E-Book, Englisch, Band 53, 781 Seiten
E-Book, Englisch, Band 53, 781 Seiten
Reihe: Mouton Grammar Library [MGL]ISSN
ISBN: 978-3-11-023877-8
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Zielgruppe
Typologists, Linguists interested in Austronesian Languages, Anthropologists, Researchers with an Interest in Endangered Language Documentation
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
Preface Acknowledgements Contents List of tables and figures List of maps and photos List of abbreviations and symbols Chapter 1. The language and ist speakers Chapter 2. Phonology Chapter 3. Word classes and morphology Chapter 4. Syntax Texts References Index of subjects Index of languages Index of names
1;Preface;6
2;Acknowledgements;8
3;Contents;10
4;List of tables and figures;20
5;List of maps and photos;22
6;List of abbreviations and symbols;23
7;Chapter 1: The language and its speakers;32
7.1;1.1. Linguistic type;32
7.2;1.2. Names of the language and people;33
7.3;1.3. Dialects;34
7.4;1.4. Territory and neighbouring languages;35
7.4.1;1.4.1. Territory;35
7.4.2;1.4.2. Neighbouring languages and their classification;37
7.4.2.1;1.4.2.1. Proposed classifications;37
7.4.2.2;1.4.2.2. Studies on the neighbouring languages;37
7.4.2.3;1.4.2.3. Warrongo, Gugu-Badhun and Gujal as a linguistic unity;39
7.4.2.4;1.4.2.4. Problems with the proposed classifications;41
7.5;1.5. Environmental and socio-cultural background;45
7.5.1;1.5.1. Environmental setting;45
7.5.2;1.5.2. Archaeological and anthropological accounts;46
7.5.3;1.5.3. Mythology;46
7.5.4;1.5.4. Names of groups, individuals, and places;50
7.5.4.1;1.5.4.1. Names of groups;50
7.5.4.2;1.5.4.2. Names of individuals;52
7.5.4.3;1.5.4.3. Names of places;53
7.5.5;1.5.5. Sections and totems;56
7.5.6;1.5.6. Marriage rules;58
7.5.7;1.5.7. Kinship system;59
7.5.8;1.5.8. Other topics;63
7.6;1.6. Special styles of speech and songs;64
7.6.1;1.6.1. Jalngoy: the avoidance style of speech;64
7.6.2;1.6.2. Songs;65
7.6.3;1.6.3. Curses and expressions for abuse;68
7.7;1.7. Post-contact history;69
7.8;1.8. Studies on the Warrongo language;71
7.8.1;1.8.1. Introductory notes;71
7.8.2;1.8.2. Early studies on Warrongo;71
7.8.3;1.8.3. Modern studies on Warrongo;72
7.8.4;1.8.4. Speakers interviewed for the present study;74
7.8.4.1;1.8.4.1. Alf Palmer (Warrongo name: Jinbilnggay);74
7.8.4.2;1.8.4.2. Alec Collins (Warrongo name: Wolngarra);78
7.8.4.3;1.8.4.3. Other speakers;79
7.9;1.9. Present-day situation;82
8;Chapter 2: Phonology;84
8.1;2.1. Phonemes and their realizations;84
8.1.1;2.1.1. Phoneme inventory;84
8.1.2;2.1.2. Minimal pairs/sets;86
8.1.3;2.1.3. Allophones of consonants and semivowels;90
8.1.3.1;2.1.3.1. Nasals, rhotics, lateral, and semivowels;90
8.1.3.2;2.1.3.2. Stops;91
8.1.3.2.1;2.1.3.2.1. Stop voicing (1): in terms of places of articulation;91
8.1.3.2.2;2.1.3.2.2. Stop voicing (2): in the word-initial position;92
8.1.3.2.3;2.1.3.2.3. Stop voicing (3): in the second syllable;96
