Ünlü / Horing / Dabrowski Low-Dimensional and Nanostructured Materials and Devices

Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, Modelling and Applications
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-3-319-25340-4
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 688 Seiten

Reihe: NanoScience and Technology

This book focuses on the fundamental phenomena at nanoscale. It covers synthesis, properties, characterization and computer modelling of nanomaterials, nanotechnologies, bionanotechnology, involving nanodevices. Further topics are imaging, measuring, modeling and manipulating of low dimensional matter at nanoscale. The topics covered in the book are of vital importance in a wide range of modern and emerging technologies employed or to be employed in most industries, communication, healthcare, energy, conservation , biology, medical science, food, environment, and education, and consequently have great impact on our society.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ünlü, Hilmi

Horing, Norman J. M.

Dabrowski, Jaroslaw

Dabowski, Jaroslaw

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;7
2;Contents;10
3;Contributors;21
4;1 Modelling of Heterostructures for Low Dimensional Devices;26
4.1;Abstract;26
4.2;1.1 Introduction;27
4.3;1.2 Issues in Modelling of Electronic Structure in Heterostructures;30
4.3.1;1.2.1 Interface Strain Effects in Heterostructures;31
4.3.2;1.2.2 Composition Effects in Heterostructures;35
4.4;1.3 Semiempirical Tight Binding Modeling of Heterostructures;37
4.4.1;1.3.1 Semiempirical Sp3 Tight Binding Modeling;38
4.4.2;1.3.2 Semiempirical Sp3s* Tight Binding Modeling;46
4.4.3;1.3.3 Semiempirical Sp3d5s* Tight Binding Modeling;52
4.4.4;1.3.4 Semiempirical Sp3d5 Tight Binding Modeling;55
4.5;1.4 Density Functional Theory Modelling of Heterostructures;57
4.6;1.5 Modeling of Band Offsets in Heterostructures;65
4.7;1.6 Conclusion;70
4.8;References;71
5;2 Aspects of the Modeling of Low Dimensional Quantum Systems;73
5.1;Abstract;73
5.2;2.1 Introduction;73
5.3;2.2 3D Harmonic Oscillator with a Superposed Quantum Dot (Fig. 2.1);75
5.4;2.3 Double Quantum Dot Systems in Low Dimensions;77
5.5;2.4 Quantum Wire on a 2D Sheet in a Uniform Magnetic Field;80
5.6;2.5 Inverse Dielectric Function of a Periodic Superlattice;83
5.7;2.6 An Impenetrable Barrier: Quantum Particle Dynamics in a Highly Singular 1D-Potential;88
5.8;References;94
6;3 Wave Propagation and Diffraction Through a Subwavelength Nano-Hole in a 2D Plasmonic Screen;96
6.1;Abstract;96
6.2;3.1 Introduction;96
6.3;3.2 Scalar Green's Function for a 2D Plasmonic Layer with a Nano-Hole Aperture Embedded in a 3D Bulk Host Medium;97
6.4;3.3 Scalar Field Response of a Perforated 2D Plasmonic Layer to an Incident Wave {\bf U_{0}} {\bf (r,\omega )} : Transmission;102
6.5;3.4 Numerical Analysis of Helmholtz Scalar Wave Propagation in the Vicinity of a Perforated Plasmonic Layer with a Nano-Hole;109
6.6;3.5 Summary;126
6.7;Acknowledgments;126
6.8;References;127
