Trombulak / Baldwin Landscape-scale Conservation Planning

2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-9575-6
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 427 Seiten

Hugh P. Possingham Landscape-scale conservation planning is coming of age. In the last couple of decades, conservation practitioners, working at all levels of governance and all spatial scales, have embraced the CARE principles of conservation planning - Comprehensiveness, Adequacy, Representativeness, and Efficiency. Hundreds of papers have been written on this theme, and several different kinds of software program have been developed and used around the world, making conservation planning based on these principles global in its reach and influence. Does this mean that all the science of conservation planning is over - that the discovery phase has been replaced by an engineering phase as we move from defining the rules to implementing them in the landscape? This book and the continuing growth in the literature suggest that the answer to this question is most definitely 'no. ' All of applied conservation can be wrapped up into a single sentence: what should be done (the action), in what place, at what time, using what mechanism, and for what outcome (the objective). It all seems pretty simple - what, where, when, how and why. However stating a problem does not mean it is easy to solve.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Trombulak, Stephen C.

Baldwin, Robert

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Acknowledgments;7
3;Contents;9
4;Contributors;11
5;Chapter 1: Introduction: Creating a Context for Landscape-Scale Conservation Planning;15
5.1;1.1 Introduction;16
5.2;1.2 What Is a Landscape?;21
5.3;1.3 What Is ‘Planning’?;22
5.4;1.4 Case Studies for Conservation Planning;24
5.5;1.5 The Book in Context;24
5.6;References;27
6;Chapter 2: Identifying Keystone Threats to Biological Diversity;30
6.1;2.1 Introduction;31
6.2;2.2 What Is a Threat, and What Is Threatened?;31
6.3;2.3 What Are the Threats?;32
6.3.1;2.3.1 Change in Land Use/Land Cover;32
6.3.2;2.3.2 Pollutants;35
6.3.3;2.3.3 Invasive Species;36
6.3.4;2.3.4 Disease;37
6.3.5;2.3.5 Climate Change;37
6.4;2.4 Threat Assessment: an Ecoregional Example;38
6.4.1;2.4.1 Northern Appalachian/Acadian Ecoregion Threat Assessment;39
6.5;2.5 Lessons Learned;40
6.6;References;42
7;Chapter 3: Why History Matters in Conservation Planning;46
7.1;3.1 Introduction;47
7.2;3.2 Methods;48
7.3;3.3 Environmental History: A Modern-Day National Park Proposal in a Mostly Privately Owned Forest Landscape;49
7.3.1;3.3.1 Setting;50
7.3.2;3.3.2 Opportunity;51
7.3.3;3.3.3 Conflict;52
7.3.4;3.3.4 Context;53
7.4;3.4 Results and Discussion;56
7.4.1;3.4.1 Cultural Memory;56
7.4.2;3.4.2 Essentialized Images;58
7.4.3;3.4.3 Vernacular Conservation;60
7.5;3.5 Lessons Learned;61
7.6;References;63
8;Chapter 4: Developing Institutions to Overcome Governance Barriers to Ecoregional Conservation;66
8.1;4.1 Introduction;66
8.2;4.2 Ecoregional Conservation Planning;67
8.3;4.3 Ecoregional Conservation and Ecosystem Management;68
8.4;4.4 Fragmentation;69
8.5;4.5 The Emergence of Governance Through Ecoregional Institutions and Networks;70
8.6;4.6 Development of a Functioning Ecoregional Institution;71
8.7;4.7 Lessons Learned;74