8.1.3.2.4;2.1.3.2.4. Stop voicing (4): effect of C2 nasal on C1 stop;98
8.1.3.2.5;2.1.3.2.5. Stop voicing (5): effect of V1 on C1 stop, and of V2 on C2 stop;99
8.1.3.2.6;2.1.3.2.6. Stop voicing (6): in consonant clusters;102
8.1.3.2.7;2.1.3.2.7. Stop voicing (7): concluding remarks;105
8.1.4;2.1.4. Allophones of vowels;106
8.1.4.1;2.1.4.1. /a/;106
8.1.4.2;2.1.4.2. /u/;107
8.1.4.3;2.1.4.3. /i/;107
8.1.4.4;2.1.4.4. /i/ and /u/;111
8.1.5;2.1.5. Problems with /j/ and /w/;115
8.1.5.1;2.1.5.1. /j /;115
8.1.5.1.1;2.1.5.1.1. Introductory notes;115
8.1.5.1.2;2.1.5.1.2. Allophones of /ji/;115
8.1.5.1.3;2.1.5.1.3. Allophones of /j/ that is not followed by a vowel;119
8.1.5.2;2.1.5.2. /w/;123
8.2;2.2. Phonotactics;125
8.2.1;2.2.1. Structure of words;125
8.2.2;2.2.2. Characterization of enclitics;126
8.2.3;2.2.3. Syllable structure of roots, suffixes, enclitics, and words;128
8.2.3.1;2.2.3.1. Syllable structure of roots;128
8.2.3.2;2.2.3.2. Syllable structure of suffixes and enclitics;130
8.2.3.3;2.2.3.3. Syllable structure of words;131
8.2.4;2.2.4. Syllable types in roots, suffixes, enclitics, and words;132
8.2.5;2.2.5. Distribution of consonants and semivowels;136
8.2.5.1;2.2.5.1. Consonants and semivowels in roots;136
8.2.5.2;2.2.5.2. Consonants and semivowels in suffixes;138
8.2.5.3;2.2.5.3. Consonants and semivowels in enclitics;139
8.2.5.4;2.2.5.4. Consonants and semivowels in words;139
8.2.6;2.2.6. Consonant clusters;139
8.2.6.1;2.2.6.1. Intra-root consonant clusters;139
8.2.6.2;2.2.6.2. Inter-morphemic consonant clusters;143
8.2.6.3;2.2.6.3. Comparison and analysis of intra-root and inter-morphemic consonant clusters;145
8.2.7;2.2.7. Syllables: onset and coda;150
8.3;2.3. Statistics;152
8.3.1;2.3.1. Statistics (1): dictionary count;152
8.3.2;2.3.2. Statistics (2): text count;154
8.4;2.4. Alternation between phonemes;155
8.5;2.5. Natural classes;159
8.6;2.6. ‘Phonological processes’;161
8.7;2.7. Stress;164
8.8;2.8. Pitch;172
8.9;2.9. Connected speech;173
8.9.1;2.9.1. Intonation;173
8.9.2;2.9.2. Other phenomena;176
8.10;2.10. Careful speech;178
8.10.1;2.10.1. Deletion of a phoneme;178
8.10.2;2.10.2. Isolation of suffixes;180
8.11;2.11. Women’s pronunciation (?);181
8.12;2.12. Ideophones;182
8.13;2.13. Adaptation of foreign words;183
8.13.1;2.13.1. Words from other Australian languages;183
8.13.2;2.13.2. Words from English;183
8.14;2.14. Practical orthography;186
9;Chapter 3: Word classes and morphology;187
9.1;3.1. Word classes;187
9.1.1;3.1.1. Outline of word classes;187
9.1.2;3.1.2. Additional comments on individual word classes;188
9.2;3.2. Noun morphology (1): case inflection;195
9.2.1;3.2.1. Case inflection of nouns and three demonstrative words;195
9.2.1.1;3.2.1.1. Regular nouns;196
9.2.1.2;3.2.1.2. Vowel-final proper and kin nouns;200
9.2.1.3;3.2.1.3. Irregular nouns;202
9.2.1.4;3.2.1.4. Ngani ‘what’,yarro ‘this, here’, ngona ‘that, there’, and ngoni ‘there, that’;204
9.3;3.3. Pronoun morphology;205
