Toledo / Fried Biomphalaria Snails and Larval Trematodes

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4419-7028-2
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 244 Seiten

The purpose of this book is to provide an overview of the biology of the planorbid snail Biomphalaria glabrata mainly as related to the snail's role as a host of larval trematodes . This snail is of great importance in medical and economic zoology as a vector of important trematode (fluke) diseases in human and veterinary medicine and in wildlife biology. Moreover, this snail is a useful model for numerous basic studies in biology and chemistry. A book that provides modern coverage of diverse topics from the molecule to the community of this snail as related to larval trematode parasitism is not available. This book should appeal to a wide audience of biologists, ecologists, biochemists, malacologists, parasitologists, public health workers, epidemiologists, and graduate and advanced undergraduate students in biomedical and allied health sciences.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Toledo, Rafael

Fried, Bernard

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;10
4;Chapter 1: Biosystematics of Biomphalaria spp. with an Emphasis on Biomphalaria glabrata;12
4.1;1.1 Introduction;13
4.2;1.2 The Shell of Biomphalaria, a Tricky Tool for Identification;14
4.3;1.3 The Anatomy of Reproductive Tracts, a Reliable Tool for Identifying Biomphalaria Species;19
4.4;1.4 Molecular Phylogenetic and Phylogeographic Approaches;26
4.5;1.5 Reproductive Isolation;29
4.6;1.6 Biomphalaria Systematics and the Interaction with Schistosoma mansoni;34
4.7;1.7 Conclusions and Perspectives;36
4.8;References;38
5;Chapter 2: Laboratory Rearing of Biomphalaria glabrata Snails and Maintenance of Larval Schistosomes In Vivo and In Vitro;44
5.1;2.1 Introduction;44
5.2;2.2 Snail Rearing and Maintenance;45
5.2.1;2.2.1 Measures of Successful Snail Rearing;45
5.2.1.1;2.2.1.1 Survival and Longevity;46
5.2.1.2;2.2.1.2 Growth and Maturation;46
5.2.1.3;2.2.1.3 Fecundity;46
5.2.2;2.2.2 Physical and Biological Factors that Affect Rearing;46
5.2.2.1;2.2.2.1 Temperature;47
5.2.2.2;2.2.2.2 Diet;47
5.2.2.3;2.2.2.3 Crowding;48
5.2.2.4;2.2.2.4 Parasitism;48
5.2.2.4.1;Trematodes (Schistosomes and Other Trematodes);49
5.2.2.4.2;Organisms Other than Trematodes;50
5.2.3;2.2.3 Methods of Snail Rearing;51
5.2.3.1;2.2.3.1 Axenic Snail Rearing;53
5.3;2.3 Methods of Infecting Snails;53
5.3.1;2.3.1 Miracidial Infection;53
5.3.2;2.3.2 Transplantation of Parthenitae;54
5.4;2.4 In Vitro Culture of Snail Tissues and Cells;57
5.5;2.5 Concluding Remarks;59
5.6;References;60
6;Chapter 3: Biomphalaria: Natural History, Ecology and Schistosome Transmission;67
6.1;3.1 Introduction;67
6.2;3.2 Environmental Factors Affecting Biomphalaria;68
6.2.1;3.2.1 Temperature and Light;68
6.2.2;3.2.2 Water Chemistry and Conductivity;70
6.2.3;3.2.3 Depth and Type of Water Body;72
6.2.4;3.2.4 Aquatic Plants;73
6.3;3.3 Effects of Water Development Projects on Biomphalaria;74
6.4;3.4 Role of Biomphalaria in Transmission of Schistosoma Mansoni;76
6.4.1;3.4.1 Species Specificity;76
6.4.2;3.4.2 Impact of Seasonality on Transmission;76
6.4.3;3.4.3 Focality of Transmission;78
6.5;3.5 Monitoring and Surveillance Systems;79
6.5.1;3.5.1 Use of Geographical Information System for Predicting Distribution of Snails and Disease;79
