Ulmer / Jansen fMRI

Basics and Clinical Applications
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-540-68132-8
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 181 Seiten

Reihe: Medicine (R0)

Functional MRI (fMRI) and the basic method of BOLD imaging were introduced in 1993 by Seiji Ogawa. From very basic experiments, fMRI has evolved into a clinical application for daily routine brain imaging. There have been various improvements in both the imaging technique as such as well as in the statistical analysis. In this volume, experts in the field share their knowledge and point out possible technical barriers and problems explaining how to solve them. Starting from the very basics on the origin of the BOLD signal, the book covers technical issues, anatomical landmarks, presurgical applications, and special issues in various clinical fields. Other modalities for brain mapping such as PET, TMS, and MEG are also compared with fMRI. This book is intended to give a state-of-the-art overview and to serve as a reference and guide for clinical applications of fMRI.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ulmer, Stephan

Jansen, Olav

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Dedication;5
2;Contents;6
3;Contributors;8
4;Part I: Basics;11
4.1;Chapter 1;12
4.1.1;Introduction;12
4.2;Chapter 2;14
4.2.1;Neuroanatomy and Cortical Landmarks;14
4.2.1.1;2.1 Neuroanatomy and Cortical Landmarks of Functional Areas;14
4.2.1.1.1;2.1.1 Sensorimotor Cortex;14
4.2.1.1.1.1;2.1.1.1 Transverse Sections;14
4.2.1.1.1.2;2.1.1.2 Sagittal Sections;17
4.2.1.1.2;2.1.2 The Insula;18
4.2.1.1.2.1;2.1.2.1 Sagittal Sections;18
4.2.1.1.2.2;2.1.2.2 Transverse Sections;18
4.2.1.1.3;2.1.3 Speech Associated Frontal Areas;19
4.2.1.1.3.1;2.1.3.1 Transverse Sections;19
4.2.1.1.3.2;2.1.3.2 Sagittal Sections;19
4.2.1.1.4;2.1.4 Auditory Cortex and Speech Associated Temporo-Parietal Areas;20
4.2.1.1.4.1;2.1.4.1 Transverse Sections;20
4.2.1.1.4.2;2.1.4.2 Sagittal Sections;21
4.2.1.1.4.3;2.1.4.3 Coronal Sections;21
4.2.1.1.5;2.1.5 Visual Cortex;21
4.2.1.1.5.1;2.1.5.1 Sagittal Sections;21
4.2.1.2;References;21
4.3;Chapter 3;23
4.3.1;Spatial Resolution of fMRI Techniques;23
4.3.1.1;3.1 Introduction;23
4.3.1.2;3.2 Vascular Structure and Hemodynamic Response;23
4.3.1.3;3.3 Spatial Resolution of BOLD fMRI;24
4.3.1.4;3.4 Perfusion-Based fMRI Approaches;27
4.3.1.5;References;28
4.4;Chapter 4;30
4.4.1;The Electrophysiological Background of the fMRI Signal;30
4.4.1.1;4.1 Introduction;30
4.4.1.2;4.2 The Compound Neural Signal;31
4.4.1.3;4.3 The Passive Electric Properties of the Brain;32
4.4.1.4;4.4 The Neural Correlate of the BOLD Signal;34
4.4.1.5;4.5 The Coupling of Synaptic Activity and CBF;37
4.4.1.6;4.6 Conclusions;39
4.4.1.7;References;39
4.5;Chapter 5;41
4.5.1;High-Field fMRI;41
4.5.1.1;5.1 Introduction;41