8.8;References;76
9;Chapter 5: Changing Socio-economic Conditions for Private Woodland Protection;80
9.1;5.1 Introduction;81
9.2;5.2 Changing Human Impacts in the Northern Forest;82
9.2.1;5.2.1 Changing Patterns of Forest Ownership;83
9.2.2;5.2.2 Rising Development Pressures;85
9.3;5.3 The Rise of New England’s Land Conservation Movement;87
9.3.1;5.3.1 Early Land Conservation Efforts;87
9.3.2;5.3.2 The Public Sector’s Role in Land Conservation;88
9.3.3;5.3.3 The Rise of Conservation-Based Non-governmental Organizations;89
9.4;5.4 Emerging Issues;97
9.4.1;5.4.1 Increasing Ownership Fragmentation and Landscape Complexity;97
9.4.2;5.4.2 The Need for a Landscape-Level Perspective in Conservation;100
9.4.3;5.4.3 A Struggling Forest Products Sector;101
9.4.4;5.4.4 A Growing Call for Wood-Based Energy;102
9.4.5;5.4.5 Growing Economic Uncertainty;104
9.5;5.5 Lessons Learned;104
9.6;References;106
10;Chapter 6: Aquatic Conservation Planning at a Landscape Scale;112
10.1;6.1 Introduction;113
10.2;6.2 Attributes of Rivers and Streams in the Northeastern U.S.: Implications for Conservation;114
10.2.1;6.2.1 Terrestrial-Aquatic Linkages;114
10.2.2;6.2.2 Upstream–Downstream Linkages;116
10.2.3;6.2.3 Invasions, Extirpations, and Restorations in Aquatic Ecosystems;117
10.3;6.3 Aquatic Conservation Strategies in the Northeastern U.S.;119
10.3.1;6.3.1 Species-based Approaches to Aquatic Conservation;119
10.3.2;6.3.2 Process- and Services-based Approaches to Aquatic Conservation;120
10.4;6.4 Case Study: The Nature Conservancy’s Connecticut River Program;121
10.4.1;6.4.1 The Geographical and Cultural Context for Conservation of the Connecticut River;121
10.4.2;6.4.2 Project History;124
10.4.3;6.4.3 Current Program and Future Challenges;126
10.5;6.5 Lessons Learned;129
10.6;References;130
11;Chapter 7: From the Last of the Large to the Remnants of the Rare: Bird Conservation at an Ecoregional Scale;133
11.1;7.1 Introduction;133
11.2;7.2 Ecoregional Conservation Planning for Birds;135
11.3;7.3 The Benefits of Ecoregional Planning for Birds;139
11.4;7.4 Challenges;142
11.5;7.5 Case Study: Joint Ventures;144
11.6;7.6 Lessons Learned;145
11.7;References;146
12;Chapter 8: The Transboundary Nature of Seabird Ecology;150
12.1;8.1 Introduction;151
12.2;8.2 Seabirds: Taxa, Life-History Traits, and Foraging Ecology;153
12.3;8.3 Seabirds, Boundaries, and Scales;156
12.3.1;8.3.1 Breeding Habitats, Political Boundaries, and Ecological Boundaries;158
12.3.2;8.3.2 Ranges of Seabirds: from Bays to Oceans;160
12.3.3;8.3.3 The Transboundary Nature of Contaminants for Seabirds;163
12.3.4;8.3.4 Environmental Variability/Climate Forcing;166
12.3.5;8.3.5 Seabirds and Commercial Fisheries: Efforts to Reduce Bycatch Mortality;168
12.4;8.4 Lessons Learned;169
12.5;References;171
13;Chapter 9: Conservation Planning with Large Carnivores and Ungulates in Eastern North America: Learning from the Past to Plan for the Future;177
13.1;9.1 Introduction;178
13.2;9.2 Historical Trends and Limiting Factors;179
13.2.1;9.2.1 Caribou (Rangifer tarandus);179
13.2.2;9.2.2 Moose (Alces alces);180
13.2.3;9.2.3 White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus);182
13.2.4;9.2.4 Wolf (Canis lupus or lycaon);184
13.2.5;9.2.5 Coyote (Canis latrans);185
13.2.6;9.2.6 Black Bear (Ursus americanus);186