7;4 The Challenge to Develop Metrology at the Nanoscale;128
7.1;Abstract;128
7.2;4.1 Metrology;128
7.3;4.2 Nanotechnology Generations, Definitions, and Visions;131
7.4;4.3 Nanotechnology Research Drives;132
7.4.1;4.3.1 The Semiconductor Industry;132
7.4.2;4.3.2 The Healthcare Industry;133
7.5;4.4 Nanotechnology Artefacts;134
7.6;4.5 Nanomaterials Measurement Challenges;135
7.7;4.6 Nanomaterials Instruments;136
7.7.1;4.6.1 Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE);137
7.7.1.1;4.6.1.1 Main Measurement Uncertainty Contributions;138
7.7.2;4.6.2 Metrological AFM;138
7.7.2.1;4.6.2.1 Main Measurement Uncertainty Contributions;140
7.7.3;4.6.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);140
7.7.3.1;4.6.3.1 Main Measurement Uncertainty Contributions;141
7.8;4.7 Other Methods for Dimensional Nanometrology;141
7.8.1;4.7.1 X-ray Interferometry (XRI);142
7.8.2;4.7.2 Small Angle X-ray Scattering Diffractometer (SAXS);143
7.8.3;4.7.3 Electron/X-ray Diffraction;144
7.8.4;4.7.4 Raman Spectroscopy as a Nanometrology Tool;144
7.9;4.8 The Challenge for Nanometrology;145
7.10;4.9 Conclusion;146
7.11;Acknowledgments;147
7.12;References;147
8;5 Terahertz Devices and Systems for the Spectroscopic Analysis of Biomolecules---``Complexity Great and Small'';154
8.1;Abstract;154
8.2;5.1 Introduction;154
8.3;5.2 THz Time Domain Spectroscopy;155
8.4;5.3 Small Complexity---Simple Polar Liquids;157
8.5;5.4 Great Complexity---Proteins;161
8.6;5.5 Conclusions;170
8.7;References;170
9;6 Recent Progress in XAFS Study for Semiconducting Thin Films;172
9.1;Abstract;172
9.2;6.1 Introduction;172
9.3;6.2 XAFS Spectroscopy: Basic Theory and Measurements;173
9.3.1;6.2.1 Basic Theory of XAFS;173
9.3.2;6.2.2 Measurements of XAFS;177
9.4;6.3 Application to Semiconducting Thin Films;178
9.4.1;6.3.1 c-Plane InGaN SQWs;178
9.4.2;6.3.2 c-Plane InGaN MQW;181
9.4.3;6.3.3 m-Plane InGaN Thin Film;182
9.4.4;6.3.4 m-Plane AlGaN Thin Films;184
9.4.5;6.3.5 c-Plane MgZnO Thin Film;187
9.5;6.4 Summary;191
9.6;Acknowledgments;191
9.7;References;191
10;7 Pulsed-Laser Generation of Nanostructures;193
10.1;Abstract;193
10.2;7.1 Introduction;193
10.3;7.2 Self-formation of Nanostructures Through Pulsed-Laser Ablation;194
10.4;7.3 Formation of Nanoscale Patterns by Femtosecond Laser Ablation;195
10.4.1;7.3.1 General Principles;195
10.4.2;7.3.2 Femtosecond Laser Nanomachining on Thin Films with Bessel Beams;197
10.4.3;7.3.3 Experimental Results;199
10.5;7.4 Conclusions;200
10.6;References;201
11;8 Graphene for Silicon Microelectronics: Ab Initio Modeling of Graphene Nucleation and Growth;203
11.1;Abstract;203
11.2;8.1 Introduction;203
11.3;8.2 Approach;205
11.4;8.3 Carbon on Graphene;206
11.5;8.4 Silicon on Graphene;208
11.6;8.5 Carbon on h-BN;210
11.7;8.6 Carbon on Mica;212
11.8;8.7 Graphene Base Transistor;216
11.9;8.8 Carbon on Germanium;218
11.10;8.9 Summary and Conclusions;223
11.11;Acknowledgments;224
11.12;References;224
12;9 Recent Progress on Nonlocal Graphene/Surface Plasmons;226
12.1;Abstract;226
12.2;9.1 Introduction;227