4.5.1.2;5.2 Benefi ts and Limitations of High- and Ultra-High-Field MRI;41
4.5.1.3;5.3 Special Aspects of High-Field fMRI;42
4.5.1.4;5.4 Ultra-High Field fMRI and Possible Clinical Applications;44
4.5.1.5;References;47
4.6;Chapter 6;49
4.6.1;Press Button Solutions;49
4.6.1.1;6.1 Introduction;49
4.6.1.2;6.2 Material and Methods;49
4.6.1.2.1;6.2.1 Overview;49
4.6.1.2.2;6.2.2 Software Packages (in Alphabetic Order);51
4.6.1.2.2.1;6.2.2.1 BrainLAB;51
4.6.1.2.2.2;6.2.2.2 NordicNeuroLab (NNL)/ NordicImagingLab (NIL);51
4.6.1.2.2.3;6.2.2.3 PHILIPS;52
4.6.1.2.2.4;6.2.2.4 spm2;52
4.6.1.3;Results;52
4.6.1.4;6.3 Discussion/Future Aspects;54
4.6.1.5;References;54
5;Part II: Clinical Applications;55
5.1;Chapter 7;56
5.1.1;Preoperative Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of Motor and Somatosensory Function;56
5.1.1.1;7.1 Rationale for fMRI in Rolandic Neurosurgery;56
5.1.1.2;7.2 Review of Literature*;57
5.1.1.3;7.3 General Considerations;60
5.1.1.4;7.4 Diagnostic Aims;61
5.1.1.5;7.5 Selection of Candidates for Preoperative fMRI;61
5.1.1.6;7.6 Paradigms for Clinical Motor and Somatosensory fMRI;61
5.1.1.7;7.7 Preoperative fMRI in Patients with Rolandic Brain Tumors;64
5.1.1.7.1;7.7.1 Somatotopic Mapping of the Primary Motor Cortex (Standard Protocol);64
5.1.1.7.2;7.7.2 Somatotopic Mapping of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex;67
5.1.1.7.3;7.7.3 Localization of the Precentral Gyrus in Patients with Paresis;67
5.1.1.8;7.8 Limitations and Pitfalls;69
5.1.1.9;References;70
5.2;Chapter 8;74
5.2.1;The Functional Anatomy of Speech Processing: From Auditory Cortex to Speech Recognition and Speech Production;74
5.2.1.1;8.1 Introduction;74
5.2.1.2;8.2 Hierarchical Organization of Auditory Cortex;74
5.2.1.3;8.3 STS Supports Phonological Aspects of Speech Recognition;74
5.2.1.4;8.4 Access to Conceptual-Semantic Information May Involve Middle Temporal Regions;76
5.2.1.5;8.5 Sensory Systems Participatein Speech Production;77
5.2.1.6;8.6 The Posterior Planum Temporale Supports Sensory-Motor Integration;77
5.2.1.7;8.7 Summary;78
5.2.1.8;References;79
5.3;Chapter 9;81
5.3.1;Use of fMRI Language Lateralization for Quantitative Prediction of Naming and Verbal Memory Outcome in Left Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Surgery;81
5.3.1.1;9.1 Use of fMRI for Predicting Naming Outcome;81
5.3.1.1.1;9.1.1 Measuring Language Lateralization;81
5.3.1.1.2;9.1.2 Predicting Naming Outcome;83
5.3.1.1.3;9.1.3 “Tailoring” Resections;84
5.3.1.2;9.2 Prediction of Verbal Memory Outcome;85
5.3.1.2.1;9.2.1 FMRI of the Medial Temporal Lobe;86
5.3.1.2.2;9.2.2 Medial Temporal Lobe FMRI as a Predictor of Memory Outcome;87
5.3.1.2.3;9.2.3 Language Lateralization as a Predictor of Verbal Memory Outcome;88
5.3.1.3;9.3 Conclusions;91
5.3.1.4;References;92
5.4;Chapter 10;98
5.4.1;Mapping of Recovery from Poststroke Aphasia: Comparison of PET and fMRI;98