9.4;3.4. Adverb morphology (1): case inflection;207
9.4.1;3.4.1. Types of adverbs;207
9.4.2;3.4.2. Wanyja ‘where’;208
9.4.3;3.4.3. Comparison of adverbs and nouns: case inflection;209
9.5;3.5. Notes on case inflection;214
9.5.1;3.5.1. Silverstein‘s NP hierarchy;214
9.5.2;3.5.2. Genitive, comitative and ablative cases;215
9.5.3;3.5.3. Nouns with no case inflection (?);215
9.6;3.6. Meanings and functions of cases;216
9.6.1;3.6.1. Nominative case;216
9.6.2;3.6.2. Ergative and accusative cases;218
9.6.3;3.6.3. Locative case;221
9.6.4;3.6.4. Dative case;226
9.6.5;3.6.5. Genitive case;232
9.6.6;3.6.6. Ablative-2 case;236
9.6.7;3.6.7. Ablative-1 case;236
9.6.8;3.6.8. Comitative case;241
9.7;3.7. Noun morphology (2): derivation;253
9.7.1;3.7.1. Noun-stem-forming suffixes;253
9.7.2;3.7.2. Reduplication;269
9.7.3;3.7.3. Compounding;272
9.8;3.8. Adverb morphology (2): derivation;276
9.8.1;3.8.1. Adverb-stem-forming suffixes;276
9.8.2;3.8.2. Reduplication;282
9.8.3;3.8.3. Compounding;283
9.9;3.9. Verb morphology (1): introduction and inflection;284
9.9.1;3.9.1. Verb roots and transitivity;284
9.9.2;3.9.2. Verbalization, interrogative verbs, and demonstrative verbs;285
9.9.3;3.9.3. Conjugational classes;286
9.9.4;3.9.4. Verbal paradigms;290
9.9.4.1;3.9.4.1. Verbal paradigm (1): L-class, Y-class and ZERO-class;290
9.9.4.2;3.9.4.2. Verbal paradigm (2): derived stems;295
9.10;3.10. Meanings and functions of conjugational categories;297
9.10.1;3.10.1. Past;297
9.10.2;3.10.2. Nonfuture-1;298
9.10.3;3.10.3. Nonfuture-2;302
9.10.4;3.10.4. Nonfuture-3;305
9.10.5;3.10.5. Future;307
9.10.6;3.10.6. Comparative notes on tenses: past, present and future;308
9.10.7;3.10.7. Stative;308
9.10.8;3.10.8. General imperatives;309
9.10.9;3.10.9. Affirmative imperative;315
9.10.10;3.10.10. Negative imperative;316
9.10.11;3.10.11. Apprehensional;317
9.10.12;3.10.12. Four purposives;319
9.10.13;3.10.13. Purposive-1 and purposive-2;322
9.10.14;3.10.14. Purposive-3;327
9.10.15;3.10.15. Purposive-4;327
9.11;3.11. Verb morphology (2): derivation;329
9.11.1;3.11.1. Verb-stem-forming suffixes;329
9.11.1.1;3.11.1.1. -rra-(y)-mbi-L ‘(song style ?)’;329
9.11.1.2;3.11.1.2. -nda-Y ‘repeatedly’, ‘plural actors’;331
9.11.1.3;3.11.1.3. -ya-L ‘all’, ‘all the time’;332
9.11.1.4;3.11.1.4. -rV-L ‘plural’ (‘all’, ‘many’);332
9.11.1.5;3.11.1.5. -yi-? ‘future’;334
9.11.1.6;3.11.1.6. -l and -i;335
9.11.1.7;3.11.1.7. -rr and -i;342
9.11.2;3.11.2. Reduplication of verb roots;346
9.11.3;3.11.3. Compounding;347
10;Chapter 4: Syntax;349
10.1;4.1. Introductory notes;349
10.2;4.2. Types of sentences;349
10.2.1;4.2.1. Sentence types (1): declarative, imperative, interrogative, and exclamatory sentences;349
10.2.1.1;4.2.1.1. Imperative sentences;349
10.2.1.2;4.2.1.2. Interrogative sentences;351
10.2.1.3;4.2.1.3. Exclamatory and declarative sentences;355
10.2.2;4.2.2. Sentence types (2): affirmative and negative sentences;355
10.2.3;4.2.3. Sentence types (3): simple and complex sentences;355
