Torry The Palgrave International Handbook of Basic Income

1. Auflage 2019
ISBN: 978-3-030-23614-4
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 560 Seiten

Reihe: Progress in Mathematics

“This Handbook offers a timely ‘snapshot’ of the fast-moving global debates on Basic Income. Embracing a range of ideological, ethical, historical and cross-national perspectives, it looks at the case for Basic Income through both a focused and a wide-angled lens. Rather than asserting hard and fast conclusions, it ends with the valuable message that context is all.”
—Ruth Lister, Loughborough University, UK 

“A must-read Handbook that provides solid foundations for the growing number of researchers, policymakers and campaigners involved in the ongoing debate on Basic Income."
—Rubén M. Lo Vuolo, the Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Public Policy, Argentina

“A comprehensive, competent, accessible, up-to-date picture of the current state of knowledge and debate on basic income in several disciplines and in many countries.”
—Philippe Van Parijs, the University of Louvain, Belgium 

A Basic Incomeis an unconditional regular payment for every individual. But is it desirable? And is it feasible? This Handbook brings together scholars from various disciplines and from around the world to examine the history, characteristics, effects, viability and implementation of Basic Income. A variety of pilot projects and ideological perspectives are considered in depth.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Torry, Malcolm

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;7
2;Preface;10
3;Acknowledgements;12
4;Praise for The Palgrave International Handbook of Basic Income;14
5;Contents;20
6;Notes on Contributors;23
7;Abbreviations;35
8;List of Figures;40
9;List of Tables;42
10;Part I Introductory Chapters;44
11;1 Introduction;45
11.1;The Purpose of This Handbook;45
11.2;Some of the Characteristics of This Handbook;46
11.2.1;Handbook of Basic Income;46
11.2.2;International Handbook of Basic Income;48
11.2.3;Repetitions, and the Order of Authors’ Names;48
11.3;The Structure of the Book;49
11.3.1;Part I: Introductory Chapters;49
11.3.2;Part II: Some of the Likely Effects of Basic Income;49
11.3.3;Part III: The Feasibility and Implementation of Basic Income;51
11.3.4;Part IV: Pilot Projects and Other Experiments;52
11.3.5;Part V: Political and Ethical Perspectives;55
11.3.6;Part VI: Concluding Chapter;55
11.4;References;56
12;2 The Definition and Characteristics of Basic Income;57
12.1;Introduction;57
12.2;Different Ways of Defining;58
12.2.1;Definition by Usage;58
12.2.2;Definition by Characteristics;60
12.2.3;Definition by a Recognised Authority;61
12.3;Defining ‘Basic Income’;62
12.4;The Amount of the Payment;65
12.5;‘Universal’, ‘Unconditional’, ‘Citizen’s’, ‘Guarantee’;66
12.5.1;‘Universal’;66
12.5.2;‘Unconditional’;66
12.5.3;‘Citizen’s’;67
12.5.4;‘Guarantee’;67
12.6;Policy Implications;68
12.7;Conclusion;70
12.8;References;70
13;3 Three Waves of Basic Income Support;72
13.1;Introduction;72
13.2;Before the First Wave;73
13.3;The First Wave;74
13.4;The Second Wave;76
13.5;Between the Waves;78
13.6;The Third Wave Takes off;79
13.7;How Far Can the Third Wave Go?;82
13.8;References;83
14;Part II Some of the Likely Effects of Basic Income;86
15;4 Employment Market Effects of Basic Income;87
15.1;Introduction;87
15.2;Diverse Employment Market Pressures Today;88
15.2.1;The Destruction and Creation of Jobs;88
15.2.2;Job Quality;91
15.2.3;Online Platforms;92
15.2.4;Micro-Control of Workers;93