6.5.2;3.5.2 Molecular Markers for Identification of Prepatent Infections in Snails;80
6.6;3.6 Concluding Remarks;81
6.7;References;82
7;Chapter 4: Studies of Biomphalaria Snails Infected with Larval Trematodes Using Chromatography and Atomic Spectrometry;90
7.1;4.1 Introduction;90
7.2;4.2 Thin Layer Chromatography Principles and Methods;92
7.2.1;4.2.1 Principles;92
7.2.2;4.2.2 Snail Maintenance and Sample Preparation;92
7.2.3;4.2.3 Sample Extraction and Purification;93
7.2.4;4.2.4 Layers and Mobile Phases;94
7.2.5;4.2.5 Standard and Sample Solution Application;95
7.2.6;4.2.6 Plate Development with the Mobile Phase;95
7.2.7;4.2.7 Methods for Detection of Separated Zones;96
7.2.8;4.2.8 Documentation of Chromatograms;96
7.2.9;4.2.9 Identification of Zones;96
7.2.10;4.2.10 Quantification of Analytes;96
7.2.11;4.2.11 Statistical Analysis of Data;97
7.3;4.3 Thin Layer Chromatography Applications;97
7.3.1;4.3.1 Introduction to Thin Layer Chromatography Applications;97
7.3.2;4.3.2 Lipids in Biomphalaria Infected with Larval Trematodes;97
7.3.3;4.3.3 Effects of Diet and Larval Trematodes on Lipids in Biomphalaria Snails;99
7.3.4;4.3.4 Amino Acids in Biomphalaria Snails Infected with Larval Trematodes;101
7.3.5;4.3.5 Carbohydrates in Biomphalaria Snails Infected with Larval Trematodes;102
7.3.6;4.3.6 Lipophilic Pigments in Biomphalaria Snails Infected with Larval Trematodes;102
7.4;4.4 Gas Chromatography;103
7.4.1;4.4.1 Principles;103
7.4.2;4.4.2 Methods and Applications;103
7.5;4.5 Column High-Performance Liquid Chromatography;104
7.5.1;4.5.1 Principles;104
7.5.2;4.5.2 Methods and Applications;105
7.6;4.6 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry;107
7.6.1;4.6.1 Principles;107
7.6.2;4.6.2 Methods and Applications;107
7.7;4.7 Concluding Remarks;108
7.8;References;109
8;Chapter 5: Effects of Larval Schistosomes on Biomphalaria Snails;112
8.1;5.1 Introduction;112
8.2;5.2 Survival and Mortality;113
8.2.1;5.2.1 Mortality;113
8.2.2;5.2.2 Miracidial Dose;114
8.2.3;5.2.3 Snail Age;114
8.2.4;5.2.4 Susceptibility;115
8.3;5.3 Growth and Metabolism;115
8.3.1;5.3.1 Growth;115
8.3.2;5.3.2 Snail Age;115
8.3.3;5.3.3 B. alexandrina and B. pfeifferi;116
8.3.4;5.3.4 Glucose and Glycolytic Enzymes;116
8.3.5;5.3.5 Glycogen;117
8.3.6;5.3.6 Maltose;118
8.3.7;5.3.7 Anaerobic Metabolism;118
8.3.8;5.3.8 Feeding Rate;119
8.4;5.4 Lipids and Organic Acids;119
8.5;5.5 Proteins;120
8.6;5.6 Inorganic Elements;121
8.7;5.7 Behavioral Effects;123
8.8;5.8 Reproduction;123
8.8.1;5.8.1 Host Castration;123
8.8.2;5.8.2 Nutritional Resources;125
8.8.3;5.8.3 Proteins;125
8.8.4;5.8.4 Physical Damage;126
8.8.5;5.8.5 Accessory Sexual Organs;126
8.8.6;5.8.6 Bioamines;126
8.8.7;5.8.7 Neuroendocrine Interference;127
8.8.8;5.8.8 Male Role in Mating;127
8.8.9;5.8.9 Egg Viability;127
8.8.10;5.8.10 Miracidial Dose;128
8.8.11;5.8.11 Behavior;128
8.9;5.9 Gene Regulation;129
8.10;5.10 Concluding Remarks;129
8.11;References;130
9;Chapter 6: Effects of Nonschistosome Larval Trematodes on Biomphalaria Snails;135
9.1;6.1 Introduction;135
9.2;6.2 Biomphalaria spp. as Intermediate Host of Nonschistosome Larval Trematodes;136
9.2.1;6.2.1 As First Intermediate Host;136
9.2.2;6.2.2 As Second Intermediate Host;145
9.3;6.3 Effects of Nonschistosome Larval Trematodeson Biomphalaria spp.;147
9.4;6.4 Antagonism Between Nonschistosome Trematodesand Schistosomes in Biomphalaria spp.;149
9.5;6.5 Immunology of the Infections;150