10.3;4.3. Types of clauses;356
10.3.1;4.3.1. Clause types (1): intransitive and transitive clauses;356
10.3.2;4.3.2. Clause types (2): basic and derived clauses;357
10.3.3;4.3.3. Clause types (3): in terms of valency;357
10.3.3.1;4.3.3.1. Introductory notes;357
10.3.3.2;4.3.3.2. Three-place clauses;358
10.3.3.3;4.3.3.3. Two-place clauses;367
10.3.3.4;4.3.3.4. One-place clauses;368
10.4;4.4. Constituents of clauses;369
10.5;4.5. Types of phrases;371
10.5.1;4.5.1. Introductory notes;371
10.5.2;4.5.2. Noun phrases;372
10.5.2.1;4.5.2.1. Non-configurational NPs;373
10.5.2.1.1;4.5.2.1.1. Constituents of non-configurational NPs;373
10.5.2.1.2;4.5.2.1.2. Types of non-configurational NPs;373
10.5.2.1.3;4.5.2.1.3. Order of the constituents of non-configurational NPs;378
10.5.2.1.4;4.5.2.1.4. Additional remarks on non-configurational NPs;382
10.5.2.2;4.5.2.2. Configurational NPs;383
10.5.2.2.1;4.5.2.2.1. Genitive in NPs;384
10.5.2.2.2;4.5.2.2.2. ‘One’s camp’ (1);385
10.5.2.2.3;4.5.2.2.3. ‘One’s camp’ (2);386
10.5.2.2.4;4.5.2.2.4. ‘One’s own camp’;389
10.5.2.2.5;4.5.2.2.5. ‘One’s/this camp’;392
10.5.2.2.6;4.5.2.2.6. ‘His/her father’;392
10.5.2.2.7;4.5.2.2.7. Additional examples;394
10.5.2.2.8;4.5.2.2.8. Discussion and summary of configurational NPs;395
10.5.3;4.5.3. Adverb phrases;396
10.5.4;4.5.4. Verb phrases;397
10.5.4.1;4.5.4.1. Verb phrases consisting of two verbs;398
10.5.4.2;4.5.4.2. Verb phrases consisting of a verb and a noun or adverb;401
10.6;4.6. Order of constituents;403
10.6.1;4.6.1. Constituent order in words;403
10.6.2;4.6.2. Constituent order in phrases;405
10.6.3;4.6.3. Constituent order in clauses;405
10.6.3.1;4.6.3.1. Introductory notes;405
10.6.3.2;4.6.3.2. Constituent order in those independent clauses and main clauses which are used as affirmative declarative sentences;406
10.6.3.3;4.6.3.3. Constituent order in those independent clauses and main clauses which are used as imperative sentences;411
10.6.4;4.6.4. Constituent order in sentences;413
10.7;4.7. Verb formation: -bi-L ‘INTR’, -nga-L ‘TR’, and -(m)ba-L ‘TR’;414
10.7.1;4.7.1. Intransitive-stem-forming suffix -bi-L ‘be, become’ (state, change/inchoation);415
10.7.2;4.7.2. Transitive-stem-forming suffix -nga-L ‘make’, etc. (causation, creation, etc.);422
10.7.3;4.7.3. Transitive-stem-forming suffix -(m)ba-L;439
10.8;4.8. Complex sentences involving purposive subordination;443
10.8.1;4.8.1. Introductory notes;443
10.8.2;4.8.2. Combination of clauses;444
10.8.3;4.8.3. Coreference and syntactic ergativity;445
10.8.4;4.8.4. Coreferential deletion in purposive subordination;446
10.8.5;4.8.5. More on purposive subordination;453
10.9;4.9. Antipassive construction;458
10.9.1;4.9.1. Case frames and verbal morphology;458
10.9.2;4.9.2. Transitivity;461
10.9.3;4.9.3. Coreference: antipassives and syntactic ergativity;462
10.9.4;4.9.4. Purposive subordination;463
10.9.4.1;4.9.4.1. Purposive subordination without an antipassive;463
