Thrän Smart Bioenergy

Technologies and concepts for a more flexible bioenergy provision in future energy systems
1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-3-319-16193-8
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 181 Seiten

Reihe: Engineering (R0)

Biomass is a vital source of renewable energy, because it offers a wide range of established and potential methods for energy generation. It is also an important facet of the progression toward a sustainable energy future. The need for further development in the provision of bioenergy is underlined by challenges affecting the biomass resource base, including rising demand for biomass for food, feed, materials and fuel. This is underlined by significant concerns over factors relating to land, such as soil, nutrients and biodiversity. This book examines and analyzes Germany's decade-long initiative toward implementation of an active policy for the transition of the energy system to make greater use of renewable energy sources, which has resulted in a significant increase in the amount of biomass used for electricity, heat and transport fuel. The book begins with a review of market and resource base issues and moves on to analyze the technical options for a more integrated bioenergy use. The analysis spans the entire bioenergy provision chain including solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels. A case study offers a detailed model of the effects of smart biomass energy on the German energy system. The book closes with a view of the most promising fields and an appraisal of needed elements for a successful transition.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Thrän, Daniela

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;Contributors;8
3;Chapter 1: Introduction;10
3.1;1.1 Bioenergy Today;11
3.2;1.2 The Way Forward: Traditional, Modern and Integrated Bioenergy Provision;13
3.3;1.3 The German Transformation: Demanding a New Role for Bioenergy?;14
3.4;1.4 Set-Up of the Book;15
3.5;References;17
4;Chapter 2: Demand for the Flexible Provision of Bioenergy Carriers: An Overview of the Different Energy Sectors in Germany;19
4.1;2.1 Introduction;20
4.2;2.2 Electricity Market;21
4.2.1;2.2.1 The Political Framework;21
4.2.2;2.2.2 The Market Situation;22
4.2.3;2.2.3 Future Markets for Electricity from Biomass;23
4.2.4;2.2.4 Options for Integrating Biogas into the Future Power Supply;24
4.2.5;2.2.5 Options for Integrating Solid and Liquid Biofuels into the Future Power Supply;26
4.3;2.3 Heat Market;26
4.3.1;2.3.1 The Political Framework;26
4.3.2;2.3.2 The Market Situation;27
4.3.3;2.3.3 Development Trends;27
4.3.4;2.3.4 Flexibility;28
4.4;2.4 Biofuels Market (Transport Sector);29
4.4.1;2.4.1 The Political Framework;29
4.4.2;2.4.2 The Market Situation;30
4.4.3;2.4.3 Development Trends;31
4.4.4;2.4.4 Flexibility;31
4.5;2.5 Biomethane Market;32
4.5.1;2.5.1 The Political Framework;32
4.5.2;2.5.2 The Market Situation;33
4.5.3;2.5.3 Development Trends;34
4.5.4;2.5.4 Flexibility;34
4.6;2.6 Cross-Sectoral Markets from Power to Heat, to Gas and to Liquid;35
4.7;2.7 Conclusion;36
4.8;References;37
5;Chapter 3: Biomass Resources and Sustainability Issues for a Flexible Bioenergy Provision;40
5.1;3.1 Introduction;41
5.2;3.2 Biomass Potentials and Drivers;42
5.3;3.3 Environmental Aspects of Biomass Production and Certification;45
5.3.1;3.3.1 Potential Environmental Issues Surrounding the Production of Energy Crops for the Provision of Flexible Bioenergy;46
5.3.1.1;Soil Erosion;47
5.3.1.2; Humus Balance;47
5.3.1.3;Pesticides and Fertilizers;48
5.3.1.4;Biodiversity;48
5.3.2;3.3.2 Sustainability Certification;49
5.4;3.4 Conclusion;51
5.5;References;53
6;Chapter 4: Flexible Power Generation from Solid Biofuels;56
6.1;4.1 Introduction;56
6.2;4.2 Thermo-chemical Conversion Processes;57
6.3;4.3 Power Generation Technologies;58
6.3.1;4.3.1 Technologies Based on Steam Cycles;59
6.3.2;4.3.2 Technologies Based on Chemical Conversion;61
6.3.3;4.3.3 Technologies Based on Sensible Heat Conversion;62
6.4;4.4 Concepts for Power Generation from Solid Biomass;63
6.5;4.5 State of the Art;65
6.6;4.6 Options for Flexible Power Generation in Existing Plants;66
6.6.1;4.6.1 Increasing Flexibility of Plant Equipment;67
6.6.2;4.6.2 Storage of Intermediate Energy Carriers;67
6.7;4.7 New Concepts for Flexible Power Generation from Solid Biofuels;68
6.7.1;4.7.1 General Aspects;68
6.7.2;4.7.2 Improvement of Technologically Available Concepts;69
6.7.2.1;Combustion and EFGT;69
6.7.2.2; Gasification and Gas Turbine;69
6.7.3;4.7.3 New Concepts;69
6.7.3.1;Gasification and Fuel Cells;70
6.7.3.2; Hybrid IGCC;70
6.7.3.3; Synthetic Fuel Production;70