12.3;9.2 Nonlocal Dielectric Response of a Slab Plasma;227
12.4;9.3 2D Plasma Coulomb-Coupled with a Slab Plasma;235
12.5;9.4 Numerical Results for Plasmon Dispersion: Graphene Layers Interacting with Semi-infinite Conductor;238
12.6;9.5 Experimental Studies on Epitaxial Graphene;242
12.7;9.6 Influence of Adsorbed and Intercalated Atoms;248
12.8;9.7 Concluding Remarks;250
12.9;Acknowledgments;250
12.10;Appendix 1: Dynamic Nonlocal Polarization Function for Free-Standing Graphene with no Bandgap; Brief Summary of the Results Derived in [19, 20];250
12.11;Appendix 2: Dynamic Nonlocal Polarization Function for Graphene with a Finite Energy Bandgap; Brief Summary of the Results Derived in [18];252
12.12;References;255
13;10 Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes: Properties, Characterization and Selected Applications;259
13.1;Abstract;259
13.2;10.1 Introduction to Carbon Nanotubes;259
13.3;10.2 CNTs Synthesis;264
13.4;10.3 Carbon Nanotubes Applications;266
13.4.1;10.3.1 Selected Applications of Semiconducting CNTs;266
13.4.2;10.3.2 CNTs for Photovoltaic Applications;267
13.4.3;10.3.3 CNT Interaction with Gases: From Surface Chemistry to Devices;270
13.5;References;277
14;11 Effects of Charging and Perpendicular Electric Field on Graphene Oxide;280
14.1;Abstract;280
14.2;11.1 Introduction;281
14.3;11.2 Methodolgy;281
14.4;11.3 Theoretical Investigations of Charged Nanosystems;282
14.5;11.4 Interaction of H2O, OH, O and H with Graphene;286
14.5.1;11.4.1 Binding of H2O to Graphene;286
14.5.2;11.4.2 Binding of OH to Graphene;286
14.5.3;11.4.3 Binding of O to Graphene;288
14.5.4;11.4.4 Binding of H and H2 to Graphene;288
14.6;11.5 Effects of an Electric Field and Charging;289
14.6.1;11.5.1 Effects of an Electric Field and Charging on Adsorbed O;289
14.6.2;11.5.2 Effects of an Electric Field and Charging on Adsorbed OH;294
14.7;11.6 Desorption of Oxygen from GOX;297
14.7.1;11.6.1 Formation of Oxygen Molecule;297
14.7.2;11.6.2 Interaction Between Adsorbed H and O;299
14.7.3;11.6.3 Interaction Between Adsorbed H and OH;301
14.7.4;11.6.4 Interaction Between Two OH Co-Adsorbed in Close Proximity;303
14.8;11.7 Conclusion;305
14.9;Acknowledgments;306
14.10;References;307
15;12 Structural and Optical Properties of Tungsten Oxide Based Thin Films and Nanofibers;310
15.1;Abstract;310
15.2;12.1 Introduction;310
15.2.1;12.1.1 Amorphous and Crystalline Tungsten Oxide Based Nanomaterials;311
15.3;12.2 Tungsten Oxide Based Nanomaterials;314
15.3.1;12.2.1 Tungsten Oxide Based Thin Films and Mesoporous Thin Films;315
15.3.2;12.2.2 Tungsten Oxide Based Nanofibers and Nanowires;317
15.3.2.1;12.2.2.1 Tungsten Oxide Fibers with Metallic Tungsten Precursor;318
15.3.2.2;12.2.2.2 Tungsten Oxide Fibers with Tungsten Hexachloride Precursor;320
15.4;12.3 Chromogenic Properties and Applications of Tungsten Oxide;322
15.4.1;12.3.1 Electrochromic Properties of Tungsten Oxide Films;322
15.4.2;12.3.2 Coloration Phenomena in WO3;324
15.5;12.4 Conclusions;324
15.6;References;324
