Troeva / Isaev / Cherosov The Far North:

Plant Biodiversity and Ecology of Yakutia
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-3774-9
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 3, 385 Seiten

Reihe: Plant and Vegetation

Outside Russia very little is known about the terrestrial ecology, vegetation, biogeographical patterns, and biodiversity of the enormously extensive ecosystems of Yakutia, Siberia. These systems are very special in that they function on top of huge layers of permafrost and are exposed to very severe and extreme weather conditions, the range between winter and summer temperatures being more than 100 degrees C. The soils are generally poor, and human use of the vegetation is usually extensive. Main vegetation zones are taiga and tundra, but Yakutia also supports a special land and vegetation form, caused by permafrost, the alas: more or less extensive grasslands around roundish lakes in taiga. All these vegetation types will be described and their ecology and ecophysiological characteristics will be dealt with. Because of the size of Yakutia, covering several climatic zones, and its extreme position on ecological gradients, Yakutia contains very interesting biogeographical patterns, which also will be described. Our analyses are drawn from many years of research in Yakutia and from a vast body of ecological and other literature in Russian publications and in unpublished local reports. The anthropogenic influence on the ecosystems will be dealt with. This includes the main activities of human interference with nature: forestry, extensive reindeer herding, cattle and horse grazing, etc. Also fire and other prominent ecological factors are dealt with. A very important point is also the very high degree of naturalness that is still extant in Yakutia’s main vegetation zones.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Troeva, Elena I.

Isaev, A. P.

Cherosov, M. M.

Karpov, N. S.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;Afterword;8
3;Introduction;10
4;Contributors;14
5;1 Natural Conditions;17
5.1;1.1 Geomorphology and Relief;17
5.2;1.2 Hydrography;20
5.3;1.3 Climate;21
5.4;1.4 Permafrost;27
5.5;1.5 Soils;30
5.5.1;1.5.1 Tundra Soils;31
5.5.2;1.5.2 Northern taiga Soils;32
5.5.3;1.5.3 Soils of the Middle taiga Subzone of Central and Southern Yakutia;34
5.5.4;1.5.4 Soils of the Mountainous Provinces of Northern, North-Eastern and Southern Yakutia;36
5.5.5;1.5.5 Intrazonal Floodplain and Bog Soils;37
5.6;References;38
6;2 Flora of Yakutia: Composition and Ecological Structure;40
6.1;2.1 Floristic Regionalization;40
6.2;2.2 Higher Vascular Plants;48
6.3;2.3 Mosses;64
6.3.1;2.3.1 Leafy Mosses;64
6.3.2;2.3.2 Liverworts;85
6.4;2.4 Lichens;99
6.5;2.5 Fungi;111
6.6;2.6 Algae;115
6.7;References;129
7;3 Vegetation of Yakutia: Elements of Ecology and Plant Sociology;157
7.1;3.1 Principles of Geobotanical Regionalization;157
7.2;3.2 History of Vegetation Development;165
7.3;3.3 Arctic Vegetation;170
7.3.1;3.3.1 Maritime Vegetation;170
7.3.2;3.3.2 Arctic Tundra Vegetation;171
7.3.3;3.3.3 Subarctic Tundra Vegetation;174
7.4;3.4 Boreal Vegetation;178
7.4.1;3.4.1 General Characteristic of Boreal Forests;178
7.4.2;3.4.2 Dendrochronology: Response of Trees to Various Nature Conditions;182
7.4.3;3.4.3 The Near-Tundra Forests and Woodlands;188
7.4.4;3.4.4 Northern Taiga;192
7.4.5;3.4.5 Middle Taiga;194
7.4.6;3.4.6 Mountain Taiga;201
7.5;3.5 Azonal Vegetation;207
7.5.1;3.5.1 Steppes;207
7.5.2;3.5.2 Rock Vegetation;212
7.5.3;3.5.3 Vegetation of Sandy Landscapes;218
7.5.4;3.5.4 Vegetation of Saline Landscapes;221
7.5.5;3.5.5 Riparian, Lake-Side and Aquatic Vegetation;223
7.5.6;3.5.6 Bogs;228
7.5.7;3.5.7 Meadow Vegetation;231
7.5.8;3.5.8 River Valley Complexes;239
7.6;3.6 Anthropogenic Vegetation;252
7.6.1;3.6.1 Ruderal Vegetation;252
7.6.2;3.6.2 Weed Vegetation;256
7.7;References;258
8;4 Vegetation and Human Activity;275
8.1;4.1 Human Activity and the Ecological Situation in Yakutia;275
8.2;4.2 Technogenic Transformation of Vegetation;277
8.3;4.3 Forest Fires;278
8.4;4.4 Timber Felling;283
8.5;4.5 Natural Fodder Lands of Central Yakutia;289
8.5.1;4.5.1 Hayfields and Pastures;289
8.5.1.1;4.5.1.1 Hayfields;291
8.5.1.2;4.5.1.2 Pastures;294
8.5.2;4.5.2 Grazing Effect on Forest Communities;295
8.6;4.6 Anthropogenic Effects on Tundra and Forest-Tundra Vegetation;298
8.6.1;4.6.1 Grazing Effect;298
8.6.2;4.6.2 Use of Shrubs for Fuel;300
8.6.3;4.6.3 Fires in Tundra;300
8.6.4;4.6.4 Transport Influence;300
8.7;4.7 Herb Use for Medicine and Food;301
8.7.1;4.7.1 Food Plants;302
8.7.2;4.7.2 Medicinal Herbs;302
8.7.3;4.7.3 Resources of Medicinal and Food Plants and Fungi;303
8.8;References;304
9;5 Insect Impact on Vegetation;310
9.1;5.1 Needle- and Leaf-Eating Forest Insects;310
9.2;5.2 Stem Damaging Insects;319
9.3;5.3 Role of Insects In Herbaceous Plant Communities;324
9.4;References;327
10;6 Structural and Functional Peculiarities of the Plants of Yakutia;330
10.1;6.1 Modern Trends of Climatic Changes In Yakutia;330
10.2;6.2 Seasonal Dynamics of Plant Growth and Development;335
10.3;6.3 Ecological-Physiological and Biochemical Adaptation of Plants to Low Temperatures;337
10.4;6.4 Photosynthetic Activity of Conifers;339
10.4.1;6.4.1 Diurnal and Seasonal Dynamics of Photosynthesis;339
10.4.1.1;6.4.1.1 Diurnal Dynamics of Photosynthesis;339
10.4.1.2;6.4.1.2 Seasonal Dynamics of Photosynthesis;343
10.4.2;6.4.2 The Ratio of Photosynthesis and Dark Respiration of Plants;347
10.5;6.5 Parameters of Carbon and Water Cycles In the Forest;351
10.6;6.6 Response of Yakutian Tree Populations to Possible Climate Change;355
10.6.1;6.6.1 Growth and Development;356
10.6.2;6.6.2 Water Exchange;357
10.6.3;6.6.3 Photosynthesis and Respiration;357
10.6.4;6.6.4 Respiratory Ability of Leaves Under Increased Temperature and Carbon Dioxide In the Atmosphere;360
10.7;6.7 Conclusion;361
10.8;References;362
11;7 Nature Conservation Status and Its Prospects;369
11.1;7.1 Natural Reserves Network: Present Situation and Prospects;369
11.2;7.2 The Role of the Yakut Botanical Garden In Conservation of Rare and Endangered Plants;378
11.3;References;380
12;Colour Plates ;382
13;Index;400