Vallero Fundamentals of Air Pollution

5. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-404602-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 996 Seiten

Fundamentals of Air Pollution is an important and widely used textbook in the environmental science and engineering community. This thoroughly revised fifth edition of Fundamentals of Air Pollution has been updated throughout and remains the most complete text available, offering a stronger systems perspective and more coverage of international issues relating to air pollution. Sections on pollution control have been reorganized and updated to demonstrate the move from regulation and control approaches to green and sustainable engineering approaches. The fifth edition maintains a strong interdisciplinary approach to the study of air pollution, covering such topics as chemistry, physics, meteorology, engineering, toxicology, policy, and regulation. New material includes near-road air pollution, new risk assessment approaches, indoor air quality, the impact of biofuels and fuel additives, mercury emissions, forecasting techniques, and the most recent results from the National Air Toxics Assessment. - Stronger systems approach, emphasizing the impact of air pollution on ecosystems and human health - Risks, measures, models, and control of air pollution are discussed at scale - starting at the individual/niche level and expanding to planetary/global scale - Increased emphasis on international issues, including coverage of European initiatives and discussions of the impact of emerging economies like India and China - Updated references, standards, and methods throughout the book make this the most current air pollution text/reference on the market - All new end-of-chapter problems enhance its usefulness as a course text

Professor Daniel A. Vallero is an internationally recognized author and expert in environmental science and engineering. He has devoted decades to conducting research, teaching, and mentoring future scientists and engineers. He is currently developing tools and models to predict potential exposures to chemicals in consumer products. He is a full adjunct professor of civil and environmental engineering at Duke University's Pratt School of Engineering. He has authored 20 environmental textbooks, with the most recent addressing the importance of physical principles in environmental science and engineering. His books have addressed all environmental compartments and media within the earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Vallero, Daniel A.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;FUNDAMENTALS OF AIR POLLUTION;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Preface;10
6;PART I - FOUNSATIONS OF AIR POLUTION;14
6.1;Chapter 1 - The State of the Atmosphere;16
6.1.1;1.1 INTRODUCTION;16
6.1.2;1.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ATMOSPHERE;16
6.1.3;1.3 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS;19
6.1.4;1.4 FLUID PROPERTIES AND DYNAMICS;30
6.1.5;1 ;33
6.1.6;References;34
6.2;Chapter 2 - The Physics of the Atmosphere;36
6.2.1;2.1 ENERGY;36
6.2.2;2.2 MOTION;41
6.2.3;2.3 ENERGY–MOTION RELATIONSHIPS;45
6.2.4;2.4 LOCAL WIND SYSTEMS;48
6.2.5;2.5 GENERAL CIRCULATION;51
6.2.6;2 ;54
6.2.7;References;54
6.2.8;Suggested Reading;55
6.3;Chapter 3 - The Science of Air Pollution;56
6.3.1;3.1 AIR POLLUTION IN PERSPECTIVE;56
6.3.2;3.2 EMERGENCE OF AIR POLLUTION SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND TECHNOLOGY;59