15.2.5;Pressures Towards Enhanced Employment Rights;94
15.2.6;A New Employment Paradigm?;94
15.3;Would a Basic Income Be a Useful Response?;96
15.4;The Effects of Basic Income on the Employment Market;97
15.4.1;Would Wages Rise or Fall?;97
15.4.2;Towards a More Positive Employment Experience; and Towards a Broadening of the Definition of ‘Work’;99
15.5;A Focus on Motivation;99
15.5.1;Evidence from Experiments;99
15.5.1.1;(a) Psychological Research Providing Indirect Evidence;99
15.5.1.2;(b) Direct Experimental Evidence on Labour Impact;101
15.5.2;A Theory-Based Approach to Motivation;104
15.6;Conclusion;108
15.7;References;108
16;5 Social Effects of Basic Income;113
16.1;Introduction;113
16.2;Citizen Level: Greater Social Cohesion and Non-stigmatising Effects;115
16.2.1;Case Study: People with Disabilities at the Level of the Individual;117
16.3;Community Level: Social Cohesion, Solidarity and Community Spirit;119
16.3.1;Case Study: People with Disabilities at the Level of the Community;120
16.4;Institutional and Societal Levels: Toward an Egalitarian Society;122
16.4.1;Case Study: People with Disabilities at the Level of Society;124
16.5;Conclusion: Basic Income, the Catalyst for Social Effects in Responding to Inequality;125
16.6;References;128
17;6 Some Effects of Basic Income on Economic Variables;131
17.1;Introduction;131
17.2;Modelling Different Funding Mechanisms;133
17.2.1;Basic Income Financed by Flat Income Tax*;134
17.2.1.1;Household Income*;135
17.2.1.2;Required Tax*;135
17.2.2;Basic Income Financed by Sources External to Labour Income;136
17.2.3;The Individual Utility Maximisation Problem*;136
17.3;Potential Effects of the Different Financing Mechanisms;137
17.3.1;Consumption and Unpaid Time (Individual Level)*;137
17.3.2;Consumption and GDP (Aggregate Level);139
17.3.3;Income Distribution and Poverty Alleviation;140
17.4;Final Remarks;142
17.5;Mathematical Appendix;143
17.5.1;Basic Income Financed by Flat Income Tax;143
17.5.1.1;Taxation;143
17.5.1.2;Household Income;144
17.5.1.3;Required Tax;145
17.5.2;The Individual Utility Maximisation Problem;146
17.5.3;Discussing Potential Effects of Each Mechanism;147
17.6;References;149
18;7 Ecological Effects of Basic Income;151
18.1;Introduction;151
18.2;Basic Income and Ecology;152
18.3;Green Basic Income and Economic Growth;153
18.3.1;A Carbon Dividend/Green Growth;153
18.3.2;Degrowth;154
18.4;Basic Income and Consumption;156
18.5;Basic Income and the Labour Market;158
18.6;The Impact of Different Forms of Funding for Basic Income;160
18.6.1;Income Tax;160
18.6.2;Pollution and Resource Taxes;161
18.6.3;Value Added Tax (VAT);162
18.7;Complementary Conditions for Green Effects Through Basic Income;163
18.7.1;Education;163
18.7.2;Working Time Reduction;163
18.7.3;A Maximum Income;164
18.8;The Impact of Alternative Policies;165
18.9;Strategies for the Implementation of Green Oriented Basic Income;166
18.10;References;168
19;8 The Gender Effects of a Basic Income;173
19.1;Introduction;173
19.2;Feminist Political Theory and the Normative Argument for Basic Income;174
19.3;Gender Critiques of the Welfare State and Gender-Egalitarian Precedents for a Basic Income;176
19.4;Grass-Roots Movements for a Basic Income;178
19.4.1;The Welfare Claimants Movement in the UK;178
19.4.2;The Welfare Claimants Movement in the US;182
19.5;Gender Effects in Cash Grant Experiments;185
19.6;Conclusion: Gender Effects of a Basic Income, and Consideration of the Structure of a Basic Income That Supports Gender Equality;188
19.7;References;189
20;Part III The Feasibility and Implementation of Basic Income;194