13.2.7;9.2.7 Wolverine (Gulo gulo);187
13.2.8;9.2.8 Cougar (Puma concolor);188
13.2.9;9.2.9 Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis);192
13.2.10;9.2.10 Bobcat (Lynx rufus);193
13.3;9.3 Learning from the Past to Plan for the Future;194
13.4;9.4 Planning for Ecoregional Conservation Through the Lens of Large Mammals;197
13.4.1;9.4.1 Large Mammals as Conservation Targets;198
13.4.2;9.4.2 Large Mammals as Conservation Tools;200
13.4.3;9.4.3 Other Considerations for Using Large Mammals in Conservation Planning;204
13.5;9.5 Lessons Learned;206
13.6;References;206
14;Chapter 10: Protecting Natural Resources on Private Lands: The Role of Collaboration in Land-Use Planning;215
14.1;10.1 Introduction;216
14.2;10.2 Traditional and Collaborative Planning in the United States;218
14.3;10.3 Rhetorical and Theoretical Benefits and Limits of Collaboration;219
14.3.1;10.3.1 Expected Outcomes;220
14.3.2;10.3.2 Critical Concerns;223
14.4;10.4 Evaluating Collaboration in Practice;224
14.4.1;10.4.1 Process Evaluation;225
14.4.2;10.4.2 Outcome Effects;225
14.5;10.5 Collaborative Management in Practice: The Vernal Pool Working Group;227
14.5.1;10.5.1 Ecology and Management of Vernal Pools in Maine;227
14.5.2;10.5.2 Origins of the Vernal Pool Working Group;229
14.5.3;10.5.3 Process;229
14.5.4;10.5.4 Outputs;230
14.5.5;10.5.5 Environmental and Social Outcomes;232
14.6;10.6 Lessons Learned;235
14.7;References;239
15;Chapter 11: Integrating Expert Judgment into Systematic Ecoregional Conservation Planning;244
15.1;11.1 Introduction;245
15.2;11.2 Methods;246
15.3;11.3 Integrating Expert Judgment in the Northern Appalachian/Acadian Ecoregion;246
15.3.1;11.3.1 Assessing Protected Area Potential in the Nova Forest Alliance Landbase in Nova Scotia;246
15.3.2;11.3.2 A Wildlands Network Design for the Greater Northern Appalachians;249
15.3.3;11.3.3 Delineating Conservation Planning Areas in the Northern Appalachian/Acadian Ecoregion;252
15.4;11.4 Discussion;256
15.5;11.5 Lessons Learned;261
15.6;References;262
16;Chapter 12: The GIS Challenges of Ecoregional Conservation Planning;265
16.1;12.1 Introduction;265
16.2;12.2 Building a GIS for Ecoregional Conservation Planning;267
16.2.1;12.2.1 Data;267
16.2.2;12.2.2 GIS Capacity;276
16.3;12.3 Distributing Outputs of Conservation Plans;279
16.3.1;12.3.1 Making GIS-Based Information Accessible;280
16.3.2;12.3.2 Developing a Web-Based Mapping Tool;280
16.3.3;12.3.3 Outreach and Training;283
16.4;12.4 Lessons Learned;284
16.5;References;285
17;Chapter 13: The Human Footprint as a Conservation Planning Tool;288
17.1;13.1 Introduction;289
17.2;13.2 The Human Footprint Methodology;289
17.3;13.3 The Current Human Footprint in the Northern Appalachian/Acadian Ecoregion;294
17.4;13.4 Future Human Footprints: Projecting Future Threats;298
17.5;13.5 Lessons Learned;304
17.6;References;305
18;Chapter 14: Assessing Irreplaceability for Systematic Conservation Planning;309
18.1;14.1 Introduction;310
18.2;14.2 The Theory of Systematic Conservation Planning;311
18.3;14.3 Irreplaceability in the Northern Appalachian/Acadian Ecoregion: Setting the Initial Parameters;316
18.3.1;14.3.1 Selecting Ecological Features;316
18.3.2;14.3.2 Selecting Conservation Targets;317
18.3.3;14.3.3 The Relative Importance Among Features;318