10.9.4.2;4.9.4.2. Purposive subordination with an antipassive;464
10.9.5;4.9.5. Coordination and sentence-sequence;469
10.9.6;4.9.6. Summary of coreference;474
10.9.6.1;4.9.6.1. Comparison of purposive subordination, coordination, and sentence-sequence;474
10.9.6.2;4.9.6.2. Crosslinguistic comparison of syntactic ergativity;476
10.9.7;4.9.7. More on antipassives in purposive subordination;476
10.9.8;4.9.8. Behaviour of pronouns;483
10.9.8.1;4.9.8.1. Voice distinction;483
10.9.8.2;4.9.8.2. Coreferential deletion and retention;484
10.9.8.2.1;4.9.8.2.1. Performance errors;484
10.9.8.2.2;4.9.8.2.2. Deletion and retention;486
10.9.9;4.9.9. Case frames and semantics;490
10.9.9.1;4.9.9.1. Semantic types of antipassive verbs;490
10.9.9.2;4.9.9.2. Case of the undergoer NP;495
10.9.9.2.1;4.9.9.2.1. Introductory notes;495
10.9.9.2.2;4.9.9.2.2. Animacy of the undergoer in terms of Silverstein’s NP hierarchy;495
10.9.9.2.3;4.9.9.2.3. Affectedness of the undergoer in terms of verb semantics;498
10.9.9.2.4;4.9.9.2.4. Affectedness of the undergoer of action antipassives in terms of the conjugational category;500
10.9.9.3;4.9.9.3. Perception and knowledge antipassives;507
10.9.9.3.1;4.9.9.3.1. Semantics and case of the undergoer NP;507
10.9.9.3.2;4.9.9.3.2. Nyaga-L and nyaga-gali-ZERO ‘see, look at, etc.’;509
10.9.9.3.3;4.9.9.3.3. Nyaga~nyaga-L ‘look at, look after, mind, watch out’ and nyaga~nyaga-gali-ZERO ‘look at, watch out’;510
10.9.9.3.4;4.9.9.3.4. Jaymba-L ‘find’ and jaymba-gali-ZERO ‘find, search for’;511
10.9.9.3.5;4.9.9.3.5. Ngawa-L and ngawa-gali-ZERO ‘hear, listen to’ and ‘understand’;512
10.9.9.3.6;4.9.9.3.6. Additional observations on perception and knowledge antipassives;514
10.9.9.4;4.9.9.4. NOM-GEN and NOM-ACC for antipassives;514
10.9.9.5;4.9.9.5. Case frames of three-place antipassives;516
10.9.9.6;4.9.9.6. Case of NPs for instrument, location, and destination;522
10.9.9.6.1;4.9.9.6.1. Case of NPs for instrument;522
10.9.9.6.2;4.9.9.6.2. Case of NPs for location;527
10.9.9.6.3;4.9.9.6.3. Case of NPs for destination;528
10.9.9.6.4;4.9.9.6.4. Case of NPs: discussion;528
10.9.10;4.9.10. Aspectual and modal meanings;529
10.9.11;4.9.11. Pragmatics and discourse;533
10.9.11.1;4.9.11.1. Introductory notes;533
10.9.11.2;4.9.11.2. Continuous mentions of referents;533
10.9.11.3;4.9.11.3. Focus;536
10.10;4.10. Subordination with the enclitic =ngomay ‘after, if, because’;537
10.10.1;4.10.1. Introductory notes;537
10.10.2;4.10.2. Involving an intransitive verb or an adjective-like noun;538
10.10.3;4.10.3. Involving an antipassive verb;540
10.10.4;4.10.4. Involving a transitive verb;543
10.10.5;4.10.5. Discussion;544
10.11;4.11. Reflexive and middle constructions;546
10.11.1;4.11.1. Introductory notes;546
10.11.2;4.11.2. Vt-gali-ZERO ‘reflexive’ (AP);547
10.11.2.1;4.11.2.1. Vt-gali-ZERO ‘true reflexive’ (A&O : d-S) (AP);547
10.11.2.2;4.11.2.2. Vt-gali-ZERO ‘anticausative’ (O : d-S) (AP);554
10.11.3;4.11.3. Vt-li-ZERO ‘reflexive’ (AP, AC);555