6.3.3;3.3 WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION?;59
6.3.4;3.4 ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT AND FATE;65
6.3.5;3.5 AIR POLLUTION ENGINEERING;70
6.3.6;3.6 SOCIAL ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION;71
6.3.7;3.7 AIR POLLUTION LAWS;71
6.3.8;3.8 AIR POLLUTION BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION;87
6.3.9;3.9 AIR POLLUTION AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION;88
6.3.10;3.10 AIR POLLUTION EVENTS IN THE TWENTIETH AND TWENTY-FIRST CENTURIES;90
6.3.11;3.11 THE FUTURE;93
6.3.12;3 ;93
6.3.13;References;94
6.4;Chapter 4 - Air Pollution Decision Tools;96
6.4.1;4.1 INTRODUCTION;96
6.4.2;4.2 INTERPRETING DATA;98
6.4.3;4.3 RARE EVENTS: PERFECT STORMS AND BLACK SWANS;108
6.4.4;4 ;121
6.4.5;References;122
6.5;Chapter 5 - Life Cycle Assessment of Air Pollutants;124
6.5.1;5.1 SYSTEMS CONTEXT FOR AIR POLLUTION;124
6.5.2;5.2 ENERGY;124
6.5.3;5.3 ENERGY LIFE CYCLES;125
6.5.4;5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE DURING EXTRACTION;135
6.5.5;5.5 FUEL CYCLE IMPACTS;136
6.5.6;5.6 REFINING STRESSORS;138
6.5.7;5.7 OPERATION STAGE;140
6.5.8;5.8 DOWNSTREAM IMPACTS;144
6.5.9;5 ;145
6.5.10;References;145
7;PART II - THE RISKS OF AIR POLLUTION;148
7.1;Chapter 6 - Inherent Properties of Air Pollutants;152
7.1.1;6.1 INHERENCY;152
7.1.2;6.2 VAPOR PRESSURE;188
7.1.3;6.3 SOLUBILITY;191
7.1.4;6.4 PERSISTENCE;192
7.1.5;6.5 PHYSICAL PHASE;197
7.1.6;6 ;207
7.1.7;References;207
7.2;Chapter 7 - Air Pollutant Hazards;210
7.2.1;7.1 HAZARDS;210
7.2.2;7.2 DOSE-RESPONSE;214
7.2.3;7.3 AIR POLLUTION HAZARDS;217
7.2.4;7.4 AIR TOXICS;217
7.2.5;7.5 CRITERIA POLLUTANTS;222
7.2.6;QUESTIONS;226
7.2.7;References;226
7.3;Chapter 8 - Air Pollutant Exposures;228
7.3.1;8.1 EXPOSURE;228
7.3.2;8.2 EXPOSURE CALCULATIONS;234
7.3.3;8.3 CHEMICAL INTAKE AND EXPOSURE;237
7.3.4;8.4 EXPOSURE DATA;244
7.3.5;8 ;258
7.3.6;References;258
7.4;Chapter 9 - Respiratory Effects of Air Pollutants;260
7.4.1;9.1 RESPIRATION IN HUMANS;260
7.4.2;9.2 LUNG KINETICS;262
7.4.3;9.3 AIR POLLUTANT PROPERTIES IMPORTANT TO RESPIRATION;264
7.4.4;9.4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TRANSPORT AND FLUID DYNAMICS;265
7.4.5;9.5 RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS;268
7.4.6;9 ;268
7.4.7;References;269
7.5;Chapter 10 - Cardiovascular Effects of Air Pollutants;270
7.5.1;10.1 HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM;270
7.5.2;10.2 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND AIR POLLUTION ASSOCIATIONS;270
7.5.3;10.3 CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS;277
7.5.4;10 ;281
7.5.5;References;281
7.6;Chapter 11 - Cancer and Air Pollutants;284
7.6.1;11.1 LINKING AIR POLLUTION TO CANCER;284
7.6.2;11.2 ESTIMATING RISK FROM AIRBORNE CARCINOGENS;289
7.6.3;11.3 NATIONAL AIR TOXICS ASSESSMENT;301
7.6.4;11.4 CANCER DOSE–RESPONSE;301
7.6.5;11.5 AIRBORNE CARCINOGENS;304
7.6.6;11.6 INDIRECT RELATIONSHIPS;319
7.6.7;11 ;323
7.6.8;References;323
7.7;Chapter 12 - Reproductive and Hormonal Effects of Air Pollutants;326
7.7.1;12.1 REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS;326
7.7.2;12.2 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION;326
7.7.3;QUESTIONS;337
7.7.4;References;337
7.8;Chapter 13 - Neurological Effects of Air Pollutants;340
7.8.1;13.1 NEUROTOXICITY;340
7.8.2;13.2 NEUROTOXIC METALS;343
7.8.3;13.3 NEUROTOXIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;351
