Thermochemical Surface Engineering of Steels

Improving Materials Performance
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-85709-652-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 816 Seiten

Thermochemical surface engineering significantly improves the properties of steels. Edited by two of the world's leading authorities, this important book summarises the range of techniques and their applications. It covers nitriding, nitrocarburizing and carburizing. There are also chapters on low temperature techniques as well as boriding, sheradizing, aluminizing, chromizing, thermo-reactive deposition and diffusion.
Reviews the fundamentals of surface treatments and current performance of improved materialsCovers nitriding, nitrocarburizing and carburizing of iron and iron carbon alloysExamines how different thermochemical surface engineering methods can help against corrosion

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;Thermochemical Surface Engineering of Steels;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;About the editors;14
6;List of contributors;16
7;Woodhead Publishing Series in Metals and Surface Engineering;18
8;Introduction;22
9;Part One Fundamentals;26
9.1;1 Thermodynamics and kinetics of gas and gas–solid reactions;28
9.1.1;1.1 Introduction;28
9.1.2;1.2 Equilibria for gas-exchange reactions;31
9.1.3;1.3 Equilibria for gas–solid reactions;53
9.1.4;1.4 Kinetics of gas-exchange reactions;76
9.1.5;1.5 Kinetics of gas–solid reactions;100
9.1.6;1.6 Phase stabilities in the Fe-N, Fe-C and Fe-C-N systems;121
9.1.7;References;134
9.2;2 Kinetics of thermochemical surface treatments;138
9.2.1;2.1 Introduction;138
9.2.2;2.2 Development of an interstitial solid solution;138
9.2.3;2.3 Precipitation of second phase particles in a supersaturated matrix;149
9.2.4;2.4 Product-layer growth at the surface;153
9.2.5;2.5 Conclusion;163
9.2.6;References;164
9.3;3 Process technologies for thermochemical surface engineering;166
9.3.1;3.1 Introduction;166
9.3.2;3.2 Different ways of achieving a hardened wear-resistant surface;166
9.3.3;3.3 Furnaces;169
9.3.4;3.4 Gaseous carburising;183
9.3.5;3.5 Gaseous carbonitriding;191
9.3.6;3.6 Gaseous nitriding and nitrocarburising;195
9.3.7;3.7 Variants of gaseous nitriding and nitrocarburising;201
9.3.8;3.8 Gaseous boriding;204
9.3.9;3.9 Plasma assisted processes: plasma (ion) carburising;207
9.3.10;3.10 Plasma (ion) nitriding/nitrocarburising;212
9.3.11;3.11 Implantation processes (nitriding);215
9.3.12;3.12 Salt bath processes (nitrocarburising);219
9.3.13;3.13 Laser assisted nitriding;221
9.3.14;3.14 Fluidised bed nitriding;224
9.3.15;Acknowledgements;226
9.3.16;References;227
10;Part Two Improved materials performance;232
10.1;4 Fatigue resistance of carburized and nitrided steels;234
10.1.1;4.1 Introduction;234
10.1.2;4.2 The concept of local fatigue resistance;238
10.1.3;4.3 Statistical analysis of fatigue resistance;241
10.1.4;4.4 Fatigue behavior of carburized microstructures;243
10.1.5;4.5 Fatigue behavior of nitrided and nitrocarburized microstructures;252
10.1.6;4.6 Conclusion;261
10.1.7;References;262
10.2;5 Tribological behaviour of thermochemically surface engineered steels;266
10.2.1;5.1 Introduction;266
10.2.2;5.2 Contact types;266
10.2.3;5.3 Wear mechanisms;269
10.2.4;5.4 Conclusions;288
10.2.5;References;289
10.3;6 Corrosion behaviour of nitrided, nitrocarburised and carburised steels;292
10.3.1;6.1 Introduction;292
10.3.2;6.2 Corrosion behaviour of nitrided and nitrocarburised unalloyed and low alloyed steels: introduction;296
10.3.3;6.3 Nitriding processes and corrosion behaviour;296
10.3.4;6.4 Structure and composition of compound layers and corrosion behaviour;301
10.3.5;6.5 Post-oxidation and corrosion behaviour;305
10.3.6;6.6 Passivation of nitride layers;310
10.3.7;6.7 Corrosion behaviour in molten metals;312
10.3.8;6.8 Corrosion behaviour of nitrided, nitrocarburised and carburised stainless steels: introduction;312