10.11.3.1;4.11.3.1. Vt-li-ZERO ‘true reflexive’ (A&O : d-S) (AP, AC);556
10.11.3.2;4.11.3.2. Vt-li-ZERO ‘anticausative’ (O : d-S) (AP, AC);561
10.11.4;4.11.4. Vi-gali-ZERO and Noun-gali-ZERO ‘middle’ (AP);564
10.11.5;4.11.5. Vi-li-ZERO, Vi-l-Vi-li-ZERO, Noun-li-ZERO and Adverb-li-ZERO ‘middle’ (AP);566
10.12;4.12. Reciprocal construction;568
10.12.1;4.12.1. Introductory notes;568
10.12.2;4.12.2. Reciprocal verbs;569
10.12.3;4.12.3. Syntax;571
10.12.4;4.12.4. Semantics;577
10.12.4.1;4.12.4.1. Completely coreferential and partly coreferential;578
10.12.4.2;4.12.4.2. Simultaneous and alternate;579
10.12.5;4.12.5. Lexicalization;581
10.12.5.1;4.12.5.1. Reciprocals with a singular d-S;581
10.12.5.2;4.12.5.2. Higher frequency of reciprocal verbs;585
10.12.5.3;4.12.5.3. Idiom-like expressions;585
10.12.6;4.12.6. Non-reciprocal uses;586
10.12.6.1;4.12.6.1. Sociative ‘together’;586
10.12.6.2;4.12.6.2. Participating in a group action;587
10.12.6.3;4.12.6.3. Reflexive;588
10.12.6.4;4.12.6.4. Anticausative;589
10.12.7;4.12.7. Expressions of the d-S and the S;590
10.12.8;4.12.8. More on the semantics of reciprocals;590
10.12.9;4.12.9. More on the formation of reciprocal verbs;591
10.12.9.1;4.12.9.1. Morphological restrictions;591
10.12.9.2;4.12.9.2. Reciprocal verb based on a noun;592
10.12.9.3;4.12.9.3. Etymology;592
10.13;4.13. Iterative construction;593
10.13.1;4.13.1. Iterative verbs;593
10.13.2;4.13.2. Syntax;597
10.13.2.1;4.13.2.1. Intransitive-garra-Y;597
10.13.2.2;4.13.2.2. Transitive-garra-Y;598
10.13.3;4.13.3. Semantics;601
10.13.3.1;4.13.3.1. Aspectual meanings: the imperfective;601
10.13.3.2;4.13.3.2. Obligatory vs. non-obligatory use of -garra-Y;604
10.13.4;4.13.4. More on the formation of iterative verbs;606
10.13.4.1;4.13.4.1. Iterative verbs based on an adverb and a noun;606
10.13.4.2;4.13.4.2. -n-garra-n;606
10.14;4.14. Applicative construction;607
10.14.1;4.14.1. Introductory notes;607
10.14.2;4.14.2. Verbal locative construction: Vi-ri-L;607
10.14.2.1;4.14.2.1. Locative verbs;607
10.14.2.2;4.14.2.2. Case frames;609
10.14.2.3;4.14.2.3. Transitivity;612
10.14.2.4;4.14.2.4. Use;612
10.14.2.4.1;4.14.2.4.1. Frequency;612
10.14.2.4.2;4.14.2.4.2. Use in purposive subordination: syntactic ergativity;612
10.14.2.4.3;4.14.2.4.3. Lexicalized locative verbs;614
10.14.2.4.4;4.14.2.4.4. ‘ADJECTIVE to VERB’ construction;615
10.14.2.4.5;4.14.2.4.5. Word order: topic (?);615
10.14.2.5;4.14.2.5. Locative verbs with the causative meaning;616
10.14.3;4.14.3. Verbal instrumental construction: Vt-ri-L;617
10.14.3.1;4.14.3.1. Instrumental verbs;617
10.14.3.2;4.14.3.2. Case frames and valency;619
10.14.3.3;4.14.3.3. Use;621
10.14.3.3.1;4.14.3.3.1. Syntactic possibilities;621
10.14.3.3.2;4.14.3.3.2. Use in purposive subordination: syntactic ergativity;626
10.14.3.3.3;4.14.3.3.3. Lexicalized instrumental verbs;628
10.14.3.3.4;4.14.3.3.4. ‘X is for VERBing with’ construction;628
10.14.3.4;4.14.3.4. More on the morphology;629