7.8.4;13.4 NEUROTOXIC PARTICULATES;351
7.8.5;13.5 RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER EFFECTS;351
7.8.6;13 ;352
7.8.7;References;352
7.9;Chapter 14 - Air Pollution's Impact on Ecosystems;354
7.9.1;14.1 ECOSYSTEM RISK;354
7.9.2;14.2 ECOSYSTEM SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AIR POLLUTION;354
7.9.3;14.3 AIR POLLUTION IMPACTS ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS;356
7.9.4;14.4 AIR POLLUTION IMPACTS ON TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS;359
7.9.5;14 ;379
7.9.6;References;380
7.9.7;Suggested Reading;381
7.10;Chapter 15 - Air Pollution's Impact on Materials and Structures;382
7.10.1;15.1 ABIOTIC RECEPTORS;382
7.10.2;15.2 EFFECTS ON METALS;383
7.10.3;15.3 EFFECTS ON STONE;385
7.10.4;15.4 EFFECTS ON FABRICS AND DYES;386
7.10.5;15.5 EFFECTS ON LEATHER, PAPER, PAINT, AND GLASS;387
7.10.6;15.6 EFFECTS ON RUBBER;388
7.10.7;15.7 MATERIAL VALUE;389
7.10.8;15 ;390
7.10.9;References;390
7.10.10;Suggested Reading;391
8;PART III - TROPOSPHERIC POLLUTION;392
8.1;Chapter 16 - Scale and Complexity of Air Pollution;394
8.1.1;16.1 MECHANICAL SCALE AND COMPLEXITY;394
8.1.2;16.2 AIR POLLUTION VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY;411
8.1.3;16.3 AIR POLLUTION SCALES IN SPACE AND TIME;411
8.1.4;16 ;424
8.1.5;References;425
8.2;Chapter 17 - Air Pollutant Kinetics and Transformation;426
8.2.1;17.1 CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION;426
8.2.2;17.2 KINETICS;429
8.2.3;17.3 RATE LAWS AND AIR POLLUTION THERMODYNAMICS;434
8.2.4;17.4 ATMOSPHERIC TRANSFORMATION;440
8.2.5;QUESTIONS;447
8.2.6;References;448
8.3;Chapter 18 - Air Pollutant Kinetics and Equilibrium;450
8.3.1;18.1 KINETICS VS EQUILIBRIUM;450
8.3.2;18.2 AIR POLLUTION CHEMODYNAMICS;451
8.3.3;18.3 FUGACITY;467
8.3.4;18.4 INTEGRATING INHERENT PROPERTIES AND SUBSTRATE CHARACTERISTICS;469
8.3.5;18.5 MOVEMENT INTO THE ATMOSPHERE;473
8.3.6;18.6 APPLICATION OF THE OCTANOL–WATER COEFFICIENT;476
8.3.7;18.7 PARTITIONING BETWEEN AIR AND TISSUE;478
8.3.8;18.8 DYNAMICS WITHIN AN ORGANISM;479
8.3.9;18 ;485
8.3.10;References;486
8.4;Chapter 19 - Temporal Aspects of Air Pollution;488
8.4.1;19.1 TIME AND AIR POLLUTION;488
8.4.2;19.2 PERSISTENCE;489
8.4.3;19.3 TEMPORAL ASPECTS OF TRANSFORMATION;494
8.4.4;19.4 BIOACCUMULATION;495
8.4.5;19.5 TEMPORAL ASPECTS OF TOXICOKINETICS;497
8.4.6;19.6 TEMPORAL ASPECTS OF AIR QUALITY MODELS;500
8.4.7;19 ;500
8.4.8;References;501
9;PART IV - BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF AIR POLLUTANTS;502
9.1;Chapter 20 - The Hydrologic Cycle;504
9.1.1;20.1 THE WATER PLANET;504
9.1.2;20.2 THE WATER MOLECULE;504
9.1.3;20.3 THE HYDROSPHERE;505
9.1.4;20.4 SCALE AND COMPLEXITY OF WATER CYCLES;508
9.1.5;20 ;514
9.1.6;References;514
9.2;Chapter 21 - The Carbon Cycle;516
9.2.1;21.1 CARBON CHEMISTRY;516
9.2.2;21.2 CARBON SINKS AND SOURCES;519
9.2.3;21.3 CARBON EQUILIBRIUM AND CYCLING;520
9.2.4;21.4 CARBON CYCLING AND CLIMATE;522
9.2.5;21.5 CARBON GEOENGINEERING;525
9.2.6;21 ;531
9.2.7;References;531
9.3;Chapter 22 - The Nitrogen and Sulfur Cycles;532
9.3.1;22.1 THE NITROGEN CYCLE;532
9.3.2;22.2 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SULFUR AND NITROGEN;537
9.3.3;22.3 THE SULFUR CYCLE;539
9.3.4;22.4 OTHER NUTRIENT CYCLES;540
9.3.5;22 ;541
9.3.6;References;542
9.4;Chapter 23 - Metal and Metalloid Cycles;544
9.4.1;23.1 HEAVY METAL CYCLING;548
9.4.2;23.2 METALLOID CYCLING;553
9.4.3;23 ;555