21;9 Feasibility and Implementation;195
21.1;Introduction;195
21.2;Financial Feasibility;196
21.3;Psychological Feasibility;198
21.4;Administrative Feasibility;201
21.5;Behavioural Feasibility;201
21.6;Political Feasibility;202
21.7;The Policy Process;203
21.8;Relationships Between Feasibilities;206
21.9;Implementation Options;207
21.10;Conclusions;209
21.11;References;210
22;10 Alternative Funding Methods;212
22.1;Editor’s Introduction;212
22.2;The People’s Stake: Basic Income and Citizens’ Wealth Funds;214
22.3;Funding Basic Income by Money Creation;217
22.3.1;The Impact of Technology on Basic Income and Its Funding (Crocker 2014, 2015);217
22.3.2;The Nature of Income;218
22.3.3;The Nature of Money;219
22.4;Funding a UBI by Digital Royalties;222
22.4.1;The Digital Economy;222
22.4.2;Data, Meta-Data and Big Data;223
22.4.3;Data as Ambient Intellectual Property and Digital Royalties;224
22.5;References;226
23;11 Analysis of the Financial Effects of Basic Income;228
23.1;Introduction;228
23.2;Microsimulation;230
23.2.1;By Howard Reed;230
23.3;A Second Illustrative Basic Income Scheme;235
23.3.1;By Malcolm Torry;235
23.3.2;Net Cost, and Household Gains and Losses;237
23.3.3;Changes to Means-Tested Benefits Claims Brought About by the Scheme;238
23.3.4;The Poverty, Inequality and Redistributional Effects of the Basic Income Scheme;240
23.3.5;Discussion;241
23.4;Scenario Modelling of Basic Income in an Existing Situation;242
23.4.1;By Gareth Morgan;242
23.5;Conclusions;246
23.6;References;247
24;12 Alternatives to Basic Income;249
24.1;Introduction;249
24.2;Negative Income Tax;250
24.2.1;By Michael Story;250
24.3;Universal Basic Services;255
24.3.1;By Andrew Percy;255
24.4;The Job Guarantee;258
24.4.1;By Maciej Szlinder;258
24.5;The US Earned-Income Tax Credit;261
24.5.1;By Benjamin Leff;261
24.5.2;What Is the EITC and How Does It Differ from a UBI?;261
24.5.3;Possible Reforms of the EITC;263
24.6;Conclusion;265
24.7;References;265
25;13 Framing Basic Income: Comparing Media Framing of Basic Income in Canada, Finland, and Spain;268
25.1;Introduction;268
25.2;The Role of Ideas and Framing in Politics;269
25.2.1;Understanding Ideas in Politics;269
25.2.2;Framing Concepts and Literature;271
25.2.3;Who Can Frame? And How?;272
25.2.4;Successful, Hegemonic and Challenging Frames;272
25.2.5;Framing and Public Opinion;273
25.3;Methods;275
25.3.1;Case Study Selection: Basic Income in the Canadian, Finnish and Spanish Media;276
25.4;Understanding Basic Income Framing;277
25.4.1;Framing in the Basic Income Literature;277
25.4.2;Descriptive Results;278
25.4.3;Making the Case for Basic Income;279
25.4.4;Discrediting Basic Income: Counter-Arguments in the Media;281
25.4.5;Missing Frames in the Media;281
25.5;Discussion and Conclusion;282
25.6;References;284
26;14 The Philosophy and Political Economy of Basic Income Revisited;287
26.1;Introduction;287
26.2;The Basic Income Debate in Modernity;290
26.3;The Anatomy of a Global Debate;292
26.4;Institutional Political Economy (IPE) as Interpretive Method;295
26.4.1;i. Comparative-Industrial IPE;296
26.4.2;ii. Societal IPE;296
26.4.3;iii. Human IPE;297
26.4.4;iv. Financial IPE;301
26.5;Liberalisation, Poverty and Basic Income in the Global South;304
26.6;Globalisation of Basic Income: Developed Countries After the Crisis;305
26.6.1;i. Grassroots Activism and the Europe-Wide Project;307
26.6.2;ii. Consolidation of Capitalism;308
26.6.3;iii. Aid and Informal Communities;308
26.6.4;iv. Experimentation Within Public Bureaucracies;309
26.7;Devil’s Deals and World Time in Development;310
26.7.1;i. Neo-liberalisation;310