9.5.1;6.5.1 Immunological Interactions Between Biomphalaria spp. and Nonschistosomes Larval Trematodes;150
9.5.2;6.5.2 Echinostome-Mediated Interference of B. glabrataImmune Defense System;153
9.6;6.6 Genomics and Proteomics of the Infections;154
9.7;6.7 Molecular Detection of Trematodes in Biomphalaria spp.;156
9.8;6.8 Concluding Remarks;157
9.9;References;158
10;Chapter 7: Immunobiology of Biomphalaria–Trematode Interactions;166
10.1;7.1 Introduction;166
10.1.1;7.1.1 Why Study Biomphalaria?;166
10.1.2;7.1.2 Biomphalaria/Schistosoma Compatibility and Immunobiological Studies;167
10.2;7.2 Back to Basics: Components of Biomphalaria Innate Immunity;168
10.2.1;7.2.1 Cellular Components;169
10.2.2;7.2.2 Immune Recognition;170
10.2.3;7.2.3 Cell-Associated and Plasma-Associated Pattern Recognition Receptors;172
10.2.4;7.2.4 Other Immune-Related Plasma Components;173
10.3;7.3 Immune Interactions Between Trematodes and Biomphalaria;174
10.3.1;7.3.1 Encapsulation and Larval Killing In Vivo and In Vitro;174
10.3.1.1;7.3.1.1 Methods of Investigating Immune Interactions;174
10.3.2;7.3.2 Recognition and Initial Triggering of Encapsulation Responses;176
10.3.2.1;7.3.2.1 Immune Signaling Pathways;177
10.3.2.2;7.3.2.2 Consequences of Parasite Recognition:Effector Mechanisms;178
10.4;7.4 Anti-immune Counter-Measures by Parasites;179
10.4.1;7.4.1 Mimicry or Immunological Smokescreen;179
10.4.2;7.4.2 Direct Interference with Immune Effector Cell Function;180
10.4.2.1;7.4.2.1 Echinostome Versus Schistosome: Mechanisms of Survival;180
10.4.2.2;7.4.2.2 Antioxidant Molecules in ESP/LTP Associated with Larval Protection;181
10.4.2.3;7.4.2.3 Role of Endogenous Antioxidant Enzyme Systems Against External Oxidative Stress;183
10.4.2.4;7.4.2.4 Interference with Signaling Pathways;183
10.5;7.5 Conclusions and Future Directions;184
10.5.1;7.5.1 General Conclusions;184
10.5.2;7.5.2 Critical Research Areas for Future Progress;185
10.5.2.1;7.5.2.1 Achievements of Genome Sequencing Efforts;185
10.5.2.2;7.5.2.2 Investigate Host–Parasite Interactomes;186
10.5.2.3;7.5.2.3 Development of Tools for Functional Studies;186
10.5.2.4;7.5.2.4 Address the Question of Interaction Polymorphism;187
10.6;References;187
11;Chapter 8: Advances in the Genomics and Proteomics of the Freshwater Intermediate Snail Host of Schistosoma mansoni, Biomphalaria glabrata;197
11.1;8.1 Introduction;198
11.2;8.2 Genetics of the B. glabrata Snail/Schistosome Interaction;199
11.3;8.3 Snail Innate Defense;201
11.4;8.4 Stress Response in Snail/Schistosome Interactions;205
11.5;8.5 Proteolytic and Redox Enzymes and Snail/Schistosome Interactions;208
11.6;8.6 Characteristics of the B. glabrata Genome;210
11.6.1;8.6.1 Genome Complexity;210
11.6.2;8.6.2 Genome Plasticity and Mobile Genetic Elements;212
11.6.3;8.6.3 Inter- and Intra-Snail-Stock Polymorphisms;213
11.7;8.7 Concluding Remarks;213
11.8;References;214
12;Chapter 9: The Biological Control of the Snail Hosts of Schistosomes: The Role of Competitor Snails and Biological Invasions;220
12.1;9.1 Introduction;221
12.2;9.2 Field Experiments Using the Ampullariid Snail Marisa cornuarietis;222
12.3;9.3 Field Experiments Using Thiarid Snails;225
12.4;9.4 Snail Invaders and French Antillean Islands: The Decline of Biomphalaria glabrata;229
12.5;9.5 Freshwater Snail Invasions: Threats for Environment and Biodiversity?;235
12.6;9.6 Concluding Remarks;238
12.7;References;239
13;Index;244