16;13 Electron Accumulation in InN Thin Films and Nanowires;327
16.1;Abstract;327
16.2;13.1 Introduction;327
16.3;13.2 Fermi Level Pinning;329
16.4;13.3 Surface Electron Accumulation in InN Thin Films;330
16.5;13.4 Surface Charge Accumulation on InN NWs;335
16.6;13.5 Control of Surface Electron Accumulation in InN Nanowires;338
16.7;13.6 Conclusions;341
16.8;Acknowledgments;341
16.9;References;342
17;14 Optical and Structural Properties of Quantum Dots;345
17.1;Abstract;345
17.2;14.1 Introduction;346
17.3;14.2 CdSexS12212x Nanocrystals;346
17.4;14.3 Investigation of Raman Spectroscopy for CdTe Thin Film;347
17.4.1;14.3.1 Experimental Details;347
17.4.2;14.3.2 Modelling;348
17.4.3;14.3.3 Discussion;348
17.4.4;14.3.4 Importance of the Subject;349
17.4.5;14.3.5 Section Summary;349
17.5;14.4 Steady State Photoluminescence Spectroscopy;350
17.6;14.5 The Progression of Strain and Micro-electric Field Dependent Urbach Energy with Deposition Time in Chemical Bath Deposited CdS Thin Films;353
17.6.1;14.5.1 Experimental;353
17.6.1.1;14.5.1.1 Sample Preparation;353
17.6.1.2;14.5.1.2 Optical Absorption;354
17.6.1.3;14.5.1.3 SEM and EDS;355
17.6.1.4;14.5.1.4 XRD;357
17.6.1.5;14.5.1.5 Raman Spectroscopy;358
17.6.2;14.5.2 Modeling of the Urbach Tail;359
17.6.3;14.5.3 The Progression of Strain with Deposition Time;361
17.6.4;14.5.4 Section Conclusion;363
17.7;14.6 In Situ Low Temperature Optical Absorption Spectroscopy;364
17.8;Acknowledgements;365
17.9;References;365
18;15 One-Dimensional Nano-structured Solar Cells;369
18.1;Abstract;369
18.2;15.1 Introduction;370
18.3;15.2 One-Dimensional Nanostructures Based Solar Cell Architectures;370
18.4;15.3 Synthesis of One-Dimensional Nanostructures;373
18.4.1;15.3.1 Solution-Based Synthesis of 1-D Nanostructures;374
18.4.2;15.3.2 Vapor Phase-Based Synthesis of 1-D Nanostructures;377
18.4.2.1;15.3.2.1 Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS) Mechanism;377
18.4.2.2;15.3.2.2 Vapor-Solid (VS) Mechanism;379
18.5;15.4 Common Materials for 1-D Nano-Structured Solar Cells;379
18.5.1;15.4.1 Silicon;380
18.5.1.1;15.4.1.1 n-Si-NWs/p-AGIS Nanowires Embedded in a Thin Film Type Solar Cell;380
18.5.1.2;15.4.1.2 Si-NWs/PCBM Structured Hybrid Solar Cell;386
18.5.2;15.4.2 Zinc-Oxide;389
18.5.2.1;15.4.2.1 n-ZnO NWs/p-AGIS Heterojunction Based Thin Film Solar Cells;389
18.5.3;15.4.3 Titanium-Dioxide;394
18.5.3.1;15.4.3.1 n-TiO2/p-CdTe Core-Shell Structured Solar Cells;395
18.5.4;15.4.4 Carbon;398
18.5.4.1;15.4.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes;399
18.5.4.1.1;CNTs as Photoanode Material in DSCs;402
18.5.4.1.2;CNTs as Counter Electrode Material in DSCs;405
18.6;15.5 Summary and Future Outlook;407
18.7;References;409
19;16 Computational Studies of Bismuth-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanowires;419
19.1;Abstract;419
19.2;16.1 Introduction;419
19.3;16.2 Computational Modeling;421
19.3.1;16.2.1 Supercell Approach;421
19.3.2;16.2.2 Defect Calculations;422
19.3.3;16.2.3 Density- and Hybrid-Functional+U Calculations;426