26.7.2;ii. Economic Populism;311
26.7.3;iii. Informal Marketisation and Illiberalisation in Developing Countries;313
26.7.3.1;The Case of India;313
26.8;Basic Income and Devil’s Deals in Developed Welfare States;319
26.9;Basic Income Complementarities Under Financialised Global Development;321
26.10;Conclusion;324
26.11;References;325
27;Part IV Pilot Projects and Other Experiments;334
28;15 The Negative Income Tax Experiments of the 1970s;335
28.1;Introduction;335
28.2;Labour Market Effects of the NIT Experiments of the 1970s;336
28.3;Non-labour-Market Effects of the NIT Experiments;344
28.4;An Overall Assessment?;344
28.5;Public Reaction to the Release of NIT Experimental Findings in the 1970s;345
28.6;Later Release of Experimental Findings;348
28.7;References;349
29;16 Citizen’s Basic Income in Brazil: From Bolsa Família to Pilot Experiments, with an Appendix: From Local to National: Mexico City and Basic Income, by Pablo Yanes;351
29.1;Introduction;351
29.2;The Context;351
29.3;The Bolsa Família as the First Step Towards a Citizenship Basic Income in Brazil;353
29.4;Pilot Experiments of Citizen’s Basic Income in Some Brazilian Municipalities;357
29.5;Conclusion;365
29.6;Appendix: From Local to National—Mexico City and Basic Income;366
29.7;References;369
30;17 Basic Income by Default: Lessons from Iran’s ‘Cash Subsidy’ Programme;371
30.1;Introduction;371
30.2;Genesis: Price Subsidy Reform and the Triumph of a De Facto Basic Income by Default;372
30.3;Implementation: A Process Derailed;374
30.4;The Impact of the Cash Transfer Scheme;378
30.4.1;Income Effect and Labour Supply Issues;379
30.4.2;The Inflationary Impact;381
30.4.3;The Impact on Income Distribution and Poverty;383
30.5;Long Term Trends and Future Prospects;383
30.6;Concluding Remarks: Potential Lessons of the Iranian Experience;385
30.7;References;386
31;18 The Namibian Basic Income Grant Pilot;388
31.1;Introduction;388
31.2;The Context of the Namibian Basic Income Pilot;389
31.3;The Basic Income Pilot and Its Impact;391
31.4;Contested Critiques;393
31.5;Basic Income, Politics and Patronage;398
31.6;References;401
32;19 Pilots, Evidence and Politics: The Basic Income Debate in India;404
32.1;Introduction;404
32.2;The Pilot Study: Design and Implementation;404
32.3;The Pilot Study: Main Findings;406
32.4;Pilot Study Follow-Up: Legacy Study Findings;409
32.5;The Basic Income Debate in Indian Discussion;411
32.6;New Direction and New Hope for Basic Income Movement;413
32.7;End Note;415
32.8;References;417
33;20 The Finnish Basic Income Experiment: A Primer;419
33.1;Introduction: The Age of Basic Income Experiments?;419
33.2;Why Finland Decided to Experiment;421
33.2.1;Finland Has Debated Basic Income Since the 1970s;421
33.2.2;Finnish Political Parties Are a Staple in the Basic Income Debate;422
33.2.3;Finland Has Embraced a Culture of Policy Experimentation;424
33.3;Experimenting with Basic Income in Finland: Process, Design, Implementation;425
33.3.1;The Decision Process;425
33.3.2;Design Parameters;426
33.3.3;Implementation and Evaluation;431
33.4;Lessons from the Finnish Basic Income Experiment: It’s Politics, Stupid!;432
33.5;References;434
34;21 A Variety of Experiments;437
34.1;Introduction;437
34.2;Local Experiments in the Netherlands;438
34.2.1;By Loek Groot and Timo Verlaat;438
34.2.2;The Institutional Background;439
34.2.3;Specifics of the Dutch Experiments;440
34.2.4;The Rationale Behind the Experiments;441
34.3;Basic Income in the European Periphery;443
34.3.1;By Enkeleida Tahiraj;443
34.3.2;Serbia’s Basic Income Proposal (UNDP 2018);444