10.3.9;6.9 Austenitic-ferritic and austenitic steels: corrosion in chloride-free solutions;315
10.3.10;6.10 Austenitic-ferritic and austenitic steels: corrosion in chloride-containing solutions;322
10.3.11;6.11 Ferritic, martensitic and precipitation hardening stainless steels;325
10.3.12;6.12 Conclusion;329
10.3.13;References;330
11;Part Three Nitriding, nitrocarburizing and carburizing;336
11.1;7 Nitriding of binary and ternary iron-based alloys;338
11.1.1;7.1 Introduction;338
11.1.2;7.2 Strong, intermediate and weak Me–N interaction;339
11.1.3;7.3 Microstructural development of the compound layer in the presence of alloying elements;341
11.1.4;7.4 Microstructural development of the diffusion zone in the presence of alloying elements;343
11.1.5;7.5 Kinetics of diffusion zone growth in the presence of alloying elements;351
11.1.6;7.6 Conclusion;358
11.1.7;References;362
11.2;8 Development of the compound layer during nitriding and nitrocarburising of iron and iron-carbon alloys;366
11.2.1;8.1 Introduction;366
11.2.2;8.2 Compound layer formation during nitriding in a NH3/H2 gas mixture;367
11.2.3;8.3 Nitrocarburising in gas;379
11.2.4;8.4 Compound layer development during salt bath nitrocarburising;391
11.2.5;8.5 Post-oxidation and phase transformations in the compound layer;393
11.2.6;8.6 Conclusion;395
11.2.7;References;396
11.3;9 Austenitic nitriding and nitrocarburizing of steels;398
11.3.1;9.1 Introduction;398
11.3.2;9.2 Phase stability regions of nitrogen-containing austenite;398
11.3.3;9.3 Phase transformation of nitrogen-containing austenite and its consequences for the process;401
11.3.4;9.4 Phase stability and layer growth during austenitic nitriding and nitrocarburizing;405
11.3.5;9.5 Properties resulting from austenitic nitriding and nitrocarburizing;408
11.3.6;9.6 Solution nitriding and its application;411
11.3.7;References;414
11.4;10 Classical nitriding of heat treatable steel;426
11.4.1;10.1 Introduction;426
11.4.2;10.2 Steels suitable for nitriding;426
11.4.3;10.3 Microstructure and hardness improvement;427
11.4.4;10.4 Nitriding-induced stress in steel;430
11.4.5;10.5 Nitriding and improved fatigue life of steel;438
11.4.6;References;443
11.5;11 Plasma-assisted nitriding and nitrocarburizing of steel and other ferrous alloys;446
11.5.1;11.1 Introduction;446
11.5.2;11.2 Glow discharge during plasma nitriding: general features;448
11.5.3;11.3 Sputtering during plasma nitriding;457
11.5.4;11.4 Practical aspects of sputtering and redeposition of the cathode material during plasma nitriding;460
11.5.5;11.5 Plasma nitriding as a low-nitriding potential process;463
11.5.6;11.6 Role of carbon-bearing gases and oxygen;468
11.5.7;11.7 Practical aspects of differences in nitriding mechanism of plasma and gas nitriding processes;470
11.5.8;11.8 Best applications of plasma nitriding and nitrocarburizing;474
11.5.9;11.9 Methods for reducing plasma nitriding limitations;480
11.5.10;Acknowledgements;482
11.5.11;References;482
11.6;12 ZeroFlow gas nitriding of steels;492
11.6.1;12.1 Introduction;492
11.6.2;12.2 Improving gas nitriding of steels;493
11.6.3;12.3 Current gas nitriding processes;493
11.6.4;12.4 The principles of ZeroFlow gas nitriding;494
11.6.5;12.5 Thermodynamic aspects of nitriding in atmospheres of NH3 and of two-component NH3 + H2 and NH3 + NH3diss. mixes;495
11.6.6;12.6 Kinetic aspects of nitriding in atmospheres of NH3 and of two-component NH3 + H2 and NH3 + NH3diss. mixes;497
11.6.7;12.7 Using the ZeroFlow process under industrial conditions;499
11.6.8;12.8 Applications of the ZeroFlow method;500
11.6.9;12.9 Conclusion;514
11.6.10;References;515
11.7;13 Carburizing of steels;518
11.7.1;13.1 Introduction;518
11.7.2;13.2 Gaseous carburizing;520
11.7.3;13.3 Low pressure carburizing;539
11.7.4;13.4 Hardening;547
11.7.5;13.5 Tempering and sub-zero treatment;553
11.7.6;13.6 Material properties;557
11.7.7;13.7 Furnace technology;565
11.7.8;13.8 Conclusion;582
11.7.9;References;582
12;Part Four Low temperature carburizing and nitriding;588