9.4.4;References;557
10;PART V -
ADDRESSING AIR POLLUTION;560
10.1;Chapter 24 - Source Sampling and Emission Measurement;572
10.1.1;24.1 SOURCES OF POLLUTION;572
10.1.2;24.2 ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES;576
10.1.3;24 ;588
10.1.4;References;589
10.1.5;Suggested Reading;590
10.2;Chapter 25 - Methods for Measuring Air Pollutants;592
10.2.1;25.1 INTRODUCTION;592
10.2.2;25.2 GASES AND VAPORS;599
10.2.3;25.3 PARTICULATE MATTER;620
10.2.4;25.4 MEASURING GAS AND PARTICULATE PHASES TOGETHER;625
10.2.5;25.5 ANALYSIS AND MEASUREMENT OF ODORS;625
10.2.6;25.6 ANALYSIS AND MEASUREMENT OF VISIBILITY;627
10.2.7;25.7 ANALYSIS AND MEASUREMENT OF ACIDIC DEPOSITION;632
10.2.8;25.8 MEASURING AIR TOXICS;635
10.2.9;25 ;636
10.2.10;References;637
10.2.11;Suggested Readings in Addition to the References;639
10.3;Chapter 26 - Applying and Interpreting Air Quality Monitoring Data;640
10.3.1;26.1 INTRODUCTION;640
10.3.2;26.2 STATIONARY MONITORING NETWORKS;640
10.3.3;26.3 AIR POLLUTANT PHASES;643
10.3.4;26.4 AIR POLLUTION FROM HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES;647
10.3.5;26.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE;657
10.3.6;26.6 MONITORING PLAN EXAMPLE;661
10.3.7;26.7 LABORATORY ANALYSIS;663
10.3.8;26.8 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND DISPLAY;668
10.3.9;26.9 CRITERIA AND STANDARDS;669
10.3.10;26.10 INDOOR AIR;683
10.3.11;26.11 PERSONAL MONITORING;691
10.3.12;QUESTIONS;691
10.3.13;References;693
10.3.14;Suggested Readings in Addition to the References;695
10.4;Chapter 27 - Modeling Applications;696
10.4.1;27.1 VALUE OF MODELS;696
10.4.2;27.2 METEOROLOGICAL BASES OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION;697
10.4.3;27.3 TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION OF AIR POLLUTANTS;703
10.4.4;27.4 AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND PREDICTION;717
10.4.5;27.5 MODELING AIR POLLUTION PARTITIONING;748
10.4.6;27.6 EXPOSURE AND DOSE MODELS;759
10.4.7;27 ;761
10.4.8;References;764
10.4.9;Suggested Reading;766
10.5;Chapter 28 - Air Quality Status and Trends;768
10.5.1;28.1 INTRODUCTION;768
10.5.2;28.2 TROPOSPHERIC OZONE AND SMOG;774
10.5.3;28.3 CARBON MONOXIDE;777
10.5.4;28.4 NITROGEN DIOXIDE;777
10.5.5;28.5 SULFUR DIOXIDE;779
10.5.6;28.6 PARTICULATE MATTER;781
10.5.7;28.7 AIRBORNE LEAD;782
10.5.8;28.8 AIR TOXICS;782
10.5.9;28.9 ACID DEPOSITION;783
10.5.10;28.10 STRATOSPHERIC OZONE;784
10.5.11;28.11 GLOBAL GHGS;784
10.5.12;28.12 INDOOR AIR QUALITY;786
10.5.13;28.13 AIR QUALITY INDICES;790
10.5.14;28 ;796
10.5.15;References;797
10.6;Chapter 29 - Air Pollutant Emissions;800
10.6.1;29.1 INTRODUCTION;800
10.6.2;29.2 COMBUSTION EMISSIONS;802
10.6.3;29.3 STATIONARY EMISSION SOURCES;805
10.6.4;29.4 AIR EMISSIONS FROM HAZARDOUS WASTES;812
10.6.5;29.5 MOBILE EMISSION SOURCES;827
10.6.6;29.6 MEANS OF IMPLEMENTING EMISSION STANDARDS;828
10.6.7;29.7 AIR TOXICS EMISSIONS;834
10.6.8;29.8 EMISSION INVENTORY;835
10.6.9;QUESTIONS;837
10.6.10;References;839
10.6.11;Suggested Reading;840
10.7;Chapter 30 - Air Pollution Control Technologies;842
10.7.1;30.1 ENGINEERING CONTROL CONCEPTS;842
10.7.2;30.2 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES;845
10.7.3;30.3 PARTICULATE MATTER CONTROL DEVICE PHYSICS;846
10.7.4;30.4 REMOVAL OF DRY PM;856
10.7.5;30.5 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS;870
10.7.6;30.6 SCRUBBERS;873
10.7.7;30.7 REMOVAL OF LIQUID DROPLETS AND MISTS;877