5.4.1.1;10.1 The Principle of Activation Studies;98
5.4.1.2;10.2 Language Activation in Healthy Subjects;99
5.4.1.3;10.3 Poststroke Aphasia;101
5.4.1.4;10.4 Disturbance of Regional Metabolism and Flow vs. Severity and Persistence of Language Deficit;101
5.4.1.5;10.5 Changes in Activation Patterns vs. Recovery of Language Function;101
5.4.1.6;10.6 Effect of Treatment in Poststroke Aphasia;103
5.4.1.7;10.7 Combination of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) with Activated Imaging;104
5.4.1.8;10.8 Language Functionin Bra in Tumors;105
5.4.1.9;10.9 Hierarchical Organization for Recovery?;106
5.4.1.10;10.10 Conclusion;107
5.4.1.11;References;107
5.5;Chapter 11;110
5.5.1;Functional Magnetic Resonance-Guided Brain Tumor Resection;110
5.5.1.1;11.1 Introduction;110
5.5.1.2;11.2 Functional MRI Neuronavigation;111
5.5.1.3;11.3 Intraoperative Functional MRI;112
5.5.1.4;11.4 High Field Functional MRI;113
5.5.1.5;11.5 Materials and Methods;113
5.5.1.5.1;11.5.1 The Intraoperative MRI Suite;113
5.5.1.6;11.6 Functional MRI-Guided Tumor Resection;113
5.5.1.6.1;11.6.1 1.5 T Functional MRI-Guided Resection;113
5.5.1.6.2;11.6.2 3 T Functional MRI-Guided Resection;114
5.5.1.7;11.7 Results;114
5.5.1.7.1;11.7.1 Functional MRI at 1.5 T for the Treatment of Low Grade Glial Tumors;114
5.5.1.8;11.8 Functional MRI at 3 T;115
5.5.1.9;11.9 Discussion;116
5.5.1.10;11.10 Low Grade Gliomas;118
5.5.1.11;11.11 High Grade Gliomas;118
5.5.1.12;11.12 Other Tumors;119
5.5.1.13;11.13 Conclusions;119
5.5.1.14;References;121
5.6;Chapter 12;124
5.6.1;Direct Cortical Stimulation and fMRI;124
5.6.1.1;12.1 Introduction;124
5.6.1.2;12.2 Indications for Direct Cortical Stimulation and/or Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): Patient Selection;125
5.6.1.3;12.3 Methods;125
5.6.1.4;12.3.1 Surgery Under Local Anesthesia: Awake Craniotomy;125
5.6.1.5;12.3.2 Stimulation;126
5.6.1.6;12.3.3 Intraoperative MRI;128
5.6.1.7;12.4 Practical Considerations;128
5.6.1.8;12.5 Results;128
5.6.1.9;12.6 Perspectives;128
5.6.1.10;References;129
5.7;Chapter 13;130
5.7.1;Imaging Epileptic Seizures Using fMRI;130
5.7.1.1;13.1 Introduction;130
5.7.1.2;13.2 Background;130
5.7.1.3;13.3 fMRI in Epilepsy;130
5.7.1.4;13.4 Classifi cation of Epileptic Seizures;131
5.7.1.5;13.5 Focal Epilepsies and the Concept of An “Epileptogenic Focus”;132
5.7.1.6;13.6 Neurovascular Coupling in Focal Epilepsy;132
5.7.1.7;13.7 fMRI Imaging of Focal Seizures;132
5.7.1.8;13.8 Benign Childhood Focal Epilepsies;133
5.7.1.9;13.9 Generalized Epilepsies;134
5.7.1.10;13.10 The Concept of Hypersynchrony in Primary Generalized Seizures;134
5.7.1.11;13.11 Neurovascular Coupling in Generalized Seizures;135
5.7.1.12;13.12 FMRI Imaging of Generalized Seizures;135
5.7.1.13;13.13 Continuous Seizures;136
5.7.1.13.1;13.13.1 Absence Status Epilepticus;136
5.7.1.13.2;13.13.2 Epilepsy Partialis Continua;136