34.3.3;A Comparative View of the Serbian Proposal;445
34.3.4;Conclusions;447
34.4;Korean Experiments;448
34.4.1;By Gunmin Yi;448
34.4.2;Seongnam Youth Dividend;448
34.4.3;Basic Income-Related Policies Carried Out Within Small Private and Voluntary Organisations;450
34.4.4;Diverse Basic Income Lottery Projects;450
34.5;Barcelona: B-Mincome;451
34.5.1;By Julen Bollain;451
34.6;Why Scotland?;455
34.6.1;By Annie Miller;455
34.7;The Swiss Referendum About Basic Income;458
34.7.1;By Enno Schmidt;458
34.8;References;461
35;Part V Political and Ethical Perspectives;466
36;22 Libertarian Perspectives on Basic Income;467
36.1;Introduction;467
36.2;Minimal State Libertarianism;470
36.2.1;The Separateness of Persons;471
36.2.2;Satisfying the Lockean Proviso;472
36.2.3;Rectification;474
36.3;Classical Liberalism;475
36.3.1;Contractarian Theories;476
36.3.2;Consequentialist Theories;477
36.4;Left-Libertarianism;480
36.4.1;The Land Question: Henry George;480
36.4.2;Left-Libertarianism: Hillel Steiner;481
36.4.3;Varieties of Left-Libertarianism;482
36.5;Conclusion;483
36.6;References;484
37;23 Socialist Arguments for Basic Income;487
37.1;Introduction;487
37.2;How Society Works;488
37.3;Republican Freedom;489
37.4;Property;490
37.5;Socialism, and Control of the Means of Production;492
37.6;Basic Income and the Transformation of Money;493
37.7;Democracy-Enhancing Bargaining Power;494
37.8;Flexible Paid and Unpaid Work;496
37.9;A Socialist Basic Income Scheme;497
37.10;Control Over (Re)Production;499
37.11;Basic Income as an Anti-capitalist Project;500
37.12;References;501
38;24 Neither Left Nor Right;505
38.1;Introduction;505
38.2;The Conceptual Ambiguity of Basic Income;507
38.2.1;Defining Basic Income in Terms of Policy Design Features;507
38.2.2;Defining Basic Income in Terms of Principles and Goals;508
38.2.3;Productive and Efficiency-Related Motivations of the Right;509
38.2.4;Protective and Equity-Related Motivations of the Left;509
38.2.5;Left- and Right-Wing Basic Income Schemes;510
38.3;Empirical Assessment: Support for and Opposition to Basic Income;511
38.3.1;Political Actors: Playing ‘Hot Potato’;511
38.3.2;Voters’ Attitudes Towards Basic Income;515
38.4;Discussion and Conclusion;517
38.5;References;519
39;25 Trade Unions and Basic Income;521
39.1;Introduction;521
39.2;History of Basic Income and the Labour Movement;522
39.3;Explaining Trade Union Attitudes to Basic Income;526
39.4;Basic Income and Workers’ Bargaining Power;528
39.5;A Basic Income Scheme That Trade Unions Could Support;529
39.6;Basic Income Under Full Employment: Benefits for Workers and Unions;531
39.7;Concluding Comments;532
39.8;References;532
40;26 The Ethics of Basic Income;534
40.1;Is Basic Income Ethically Justified? Wellbeing, Poverty Prevention, and the ‘so What?’ Objection;534
40.2;Two Challenges: What About Target Efficiency and Fairness?;537
40.3;Social Justice and Equal Opportunity: Basic Income as Pre-distribution;539
40.4;Interacting as Equals: Basic Income, Non-domination, and Exit-Based Empowerment;543
40.5;References;547
41;Part VI Concluding Chapter;550
42;27 Tentative Conclusions;551
42.1;Introduction;551
42.2;The Same Questions Will Need to Be Answered Over and Over Again;552
42.2.1;Is Basic Income a Good Idea?;554
42.2.2;Is Basic Income Feasible?;554
42.2.3;How Would We Implement It?;557
42.3;The Political, Social and Policy Context Will to a Large Extent Determine the Feasibility of Basic Income and the Likely Effects of Its Implementation;558
42.4;There Is Much More to Be Done;558
42.4.1;Institutions;559
42.5;The Verdict;561
43;Index;562