10.7.8;30.8 COMPARISON OF PARTICULATE REMOVAL SYSTEMS;879
10.7.9;30.9 REMOVAL OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS;881
10.7.10;30.10 MERCURY REMOVAL;887
10.7.11;30.11 REMOVAL OF ODORS;888
10.7.12;30 ;889
10.7.13;References;891
10.7.14;Suggested Reading;892
10.8;Chapter 31 - Controlling Air Pollution from Sources;894
10.8.1;31.1 INTRODUCTION;894
10.8.2;31.2 STATIONARY SOURCE CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES;895
10.8.3;31.3 MOBILE SOURCE CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES;931
10.8.4;31 ;936
10.8.5;References;937
11;PART VI - THE FUTURE FOR AIR POLLUTION SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING;940
11.1;Chapter 32 - Sustainable Approaches;942
11.1.1;32.1 INTRODUCTION;942
11.1.2;32.2 UTILITY AND THE BENEFIT–COST ANALYSIS;944
11.1.3;32.3 PROCESS CHANGE;951
11.1.4;32.4 FUEL CHANGE;953
11.1.5;32.5 REMOVAL OF POLLUTANTS;954
11.1.6;32.6 DISPOSAL AND WASTE MINIMIZATION OF POLLUTANTS;954
11.1.7;32.7 GREEN PRINCIPLES AND AIR QUALITY;955
11.1.8;32.8 SOCIOECONOMIC COSTS AND BENEFITS;962
11.1.9;32 ;963
11.1.10;References;964
11.1.11;Suggested Readings;964
11.2;Chapter 33 - Grand Challenges;966
11.2.1;33.1 INTRODUCTION;966
11.2.2;33.2 GRAND CHALLENGE #1: SHARED KNOWLEDGE OF LESSONS LEARNED;967
11.2.3;33.3 GRAND CHALLENGE #2: EXTENDING AIR POLLUTION INFORMATION;967
11.2.4;33.4 GRAND CHALLENGE #3: NEED TO CHARACTERIZE REAL-WORLD EXPOSURES;967
11.2.5;33.5 GRAND CHALLENGE #4: IMPROVEMENTS AND ADAPTATIONS TO CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES;968
11.2.6;33.6 GRAND CHALLENGE #5: SYSTEMS AND SUSTAINABLE THINKING;969
11.2.7;33.7 GRAND CHALLENGE #6: TRANSDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE;970
11.2.8;33.8 GRAND CHALLENGE #7: TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE;971
11.2.9;33.9 GRAND CHALLENGE #8: FUTURE GENERATIONS;973
11.2.10;33 ;974
11.2.11;References;974
12;Abbreviations and Symbols;976
13;Index;984

Leseproben

Preface
Air pollution is a very complex societal problem. It has been recognized as such for centuries. Unlike the evolution of many scientific phenomena, its cause and effect relationships have been reasonably deductive. For example, in the fourteenth century, King Edward II decreed that the cause of London's air pollution problem was attributed to burning coal, and incidentally, anyone found burning coal while Parliament was meeting would be executed. That is a supreme example of a science-based decision followed by strong execution; literally! Of course, scientific cause and effect relationships have greatly improved since. Present-day air pollution expertise came into its own in the middle of the twentieth century, when air pollution episodes in Europe and the United States were becoming all too common; in several instances leading to immediate disease and death. The experts at that time likely would not have even referred to themselves as air pollution experts; preferring to be called meteorologist, engineer, physicist, chemist, or earth scientist. The scientific disciplines of atmospheric science, and more specifically atmospheric physicist or chemist or environmental engineer, have grown in expertise and confidence exponentially since the first edition of this book. In the years since, the information on air quality and knowledge of how and why the atmosphere becomes polluted have allowed for continuously improving decisions that have led to a much cleaner atmosphere. Air