.2.4; 4 2 4 Final remarks on the rights and duties of states in terms of sovereignty over natural resources, and the shift in environmental attitudes owing to the effects of climate change;281
5.2.5; 4 2 5 Increased importance of the common concern as an indicator of the growing importance of the duties of states in terms of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources;284
5.3; 4 3 Reinterpreting and reconfiguring the rights of people in terms of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources;289
5.3.1; 4 3 1 Introduction;289
5.3.2; 4 3 2 People’s rights in terms of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources;292
5.3.2.1; 4 3 2 1 Introduction to people’s rights in terms of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources;292
5.3.2.2; 4 3 2 2 Right to economic self-determination;293
5.3.2.3; 4 3 2 3 Human rights and the right to economic self-determination;302
5.3.3; 4 3 3 Application of the right to economic self-determination;305
5.3.3.1; 4 3 3 1 Introduction;305
5.3.3.2; 4 3 3 2 Application of economic self-determination by indigenous people;306
5.3.3.3; 4 3 3 3 Growing possibilities of the application of economic self-determination in the context of foreign investment;317
5.4; 4 4 Expanding the means to combat climate change through people’s rights in terms of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources;320
5.4.1; 4 4 1 Introduction and initial steps for people-based action in holding states accountable for climate commitments;320
5.4.2; 4 4 2 People-based action against the state in terms of the Oslo Principles on Global Climate Change;323
5.4.3; 4 4 3 Urgenda case and general movement toward people-based climate change litigation;328
5.5; 4 5 Conclusion;337
6; CHAPTER 5: Conclusion;340
6.1; 5 1 Remarks on the original research objectives and hypotheses;340
6.2; 5 2 Areas of future research;342
6.3; 5 3 Chapter summaries and outline of research outcomes;344
6.3.1; 5 3 1 Chapter 2: The principle of sovereignty over natural resources;344
6.3.2; 5 3 2 Chapter 3: The international legal climate change regime and the question of whether the gravity of climate change warrants a reinterpretation and reconfiguration of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources;345
6.3.3; 5 3 3 Chapter 4: The reinterpretation and reconfiguration of the principle of sovereignty over natural resources and the expansion of the means to combat climate change;347
6.4; 5 4 Recommendations;348
7; Bibliography;351
7.1; Case law;370
7.2; International instruments and legislation;371
7.3; Seminars, lectures and presentations;374
7.4; UNGA resolutions and other resolutions or decisions;374
7.5; Online media;376