12.1;14 Low temperature surface hardening of stainless steel;590
12.1.1;14.1 Introduction;590
12.1.2;14.2 The origins of low temperature surface engineering of stainless steel;591
12.1.3;14.3 Fundamental aspects of expanded austenite;599
12.1.4;References;610
12.2;15 Gaseous processes for low temperature surface hardening of stainless steel;614
12.2.1;15.1 Introduction;614
12.2.2;15.2 Surface hardening of austenitic stainless steel;619
12.2.3;15.3 Residual stress in expanded austenite;631
12.2.4;15.4 Prediction of nitrogen diffusion profiles in expanded austenite;635
12.2.5;15.5 Surface hardening of stainless steel types other than austenite;638
12.2.6;15.6 Conclusion and future trends;645
12.2.7;References;646
12.3;16 Plasma-assisted processes for surface hardening of stainless steel;648
12.3.1;16.1 Introduction;648
12.3.2;16.2 Process principles and equipment;648
12.3.3;16.3 Microstructure evolution;653
12.3.4;16.4 Properties of surface hardened steels;660
12.3.5;16.5 Conclusion and future trends;663
12.3.6;References;665
12.4;17 Applications of low-temperature surface hardening of stainless steels;666
12.4.1;17.1 Introduction;666
12.4.2;17.2 Applications in the nuclear industry;666
12.4.3;17.3 Applications in tubular fittings and fasteners;671
12.4.4;17.4 Miscellaneous applications;675
12.4.5;17.5 Conclusion;677
12.4.6;References;680
13;Part Five Dedicated thermochemical surface engineering methods;682
13.1;18 Boriding to improve the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of steels;684
13.1.1;18.1 Introduction;684
13.1.2;18.2 Boriding of steels;690
13.1.3;18.3 Mechanical characterisation of borided steels;697
13.1.4;18.4 Corrosion resistance of steels exposed to boriding;723
13.1.5;18.5 Conclusion;728
13.1.6;References;730
13.2;19 The thermo-reactive deposition and diffusion process for coating steels to improve wear resistance;736
13.2.1;19.1 Introduction;736
13.2.2;19.2 Growth behavior of coatings;741
13.2.3;19.3 High temperature borax bath carbide coating;749
13.2.4;19.4 High temperature fluidized bed carbide coating;755
13.2.5;19.5 Low temperature salt bath nitride coating;758
13.2.6;19.6 Properties of thermo-reactive deposition (TRD) carbide/nitride coated parts;761
13.2.7;19.7 Applications;766
13.2.8;19.8 Conclusion;766
13.2.9;References;767
13.3;20 Sherardizing: corrosion protection of steels by zinc diffusion coatings;770
13.3.1;20.1 Introduction;770
13.3.2;20.2 Pretreatment, surface preparation and processing;771
13.3.3;20.3 Diffusion heat treatment;772
13.3.4;20.4 Post-treatment, inspection and quality control;779
13.3.5;20.5 Corrosion behavior and mechanical properties;781
13.3.6;20.6 Applications;782
13.3.7;20.7 Sources of further information and advice;782
13.3.8;References;783
13.4;21 Aluminizing of steel to improve high temperature corrosion resistance;784
13.4.1;21.1 Introduction;784
13.4.2;21.2 Thermodynamics;786
13.4.3;21.3 Kinetics;788
13.4.4;21.4 Aluminizing of austenitic stainless steel – experimental examples;792
13.4.5;21.5 Applications;797
13.4.6;21.6 Conclusion;798
13.4.7;Acknowledgements;798
13.4.8;References;799
14;Index;802

Leseproben

Woodhead Publishing Series in Metals and Surface Engineering
1 Nickel and chromium plating
J. K. Dennis and T. E. Such 2 Microbiologically influenced corrosion handbook
S. Borenstein 3 Surface engineering casebook
Edited by J. S. Burnell-Gray and P. K. Datta 4 Duplex stainless steels
Edited by R. Gunn 5 Engineering coatings
S. Grainger and J. Blunt 6 Developments in marine corrosion
Edited by J. P. Blitz and C. B. Little 7 7 Fundamental and applied aspects of chemically modified surfaces
J. P. Blitz and C. B. Little 8 Paint and surface coatings
Edited by R. Lambourne and T. A. Strivens 9 Surfacing: Core research from TWI
TWI 10 Recommended values of thermophysical properties for selected commercial alloys
K. C. Mills 11 Corrosion of austenitic stainless steels
Edited by H. S. Katal and B. Raj 12 Fundamentals of metallurgy