6.8;4.8 Conclusions;70
6.9;References;72
7;Chapter 5: Flexible Power Generation from Biogas;74
7.1;5.1 Introduction;74
7.2;5.2 Technologies for Generating Power from Gaseous Biofuels;75
7.2.1;5.2.1 Biochemical Conversion Process;76
7.2.1.1;Type of Substrate and Substrate Supply;76
7.2.1.2; Types of Conversion Process;78
7.2.2;5.2.2 Biogas Storage and Utilization;78
7.2.2.1;Options for Gas Storage Within the Process;78
7.2.2.2; Gas Conversion/Utilization Technologies;78
7.2.3;5.2.3 Substrate Availability for Power Generation from Biogas;81
7.2.3.1;Plants Based on Energy Crops;81
7.2.3.2;Manure, Industrial Wastes and Byproducts;81
7.3;5.3 State of the Art;82
7.4;5.4 Options for Flexible Power Generation in Existing Plants;83
7.4.1;5.4.1 Critical Components Within the Production Chain;87
7.5;5.5 New Concepts for Flexible Power Generation from Biogas;87
7.6;5.6 Conclusion;88
7.7;References;88
8;Chapter 6: Flexible Heat Provision from Biomass;90
8.1;6.1 Introduction;91
8.2;6.2 Heat Supply from Biomass: An Overview and Clarification of “Flexibility”;91
8.3;6.3 Technologies for Heat Provision from Solid Biomass;94
8.3.1;6.3.1 Type of Biomass and Biomass Quality;94
8.3.2;6.3.2 Biomass Conversion Technology (Heat Generator);96
8.3.3;6.3.3 Plant Concept/Operation Concept;97
8.3.4;6.3.4 Heat Storage on Site;99
8.3.5;6.3.5 Type of Heat Utilization;101
8.4;6.4 State of the Art;102
8.5;6.5 Options to Improve Flexible Heat Provision in Existing Plants;103
8.6;6.6 New Concepts for Improved Flexible Heat Generation from Solid Biomass Fuels;107
8.7;6.7 Conclusions;110
8.8;References;111
9;Chapter 7: Liquid and Gaseous Biofuels for the Transport Sector;113
9.1;7.1 Introduction;113
9.2;7.2 Technologies;114
9.3;7.3 Concepts and State of the Art;115
9.4;7.4 Options for Flexible Production of Liquid and Gaseous Biofuels;116
9.4.1;7.4.1 Approaches for Existing Concepts;120
9.4.2;7.4.2 Approaches for New Concepts;121
9.5;7.5 General Economic and Environmental Aspects;123
9.6;7.6 Conclusion;124
9.7;References;125
10;Chapter 8: Intermediate Biofuels to Support a Flexible Application of Biomass;127
10.1;8.1 Introduction;128
10.2;8.2 Advanced Solid Biofuels;129
10.2.1;8.2.1 Densified Solid Biofuels;130
10.2.1.1;Raw Material;130
10.2.1.2; Process;130
10.2.1.3;Energy Balance;131
10.2.1.4; Cost Range;132
10.2.1.5; Stage of Development;132
10.2.2;8.2.2 Torrefied Fuels;132
10.2.2.1;Raw Material;132
10.2.2.2; Process;133
10.2.2.3;Energy Balance;133
10.2.2.4;Cost Range;134
10.2.2.5;Stage of Development;134
10.2.3;8.2.3 Hydrothermal Carbonised Fuels;134
10.2.3.1;Raw Material;135
10.2.3.2;Process;135
10.2.3.3;Energy Balance;136
10.2.3.4;Stage of Development;137
10.3;8.3 Biomethane;137
10.3.1;8.3.1 Bio-based Synthetic Natural Gas Bio-SNG;137
10.3.1.1;Raw Material;137
10.3.1.2;Process;137
10.3.1.3;Stage of Development;139
10.3.2;8.3.2 Biomethane from Upgrading of Biogas;139
10.3.2.1;Raw Material;139
10.3.2.2;Process;139
10.3.2.3;Cost Range;141
10.3.2.4;Stage of Development;141
10.4;8.4 Contributing to a Flexible Energy Supply;142
10.4.1;8.4.1 Flexibility Through Solid Fuels;142
10.4.2;8.4.2 Flexibility Through Biomethane;143
10.5;8.5 Conclusion;144
10.6;References;145
11;Chapter 9: The Potential of Flexible Power Generation from Biomass: A Case Study for a German Region;147
11.1;9.1 Introduction;148
11.2;9.2 Long-Term Potential for Flexible Bioenergy Generation;148
11.2.1;9.2.1 Potential and Sector-Wise Distribution Under the Scenarios;149
11.2.2;9.2.2 Flexible Power Generation Options Under the Scenarios;151
11.3;9.3 Regional Aspects of Bioenergy;152
11.4;9.4 Complementing Variable Renewable Energies with Flexible Bioenergy;154
11.4.1;9.4.1 Model Description;155
11.4.2;9.4.2 Results;158
11.4.3;9.4.3 Discussion;161
11.5;9.5 Conclusion;163
11.6;References;165
12;Chapter 10: Conclusion and Outlook;166
12.1;10.1 Main Insights and Lessons Learnt from This Book;167
12.1.1;10.1.1 Smart Bioenergy in a Nutshell;167
12.1.2;10.1.2 Improving Technologies and Concepts for a More Flexible Bioenergy Provision;168
12.1.3;10.1.3 From Plant Optimization Towards the Optimization of the Overall Energy System;170
12.1.4;10.1.4 Advanced Bioenergy Carriers for Efficient Flexible Provision;172
12.1.5;10.1.5 The Importance of a Sustainable Feedstock Base;172
12.1.6;10.1.6 Future Demands;174
12.2;10.2 The Way Forward: Actions Required;176
12.2.1;10.2.1 Policymakers;176
12.2.2;10.2.2 Academia;178
12.2.3;10.2.3 Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs);179
12.2.4;10.2.4 Business;179
12.3;10.3 Closing Remarks: A Vision of the Future Renewable Energy Supply: Smart Bioenergy and a Bio-based Economy;180
12.4;References;182
13;Index;183