19.3.4;16.2.4 Computational Settings;429
19.4;16.3 Structure and Energetics of ZnO Nanowires;430
19.5;16.4 Defect Energetics and Transition Levels in ZnO:Bi Nanowire;432
19.6;Acknowledgments;437
19.7;References;437
20;17 Mixed-Phase TiO2 Nanomaterials as Efficient Photocatalysts;440
20.1;Abstract;440
20.2;17.1 Introduction;441
20.3;17.2 Phases of TiO2;442
20.3.1;17.2.1 Structure Properties of Rutile, Anatase and Brookite;442
20.3.2;17.2.2 Stability and Phase Transformation;443
20.3.3;17.2.3 Photocatalytic Activity of Rutile, Anatase and Brookite;444
20.4;17.3 Synthesis of Mixed-Phase TiO2 Photocatalysts;446
20.4.1;17.3.1 Hydrothermal Method and Solvothermal Method;446
20.4.2;17.3.2 Microemulsion-mediated Solvothermal Method;451
20.4.3;17.3.3 Sol-Gel Method;453
20.4.4;17.3.4 Solvent Mixing and Calcination Method;454
20.4.5;17.3.5 High-Temperature Calcination Method;455
20.5;17.4 Applications of Mixed-Phase TiO2 in Photocatalysis;458
20.5.1;17.4.1 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production;458
20.5.2;17.4.2 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 with Water on Mixed-Phase TiO2;461
20.5.3;17.4.3 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants on Mixed-Phase TiO2;463
20.6;17.5 Mechanism of the Enhanced Photocatalytic Activities by the Mixed-Phase TiO2 Photocatalysis;468
20.7;17.6 Conclusion and Outlook;473
20.8;References;474
21;18 Electrochemical Impedance Study on Poly(Alkylenedioxy)Thiophene Nanostructures: Solvent and Potential Effect;478
21.1;Abstract;478
21.2;18.1 Introduction;478
21.3;18.2 Experimental Details;481
21.3.1;18.2.1 Chemicals;481
21.3.2;18.2.2 Preparation of Carbon Fiber Microelectrode (CFME);481
21.3.3;18.2.3 Apparatus and Procedure;481
21.4;18.3 Results and Discussion;482
21.4.1;18.3.1 Electropolymerization of ProDOT-Me2 on CFME;482
21.4.2;18.3.2 FTIR-ATR Characterisation of PProDOT-Me2 Film on CFME;483
21.4.3;18.3.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy;484
21.4.4;18.3.4 Potential Effect on EIS of PProDOT-Me2/CFME Coated Electrode;485
21.4.5;18.3.5 Electrolyte and Solvent Effects on ProDOT-Me2 Coated CFMEs;486
21.4.6;18.3.6 Electrical Equivalent Circuit Modeling;489
21.4.7;18.3.7 Morphology of Nanoporous and Compact Conductive Polymer Coatings on Carbon Fiber;491
21.5;18.4 Conclusion;491
21.6;References;491
22;19 Application of Nanoporous Zeolites for the Removal of Ammonium from Wastewaters: A Review;494
22.1;Abstract;494
22.2;19.1 Introduction;494
22.3;19.2 Methodology;497
22.3.1;19.2.1 Batch Adsorption Studies;497
22.3.1.1;19.2.1.1 Equilibrium Isotherms;497
22.3.1.2;19.2.1.2 Kinetics and Thermodynamics;498
22.3.2;19.2.2 Column Adsorption Studies;499
22.3.2.1;19.2.2.1 Column Design Parameters;499
22.3.2.2;19.2.2.2 Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) Model;500
22.3.3;19.2.3 Modification of Zeolite;501
22.3.4;19.2.4 Synthesized Zeolites;502
22.3.5;19.2.5 Regeneration;504
22.4;19.3 Nanoporous Zeolites for Ammonium Removal from Wastewaters;505