Edited by S. Seetharaman 13 Energy absorption of structures and materials
G. Lu and T. X. Yu 14 The Hatfield memorial lectures: Developments in iron and steel processing
Edited by P. R. Beely 15 Laser shock peening
K. Ding and L. Ye 16 Structural shear joints
G. T. Hahn, C. A. Rubin and K. A. Iyer 17 Direct strip casting of metals and alloys
M. Ferry 18 Surface coatings for protection against wear
Edited by B. G. Mellor 19 Handbook of gold exploration and evaluation
E. MacDonald 20 The cold spray materials deposition process
Edited by V. K. Champagne 21 The SGTE casebook: Thermodynamics at work: Second Edition
Edited by K. Hack 22 Belt conveying of minerals
E. D. Yardley and L. R. Stace 23 Techniques for corrosion monitoring
Edited by L. Yang 24 Creep-resistant steels
Edited by F. Abe 25 Developments in high temperature corrosion and protection of materials
Edited by W. Gao 26 Mineral wool: Production and properties
B. Sirok and B. Blagojevic 27 High-performance organic coatings
Edited by A. S. Khana 28 Hydrometallurgy: Principles and applications
T. Havlik 29 Corrosion control in the aerospace industry
Edited by S. Benavides 30 Multiaxial notch fatigue
L. Susmel 31 Titanium alloys
W. Sha and S. Malinov 32 Advances in marine antifouling coatings and technologies
Edited by C. Hellio and D. M. Yebra 33 Maraging steels
W. Sha and W. Gao 34 Surface engineering of light alloys
Edited by H. Dong 35 Sintering of advanced materials
Edited by Z. Z. Fang 36 Managing wastes from aluminium smelter plants
B. Mazumber and B. K. Mishra 37 Fundamentals of aluminium metallurgy
Edited by R. Lumley 38 Electroless copper and nickel-phosphorus plating
W. Sha and X. Wu 39 Thermal barrier coatings
Edited by H. Xu and H. Guo 40 Nanostructured metals and alloys
Edited by S. H. Wang 41 Corrosion of magnesium alloys
Edited by G .L. Song 42 Shape memory and superelastic alloys
Edited by Y. Yamauchi and I. Ohkata 43 Superplasticity and grain boundaries in ultrafine-grained materials
A. L. Zhilyaev and A. I Pshenichnyuk 44 Superplastic forming of advanced metallic materials
Edited by G. Guiliano 45 Nanocoatings and ultra-thin films
Edited by A. S. H. Makhlouf and I. Tiginyanu 46 Stress corrosion cracking
Edited by V. S. Raja and T. Shoji 47 Tribocorrosion of passive metals and coatings
Edited by D. Landolt and S. Mischler 48 Metalworking fluids (MWFs) for cutting and grinding
Edited by V. P Astakhov and S. Joksch 49 Corrosion protection and control using nanomaterials
Edited by V. S. Saji and R. Cook 50 Laser surface modification of alloys for corrosion and erosion resistance
Edited by C. T. Kowk 51 Gaseous hydrogen embrittlement of materials in energy technologies Volume 1: The problem, its characterisation and effects on particular alloy classes
Edited by R. P. Gangloff and B. P. Somerday 52 Gaseous hydrogen embrittlement of materials in energy technologies Volume 2: Mechanisms, modelling and future developments
Edited by R. P. Gangloff and B. P. Somerday 53 Advances in wrought magnesium alloys
Edited by C. Bettles 54 Handbook of metal injection molding
Edited by D. Heaney 55 Microstructure evolution in metal forming processes
Edited by J. Lin and D. Balint 56 Phase transformations in steels Volume 1: Fundamentals and diffusion-controlled transformations
Edited by E. Pereloma and D. V. Edmonds 57 Phase transformations in steels Volume 2: Diffusionless transformations, high strength steels, modelling and advanced analytical techniques
Edited by E. Pereloma and D. V. Edmonds 58 Corrosion prevention of magnesium alloys
Edited by G. L. Song 59 Fundamentals of magnesium alloy metallurgy
Edited by M. Pekguleryuz, K. Kainer and A. Kaya 60 Advances in powder metallurgy
Edited by I. Chang 61 Rare earth-based corrosion inhibitors
Edited by M. Forsyth and B. Hinton 62 Thermochemical surface engineering of steels
Edited by E. J. Mittemeijer and M. A. J. Somers 63 Underground pipeline corrosion: Detection, analysis and prevention
Edited by M. Orazem 64 Handbook of smart coatings for...