pollution was a seemingly intractable problem for most of the developed world in the previous century. The improvement has been remarkable, especially for the health-related criteria air pollutants. More recently, substantial and sustained progress has also been made decreasing atmospheric concentrations of hazardous air pollutants, better known as the air toxics. In spite of the exponential growth of information, knowledge, and technologies to address air pollution, scientists and policy makers continue to be confronted with many daunting problems. For example, much of the progress has been in the developed and richest parts of the world. Considerable numbers of people of the developing and poorer parts of the world have seen little improvement. Indeed, in the fastest growing economies and the regions with the greatest increases in industrialization, the problems have worsened dramatically. These growing economies in many instances are retracing the steps taken by the United States, Japan, and Europe during the petrochemical revolution after World War II, which led to so many pollution problems and episodes. Repeating the problems is unnecessary for most of the known air pollutants, if viewed from a scientific and control technology perspective. The challenge for criteria pollutant prevention may largely be geopolitical and cultural. Thus, this edition recognizes these obstacles by updating and increasing attention substantially to the technical solutions that can prevent repeating poor decision making that plagued the developed nations in the previous century. Indeed, I have modified the fifth edition of Fundamentals of Air Pollution substantially. These changes were necessary, given the changes in how air pollution is being addressed. First, the book includes much more detail related to the effects on the three types of receptors, i.e. humans, ecosystems, and materials. In particular, the fifth edition takes the view that air pollution knowledge begins with the adverse outcome, with separate chapters devoted to the major effects, i.e. respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrinal, neurological, and cancer. Previous editions addressed these in a more cursory manner, but this edition gives details on how the effects from various air pollutants occur. The fourth edition introduced the concept of systems science and sustainability to air quality. The fifth edition integrates this perspective throughout. For example, a separate chapter on life cycle analysis (LCA) in energy production, i.e. Chapter 4, has been added to demonstrate the difference between typical command and control technologies vs preventive and regenerative approaches. The LCA is revisited throughout the text, with an overarching desire to prevent the pollution rather than treat it. Another major change is the addition of biogeochemical cycling. This was added in the fourth edition during specific topics, especially discussions of sulfur and nitrogen. However, for a complete view of air pollution, separate chapters have now been added on water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and metal and metalloid cycles. Other substances, e.g. phosphorous and potassium, which did not require separate chapters but share similarities to the substances being discussed, are addressed in these cycling discussions as well. Another major enhancement is air pollutant exposure. This book incorporates very recent changes