22.4.1;19.3.1 Ammonium Adsorption Capacities and Other Parameters for Zeolites in the Batch Systems;505
22.4.2;19.3.2 Ammonium Removal from Wastewaters in the Batch and Column Systems;512
22.4.3;19.3.3 Ammonium Removal from Wastewaters in the Fixed Bed Systems;514
22.4.4;19.3.4 Ammonium Removal for Wastewater Treatment Systems Combined with Zeolites;515
22.5;19.4 Conclusions;518
22.6;References;518
23;20 Synthesis and Biological Applications of Quantum Dots;522
23.1;Abstract;522
23.2;20.1 Introduction;522
23.3;20.2 Synthesis of CdSe and CdSe/ZnS QDs;523
23.4;20.3 Design of CdSe and CdSe/ZnS QDs for Biological Applications;525
23.4.1;20.3.1 Ligand Exchange Process;526
23.4.2;20.3.2 Silanization Process;526
23.4.3;20.3.3 Amphiphilic Molecules;527
23.4.4;20.3.4 PEG and Phospholipid Micelle;528
23.4.5;20.3.5 Biomacromolecules;529
23.5;20.4 Biological Applications of QDs;531
23.5.1;20.4.1 In Vitro Targeting with Antibody Conjugation;532
23.5.2;20.4.2 In Vitro Targeting with Peptide Conjugation;534
23.5.3;20.4.3 In Vitro Targeting with Small Molecule Conjugation;535
23.5.4;20.4.4 In Vivo Applications of QDs;537
23.5.5;20.4.5 In Vivo Vascular Imaging;539
23.5.6;20.4.6 Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Based Applications;540
23.6;20.5 Conclusions;542
23.7;Acknowledgments;543
23.8;References;543
24;21 Bionanotechnology: Lessons from Nature for Better Material Properties;552
24.1;Abstract;552
24.2;21.1 Introduction;552
24.3;21.2 Biomineralization;553
24.4;21.3 Biomimetic Proteins: Receptors, Catalysts, Channels;555
24.5;21.4 Optics/Biophotonics;556
24.6;21.5 Natural Adhesives;557
24.7;21.6 Biointerfaces;558
24.7.1;21.6.1 Self-cleaning Surfaces;559
24.7.2;21.6.2 Bioinspired Interfaces for Better Biocompatibility;560
24.8;21.7 Biomimetic Membranes;561
24.8.1;21.7.1 Cell Membrane Mimics;561
24.8.2;21.7.2 Membranes for Water Treatment;563
24.9;21.8 Hints from Nature for Endurance;563
24.10;21.9 Conclusions;565
24.11;References;566
25;22 Quantum Dots in Bionanotechnology and Medical Sciences: Power of the Small;571
25.1;Abstract;571
25.2;22.1 Introduction;571
25.3;22.2 Types and Characteristics of QDs;572
25.4;22.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of QDs;573
25.5;22.4 Synthesis of QDs;574
25.6;22.5 Toxicity;575
25.7;22.6 Surface Modification and Functionalization;576
25.7.1;22.6.1 Surface Coatings to Minimize Hydrodynamic Size;577
25.8;22.7 Biocompatibility in QDs (Bioconjugation);578
25.9;22.8 Next Generation QDs (Silica, Carbon, Metal Nanocluster);580
25.9.1;22.8.1 Metal Nanoclusters;580
25.9.2;22.8.2 Carbon Dots (C-Dots/GQDs);580
25.9.3;22.8.3 Silicon Dots (Si QDs);581
25.10;22.9 Applications of QDs in Bionanotechnology and Nanomedicine;581
25.10.1;22.9.1 Cell Labeling;581
25.10.2;22.9.2 In Vitro Imaging;582
25.10.2.1;22.9.2.1 FRET, QDs Used as Energy Donors;582
25.10.2.2;22.9.2.2 FRET QDs Used as Acceptors;582
25.10.2.3;22.9.2.3 CRET or BRET Using QDs as Acceptors;583
25.10.2.4;22.9.2.4 NSET Using QDs as Donors;583
25.10.2.5;22.9.2.5 CT Using QDs as Donors or Acceptors;583
25.10.3;22.9.3 In Vivo Imaging;584