10.14.3.5;4.14.3.5. Restrictions (?) on the use of instrumental verbs;629
10.14.3.5.1;4.14.3.5.1. Inflectional suffixes;629
10.14.3.5.2;4.14.3.5.2. Pronouns for the DAT;631
10.14.4;4.14.4. Restrictions on the use of applicative verbs;631
10.14.4.1;4.14.4.1. Derivational suffixes;631
10.14.4.2;4.14.4.2. Animacy of the A NP;632
10.14.4.3;4.14.4.3. Meaning of the ‘basic’ NP;632
10.15;4.15. Participial subordination;633
10.15.1;4.15.1. Participle-1 -nyo;633
10.15.1.1;4.15.1.1. Introductory notes;633
10.15.1.2;4.15.1.2. Participle-1 used in a subordinate clause;635
10.15.1.3;4.15.1.3. Participle-1 used in a simple sentence;638
10.15.2;4.15.2. Participle-2 -nji;639
10.15.2.1;4.15.2.1. Introductory notes;639
10.15.2.2;4.15.2.2. Participle-2 used in a subordinate clause;640
10.15.2.3;4.15.2.3. Participle -2 used in a simple sentence;642
10.15.2.4;4.15.2.4. Participle-2 used in songs;642
10.15.3;4.15.3. Participle-3 -njirra;643
10.16;4.16. Relative clause;644
10.17;4.17. Apprehensional construction ‘lest ... should’;645
10.17.1;4.17.1. Introductory notes;645
10.17.2;4.17.2. Comparison of apprehensional construction and purposive subordination;648
10.18;4.18. Subordination without any morphosyntactic marker;649
10.18.1;4.18.1. Emotion (1): ‘X is afraid that ...’;650
10.18.2;4.18.2. Emotion (2): ‘X is glad that ...’;652
10.18.3;4.18.3. Knowledge : ‘X knows that ...’;653
10.18.4;4.18.4. Perception: ‘X sees/hears Y doing ...’;653
10.18.5;4.18.5. Speech activity: ‘X tells/asks ...’;654
10.18.6;4.18.6. Condition ‘if’ and future time ‘when, while’;660
10.18.6.1;4.18.6.1. With a subordinate clause containing a verb;660
10.18.6.2;4.18.6.2. With a subordinate clause containing no verb;664
10.19;4.19. ‘And’, ‘but’ and ‘for’;665
10.20;4.20. Expression of possession and existence;667
10.20.1;4.20.1. Introductory notes;667
10.20.2;4.20.2. Possession cline;667
10.20.3;4.20.3. Genitive case;668
10.20.4;4.20.4. Dative, ablative-1, and comitative cases;673
10.20.5;4.20.5. Apposition of possessor/whole and possessee/part;675
10.20.5.1;4.20.5.1. Introductory notes;675
10.20.5.2;4.20.5.2. Apposition (1): accusative, ergative, dative, locative, and ablative-1 cases;676
10.20.5.3;4.20.5.3. Apposition (2): nominative;681
10.20.5.4;4.20.5.4. Apposition (3): discussion;688
10.20.6;4.20.6. X Y nyawa ‘NEG’: ‘X has no Y’, ‘There is no Y in X’;689
10.20.7;4.20.7. Subordination involving a body part noun;692
10.20.8;4.20.8. Transitive verb ganyji-L ‘carry’;695
10.21;4.21. Ngani ‘Whatsisname’;696
10.22;4.22. Sentence-topic word;700
10.23;4.23. Yamanyon ‘similar, like’: word and enclitic (?);702
10.24;4.24. Adverbs of modality and the like;704
10.25;4.25. Enclitics;713
10.26;4.26. Interjections;729
11;Texts;731
11.1;Text 1: An excerpt from Tape 72/26;731
11.2;Text 2: An excerpt from Tape 72/28;744
11.3;Text 3: An excerpt from Tape 72/23;750
12;References;754
13;Index of subjects;767
14;Index of languages;777
15;Index of names;779