5.7.1.14;13.14 Refl ex Seizures;137
5.7.1.14.1;13.14.1 Photosensitive Epilepsy;137
5.7.1.14.2;13.14.2 Reading Epilepsy;137
5.7.1.14.3;13.14.3 Writing Epilepsy;138
5.7.1.14.4;13.14.4 Musicogenic Epilepsy;138
5.7.1.15;13.15 The Future;138
5.7.1.15.1;13.15.1 The Concept of a Preictal State;138
5.7.1.15.2;13.15.2 Low Frequency Noise in BOLD;139
5.7.1.15.3;13.15.3 Is Perfusion Matched to CMRO2?;139
5.7.1.16;References;140
5.8;Chapter 14;143
5.8.1;Special Issues in fMRI-Studies Involving Children;143
5.8.1.1;14.1 Introduction;143
5.8.1.2;14.2 Planning a Paediatric Neuroimaging Study;143
5.8.1.3;14.3 Conducting a Paediatric Neuroimaging Study;144
5.8.1.4;14.4 Analyzing a Paediatric Neuroimaging Study;146
5.8.1.5;14.5 Conclusions;148
5.8.1.6;References;148
5.9;Chapter 16;156
5.9.1;Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with (f)MRI;156
5.9.1.1;16.1 Introduction;156
5.9.1.1.1;16.1.1 How Does TMS Excite Cortical Neurons?;156
5.9.1.1.2;16.1.2 Some Physical Aspects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation;157
5.9.1.1.3;16.1.3 Clinical and Neuroscientific Applications of TMS;157
5.9.1.1.4;16.1.4 Adverse Effects and Safety Precautions;158
5.9.1.2;16.2 Placement of the Coil Over the Cortical Target Area;158
5.9.1.3;16.3 Combinations of fMRI with TMS;159
5.9.1.3.1;16.3.1 Why Combine TMS with fMRI?;159
5.9.1.3.2;16.3.2 TMS in the MR Scanner During fMRI (Online TMS–fMRI Approach);160
5.9.1.3.2.1;16.3.2.1 Methodological Issues;161
5.9.1.3.2.2;16.3.2.2 Applications of Interleaved TMS–fMRI;162
5.9.1.3.3;16.3.3 Offline combination of TMS and fMRI;164
5.9.1.3.3.1;16.3.3.1 TMS Following fMRI;164
5.9.1.3.3.2;16.3.3.2 fMRI Following TMS;164
5.9.1.4;16.4 Conclusion;166
5.9.1.5;References;166
5.10;Chapter 17;169
5.10.1;Clinical Magnetoencephalography and fMRI;169
5.10.1.1;17.1 Introduction;169
5.10.1.2;17.2 Clinical MEG Instrumentation;169
5.10.1.3;17.3 Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography Basic Biophysics;170
5.10.1.4;17.4 Analysis of MEG;170
5.10.1.4.1;17.4.1 Source Modeling;170
5.10.1.4.1.1;17.4.1.1 Equivalent Current Dipole;170
5.10.1.4.1.2;17.4.1.2 Distributed Solutions;171
5.10.1.4.1.2.1;Minimum Norm Estimate (MNE);171
5.10.1.4.2;17.4.2 Combination with Other Imaging Technologies;171
5.10.1.5;17.5 Presurgical Mapping;171
5.10.1.5.1;17.5.1 Somatosensory Mapping;171
5.10.1.5.2;17.5.2 Motor Mapping;174
5.10.1.5.3;17.5.3 Auditory Cortex;174
5.10.1.5.4;17.5.4 Visual Cortex;174
5.10.1.5.5;17.5.5 Language Mapping;174
5.10.1.5.5.1;17.5.5.1 Functional Language Paradigms;175
5.10.1.5.5.2;17.5.5.2 Hemispheric Dominance for Language;175
5.10.1.5.5.3;17.5.5.3 Spatiotemporal Regional Language Mapping;175
5.10.1.6;17.6 Spontaneous Activity: Epileptic Spike Localization;176
5.10.1.7;17.7 MEG and fMRI: What’s the difference?;176
5.10.1.8;17.8 Conclusion;177
5.10.1.9;References;177
6;Index;179