25.10.3.1;22.9.3.1 Peptide-Conjugated QDs;584
25.10.3.2;22.9.3.2 Antibody Conjugated QDs;585
25.10.3.3;22.9.3.3 Ligand Conjugated QDs;585
25.10.3.4;22.9.3.4 High-Affinity Fusion Tag Targeting Approaches;585
25.10.3.5;22.9.3.5 Nonspecific Binding;586
25.11;22.10 Dual-Modality Imaging with QDs;587
25.11.1;22.10.1 Fluorescence/MRI;587
25.11.2;22.10.2 Fluorescence/CT;587
25.11.3;22.10.3 Fluorescence/PET;588
25.12;22.11 Conclusions;588
25.13;Acknowledgments;589
25.14;References;589
26;23 Nanomedicine;595
26.1;Abstract;595
26.2;23.1 Introduction;595
26.3;23.2 Nanopharmaceuticals;597
26.4;23.3 Diagnostic and Theranostic Nanomedicine;599
26.5;23.4 Ethics and Regulation;600
26.6;23.5 Conclusion;601
26.7;References;602
27;24 Microfluidics and Its Applications in Bionanotechnology;604
27.1;Abstract;604
27.2;24.1 Introduction to Bionanotechnology and Microfluidics;604
27.3;24.2 Microfluidic PCR Applications;607
27.4;24.3 Microfluidic DNA Microarray Systems;609
27.5;24.4 Microfluidic Applications in Electrophoresis;610
27.6;24.5 Microfluidic Bioreactors;612
27.7;24.6 Monitoring Microbial Behaviour by Microfluidics;614
27.8;24.7 The Use and Potential of Microfluidics in Microbial Strain Development;615
27.9;24.8 Microfluidic Applications in Single Cell Studies;617
27.10;24.9 Conclusions;617
27.11;Acknowledgments;618
27.12;References;618
28;25 Non-Markovian Dynamics of Qubit Systems: Quantum-State Diffusion Equations Versus Master Equations;623
28.1;Abstract;623
28.2;25.1 Introduction;623
28.3;25.2 Non-Markovian Quantum-State Diffusion Approach;624
28.4;25.3 Non-Markovian Master Equation Approach;629
28.5;25.4 Multiple-Qubit Systems;631
28.5.1;25.4.1 Two-Qubit Systems;633
28.5.2;25.4.2 Three-Qubit Systems;637
28.5.3;25.4.3 A Note on General N-Qubit Systems;641
28.6;25.5 Conclusion;642
28.7;Appendix 1;642
28.8;Appendix 2;644
28.9;Appendix 3;646
28.10;References;647
29;26 Computing with Emerging Nanotechnologies;649
29.1;Abstract;649
29.2;26.1 Introduction;649
29.3;26.2 Computing with Nano-crossbar Arrays;650
29.3.1;26.2.1 Implementing Boolean Logic Functions;652
29.3.1.1;26.2.1.1 Two-Terminal Switch Based Methodologies;653
29.3.1.2;26.2.1.2 Four-Terminal Switch Based Methodology;654
29.3.2;26.2.2 Defect Tolerance;657
29.3.2.1;26.2.2.1 The Algorithm for Diode and CMOS Based Logic;658
29.3.2.2;26.2.2.2 Defect Tolerance for Four-Terminal Switch Based Logic;662
29.3.3;26.2.3 Simulation Results;663
29.4;26.3 Stochastic Computing;666
29.4.1;26.3.1 Reducing Error Rates;668
29.4.1.1;26.3.1.1 Random Bit Assigning Method;668
29.4.1.2;26.3.1.2 Random Bit Shuffling Method;669
29.4.1.2.1;RBSM--RBAM Comparison for p1 = 1/2, p2 = 1/2 Bit Streams;669
29.4.1.2.2;RBSM--RBAM Comparison While 64-Bit Inputs p1 and p2 Changing;669
29.4.2;26.3.2 Error Free Stochastic Computing;671
29.4.2.1;26.3.2.1 Realizing Error Free Multiplication with 0.5;671
29.4.2.2;26.3.2.2 Generating Any Probability Value Without an Error;672
29.5;26.4 Conclusions;673
29.6;Acknowledgments;673
29.7;References;673
30;Index;675