18.3.4;14.3.4 Locations, the Units of Planning;319
18.3.5;14.3.5 Spatial Cohesion Among Planning Units;321
18.3.6;14.3.6 Calculating Irreplaceability;321
18.4;14.4 Irreplaceability in the Northern Appalachian/Acadian Ecoregion: the Results;323
18.5;14.5 Lessons Learned;327
18.6;References;328
19;Chapter 15: Conservation Planning in a Changing Climate: Assessing the Impacts of Potential Range Shifts on a Reserve Network;331
19.1;15.1 Introduction;332
19.2;15.2 Climate Change;332
19.2.1;15.2.1 Projected Climate Change for the Northern Appalachian/Acadian Ecoregion;334
19.3;15.3 Climate Impacts;334
19.3.1;15.3.1 Projecting Potential Future Range Shifts;336
19.3.2;15.3.2 Projected Changes in Habitat Suitability for Tree Species in the Eastern United States;337
19.3.3;15.3.3 Projected Bird Species Range Shifts in the Eastern United States;338
19.3.4;15.3.4 Projected Mammal and Amphibian Range Shifts in North and South America;339
19.4;15.4 Implication of Range Shifts for the Northern Appalachian/Acadian Ecoregion;339
19.4.1;15.4.1 Trees and Birds of the Northern Appalachian/Acadian Ecoregion;341
19.4.2;15.4.2 Amphibians and Mammals of the Northern Appalachian/Acadian Ecoregion;344
19.5;15.5 Conservation Planning in a Changing Climate;347
19.5.1;15.5.1 Planning for the Abiotic Template;348
19.5.2;15.5.2 Identifying Climate Refugia;348
19.5.3;15.5.3 Selecting Sites Based on Range-Shift Projections;348
19.6;15.6 Conclusions;349
19.7;15.7 Lessons Learned;350
19.8;References;351
20;Chapter 16: Modeling Ecoregional Connectivity;355
20.1;16.1 Introduction;356
20.2;16.2 What Are We Connecting and Why?;357
20.3;16.3 Ecoregional Functional Connectivity;358
20.3.1;16.3.1 General Concepts;359
20.3.2;16.3.2 Specific Concepts of Connectivity Modeling;360
20.4;16.4 A Landscape Network for the Northern Appalachian/Acadian Ecoregion;365
20.5;16.5 Lessons Learned;369
20.6;References;371
21;Chapter 17: A General Model for Site-Based Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes: The Landscape Species Approach;374
21.1;17.1 Introduction;374
21.2;17.2 The 10 Steps of the Landscape Species Approach;375
21.2.1;17.2.1 Step 1: Assessments of Context, Stakeholders, and Threats;376
21.2.2;17.2.2 Step 2: Development of a Conceptual Model;378
21.2.3;17.2.3 Step 3: Selection of Landscape Species;380
21.2.4;17.2.4 Step 4: Establishing Population Target Levels for Landscape Species;382
21.2.5;17.2.5 Steps 5–7: Mapping Biological, Human, and Conservation Landscapes;382
21.2.6;17.2.6 Step 8: Estimating the Sufficiency of Existing Conservation Areas and Evaluating the Need for Additional Ones;386
21.2.7;17.2.7 Step 9: Prioritize Areas for Action;387
21.2.8;17.2.8 Step 10: Monitoring Frameworks;388
21.3;17.3 Theory Versus Reality: an Adirondack Case Study;389
21.3.1;17.3.1 Challenges and Opportunities;389
21.3.2;17.3.2 Implications and Conclusions;393
21.4;17.4 Lessons Learned;394
21.5;References;395
22;Chapter 18: Integrating Ecoregional Planning at Greater Spatial Scales;398
22.1;18.1 Introduction;399
22.2;18.2 Merging Ecoregional Plans into Larger Landscapes;400
22.2.1;18.2.1 Building the Science Foundation;404
22.2.2;18.2.2 Fostering Partnerships;407
22.2.3;18.2.3 Tracking Progress;408
22.3;18.3 Lessons Learned;409
22.4;References;411
23;Index;412