E-Book, Englisch, Band 44, 419 Seiten
Vainikka / Young-Scholten The Acquisition of German
1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-3-11-026384-8
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
Introducing Organic Grammar
E-Book, Englisch, Band 44, 419 Seiten
Reihe: Studies on Language Acquisition [SOLA]ISSN
ISBN: 978-3-11-026384-8
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
brings together work on the acquisition of German from over four decades of child L1 and immigrant L2 learner studies. The book’s major feature is new longitudinal data from three secondary school students who began an exchange year in Germany with no German knowledge and attained fluency. Their naturalistic acquisition process — with a succession of stages described for the first time in L2 acquisition — is highly similar to that of younger learners. This has important implications for German teaching and for the theory of Universal Grammar and acquisition. Organic Grammar, a variant of generative syntax, is offered as a practical alternative to Chomsky’s Minimalism. The analysis focuses on extensive monthly samples of the three students’ German development in an input-rich environment. Similar to previous studies, the teenagers build syntactic structure from the bottom up. Two acquired correct word order by the end of the year, the third, who had greater conscious awareness of German grammar, had a divergent route of development, suggesting that language awareness can alter a natural developmental path. The results are addressed in light of recent debates in child-adult differences.
Zielgruppe
Language and Linguistics Scholars, Graduate/Undergraduate Students Interested in First and Second Language Acquisition, Syntax, German Scholars
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Chapter 1. Introduction;13
1.1;1.0. Setting the context of the book;13
1.2;1.1. Introduction to German and its verbs;17
1.3;1.2. Organic Grammar;21
1.4;1.3. The rest of this book;28
1.5;1.4. A reading guide;29
1.6;Extensions;29
2;Chapter 2. The Organic Syntax of Adult German;32
2.1;2.0. Introduction;32
2.2;2.1. Overview of syntax and inflectional morphology;33
2.3;2.2. The classic German tree;42
2.4;2.3. Problems with the classic analysis of German;48
2.4.1;2.3.1. Problem 1 (syntactic);48
2.4.2;2.3.2. Problem 2 (syntactic);49
2.4.3;2.3.3. Problem 3 (acquisition);50
2.4.4;2.3.4. Problem 4 (acquisition);51
2.5;2.4. English functional projections in Organic Grammar;52
2.6;2.5. The Master Tree in end-state adult German;58
2.7;2.6. Comparing the German and English Master Trees;67
2.8;2.7. Summary;68
2.9;Extensions;68
2.9.1;1. Koopman’s argument;68
2.9.2;2. Kayne’s (1994) and Zwart’s (1994) proposals;69
2.9.3;3. Are the specifier positions in German A- or A’-positions?;70
2.9.4;4. Post-Minimalist syntactic approaches that are not suitable for acquisition data;71
3;Chapter 3. Organic Grammar and L1 acquisition;75
3.1;3.0. Introduction;75
3.2;3.1. Strong and weak continuity in acquisition;78
3.3;3.2. Root defaults in L1 acquisition;81
3.4;3.3. Beyond Root Defaults in L1 acquisition;88
3.5;3.4. Stages of development in L1 German;95
3.5.1;3.4.1. Is the earliest syntactic stage a VP-stage or an FP-Stage?;99
3.5.2;3.4.2. The development of NegP;101
3.5.3;3.4.3. The development of TP (previously FP);104
3.5.4;3.4.4. The development of AgrP;107
3.5.5;3.4.5. The development of the CP;111
3.6;3.5. Summary;112
3.7;Extensions;113
3.7.1;1. The post-80s syntactic theories and acquisition;113
3.7.2;2. On Root Default terminology (and a note on rich inflection);114
3.7.3;3. Some more negation examples from adult German (and a slight problem);115
3.7.4;4. An idea about parameter setting and functional projections;116
3.7.5;5. Access to UG in L2A and the Critical Period;117
4;Chapter 4. Second language acquisition at the VP level;120
4.1;4.0. Introduction;120
4.2;4.1. Current issues in the L2 acquisition of morphosyntax;120
4.3;4.2. Claims regarding the initial state in L2;127
4.4;4.3. L2 learners’ earliest syntax;129