in the state of exposure science, including attention to human activities and models. The air quality and emission standards have changed substantially for many air pollutants since the fourth edition. I have painstakingly updated these for North America and Europe, but they will continue to change with demands for cleaner air throughout the world. They are also changing as new compounds are added to the lists of chemicals of concern. The six criteria pollutants will continue to be extremely important, but numerous other air pollutants, notably the air toxics, will have to be addressed. Thus, this new addition places added emphasis on the person and microenvironments, where the lion's share of exposure to air pollutants occurs. The control technology discussions have also been completely updated, with expanded use of illustrations and inclusion of modifications and improvements. The laws of thermodynamics and motion that underpin the technologies are now addressed in these discussions, e.g. heat and energy transfer, drag and buoyancy, gravitation, electromagnetic principles, and diffusion and Brownian forces. Another systems approach is an update to the partitioning discussions that had been added in the fourth edition. There are now separate chapters for inherent properties of air pollutants and the kinetics and equilibria associated with these pollutants in the environment. Although air pollution is correctly most concerned about the air pollutant's behavior in the atmosphere, other media (e.g. water, soil, and biota) are now discussed in more detail to demonstrate the interconnectedness of these compartments. For example, the air pollution expert needs to know how a pollutant may have formed in soil or how it may find its way to biotic tissue, in addition to how it behaves in the troposphere. These enhancements and additions allow the fifth edition to be more representative of the entire life cycle of air pollution. As such, it can be used as the text for two semesters of air pollution engineering, as well as two semesters of air pollution science (perhaps using every chapter, but with less emphasis on chapters 30 and 31). The text may also be used for a single semester of an introduction to air pollution risk assessment and management: Part I Foundations of Air Pollution Chapter 1 The State of the Atmosphere Chapter 3 The Science of Air Pollution Chapter 4 Air Pollution Decision Tools Chapter 5 Life Cycle Analysis of Air Pollutants Part II The Risks of Air Pollution Chapter 6 Inherent Properties of Air Pollutants Chapter 7 Hazard Assessment of Air Pollutants Chapter 8 Exposure Assessment of Air Pollutants Chapter 9 Respiratory Effects of Air Pollutants Chapter 10 Cardiovascular Effects of Air Pollutants Chapter 11 Cancer and Air Pollution Chapter 12 Reproductive and Hormonal Effects of Air Pollutants Chapter 13 Neurological Effects of Air Pollutants Chapter 14 Air Pollution's Impact on Ecosystems Chapter 15 Air Pollution's Impact on Materials and Structures Part III Tropospheric Pollution Chapter 16 Scale and Complexity of Air Pollution Chapter 19 Air Pollutant Persistence and Bioaccumulation Part V Addressing Air Pollution Chapter 25 Methods for Measuring Air Pollutants Chapter 26 Air Quality Monitoring Chapter 27 Modeling Applications Chapter 28 Air Quality Status and Trends Part VI The Future for Air Pollution Science and Engineering Chapter 32 Sustainable Approaches Chapter 33 Grand...