4.4.1;4.3.1. VP transfer;129
4.4.2;4.3.2. Root Defaults (Infinitives) in L2 acquisition;132
4.5;4.4. The predicted stages of acquisition in L2 German;135
4.6;4.5. The VP-stage of L2 adult learners of German;139
4.6.1;4.5.1. The VP stage for head-final L1 speakers (Korean and Turkish);140
4.6.2;4.5.2. The VP-stage for head-initial L1: Romance speakers;147
4.6.3;4.5.3. Head-initial VP L1: English speakers;156
4.7;4.6. Other views of L2 German and the VP-level data;166
4.8;4.7. Summary;170
4.9;Extensions;170
4.9.1;1. The earliest stages of Child L2 German;170
4.9.2;2. The Grammatical Mapping Paradigm;175
5;Chapter 5. Second language acquisition at the IP level;176
5.1;5.0. Introduction;176
5.2;5.1. The acquisition of functional projections in a second language;178
5.3;5.2. The development of the NegP projection;183
5.4;5.3. Verb raising, FP and TP;196
5.4.1;5.3.1. Background on the head-final languages, Korean and Turkish, and data collection;199
5.4.2;5.3.2. FP in the data of L1 Turkish/Korean speakers;204
5.4.3;5.3.3. Turkish/Korean Learners at a late FP-stage;208
5.4.4;5.3.4. FP in the data from speakers of the head-initial languages Spanish and Italian;209
5.4.5;5.3.5. FP or TP in the L1 English speakers’ data;217
5.5;5.4. The AgrP projection;223
5.5.1;5.4.1. The Turkish and Korean learners’ AgrP projection;224
5.5.2;5.4.2. Agreement in the Romance speakers’ data;229
5.5.3;5.4.3. The English speakers’ AgrP projection;229
5.6;5.5. Is there evidence of L1 influence?;236
5.7;5.6. Summary;238
5.8;Extensions;239
5.8.1;1. Organic Grammar and Minimalism;239
5.8.2;2. Finiteness Linking;239
5.8.3;3. Early ‘is/ist’ in L2 Dutch and German;240
5.8.4;4. Modals and auxiliaries, and the AgrP;241
6;Chapter 6. Differences in triggering between children and adults;243
6.1;6.0. Introduction;243
6.2;6.1. Segmenting the stream of speech;244
6.3;6.2. Triggers and parameters;246
6.4;6.3. L2 acquisition of German by children;250
6.5;6.4. A triggering difference between children and adults;255
6.6;6.5. Triggering syntactic projections;260
6.6.1;6.5.1. Triggering NegP;261
6.6.2;6.5.2. Triggering FP and TP;261
6.6.3;6.5.3. AgrP;264
6.7;6.6. Why do L2 adults raise non-finite forms?;266
6.7.1;6.6.1. Processing and prosodic explanations;267
6.7.2;6.6.2. Missing Surface Inflection and raising of RDs;269
6.7.3;6.6.3. Our analysis of raised Root Defaults;272
6.8;6.7. Summary;273
6.9;Extensions;273
6.9.1;1. Early ‘ist’ in instructed children’s data;273
6.9.2;2. Early ‘ist’ in Paul’s data – a potential trigger?;274
7;Chapter 7. The second language acquisition of the CP projection;276
7.1;7.0. Introduction;276
7.2;7.1. The German CP and the headedness of AgrP;279
7.3;7.2. CP and speakers of head-final languages;283
7.4;7.3. The head-initial (Romance) learners;288
7.5;7.4. CP and potential evidence against Organic Grammar;291
7.5.1;7.4.1. Type 1 data;291
7.5.2;7.4.2. Type 2 data;291
7.5.3;7.4.3. Type 3 data;294
7.5.4;7.4.4. Type 4 data;298
7.6;7.5. CP in the VYSA data (L1 English);300
7.6.1;7.5.1. Matrix WH-questions and the CP projection;300
7.6.2;7.5.2. Embedded clauses and the CP projection;310
7.6.3;7.5.3. Headedness of the CP and the AgrP;315
7.7;7.6. Summary;321
7.8;Extensions;321
7.8.1;1. IP vs. CP in Bhatt and Hancin-Bhatt’s (2002) data;321
7.8.2;2. More than one CP-level projection;323
8;Chapter 8. Naturalistic learners and unsolved problems in SLA;324
8.1;8.0. Introduction;324
8.2;8.1. The role of input;325
8.2.1;8.1.1. Input quantity;327
8.2.2;8.1.2. Input quality;328
8.3;8.2. Meta-linguistic awareness and meta-linguistic knowledge;331
8.4;8.3. Input and meta-linguistic awareness in the data of Joan, Paul and George;336
8.4.1;8.3.1. The VYSA learners’ exposure to German;337
8.4.2;8.3.2. Meta-linguistic awareness in the VYSA data;339
8.4.3;8.3.3. Case, gender, and meta-linguistic awareness;349
8.5;8.4. George’s meta-linguistic baggage;352
8.6;8.5. Grammar Lite;356
8.7;8.6. Inflectional morphology in adult L2 acquisition;358
8.8;8.7. Conclusion;360
9;References;362
10;Index;416
