E-Book, Englisch, 421 Seiten, eBook
Measuring the Impact of Social Investment
E-Book, Englisch, 421 Seiten, eBook
Reihe: Palgrave Studies in Impact Finance
ISBN: 978-3-319-71401-1
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
Volker Then is Founding Director and Executive Director of the Centre for Social Investment at Heidelberg University, Germany. Christian Schober is Head of the Competence Center for Nonprofit Organizations and Social Entrepreneurship at Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria. Olivia Rauscher is Head of Social Impact Analysis and Senior Researcher at the Competence Center for Nonprofit Organizations and Social Entrepreneurship at Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria. Konstantin Kehl is Lecturer at the Institute of Management and Social Policy, ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland.
Zielgruppe
Research
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Preface;6
2;Contents;9
3;About the Authors;18
4;List of Figures;20
5;List of Tables;22
6;1 Introduction: What Is an SROI Analysis? How Does It Relate to Other Forms of Analysis? Why Is Impact Key?;24
6.1;1.1Impact Above Everything Else? The Trend Towards Impact Measurement and Analysis;28
6.1.1;1.1.1What Do We Want to Contribute With This Book? Overview of the Approach;33
6.1.2;1.1.2How Should You Read the Book?;35
6.2;1.2How Does SROI Analysis Compare to Other Methods of Impact Measurement and Analysis? A Comprehensive Approach;35
6.2.1;1.2.1SROI Analysis in a Nutshell: A Summary;37
6.2.1.1;1.2.1.1 Origin;37
6.2.1.2;1.2.1.2 General Approach;37
6.2.2;1.2.2Social Impact Measurement vs. Social Impact Analysis: Where Should SROI Be Positioned?;40
6.2.3;1.2.3How is SROI Analysis Distinguished from Other Methods of (Economic) Impact Analysis or Social Impact Measurement?;43
6.2.3.1;1.2.3.1 Economic Impact Analyses in the Tradition of Evaluation;43
6.2.3.2;1.2.3.2 Social Impact Reporting, Social Accounting and Sustainability Rating Approaches—The Reporting Side;45
6.2.3.3;1.2.3.3 Impact Measurement and Social Impact in the Tradition of Development Aid and of Social and Environmental Impact Assessment;47
6.2.3.4;1.2.3.4 Other Impact Analysis and Measurement Approaches;49
6.2.4;1.2.4How Is SROI Analysis Conceptually Situated as Relates to Other Methods? A Mental and Analytical Framework with a Social Science Focus;50
6.3;1.3Is There Only One Form of SROI Analysis? Proposed Typology;54
6.4;1.4SROI: The Way to Measure Impact;57
6.5;References;58
7;2 What Interests Do Organisations Pursue with an Impact Analysis? A Guide;66
7.1;2.1Introduction: Why Impact Measurement?;67
7.2;2.2How Does Interest in an SROI Analysis Emerge?;69
7.2.1;2.2.1Communication to the Outside;70
7.2.1.1;2.2.1.1 Legitimacy;70
7.2.1.2;2.2.1.2 Fund-Raising;72
7.2.2;2.2.2The Trend Towards Impact Measurement;73
7.2.2.1;2.2.2.1 The Endeavour to Be a Pioneer, or the Need to Keep Up;73
7.2.2.2;2.2.2.2 Political Targets and Political Support;74
7.2.3;2.2.3The Strategic Interests of an Organisation;76
7.2.3.1;2.2.3.1 What Do Organisations Expect of SROI Analyses?;77
7.2.3.2;2.2.3.2 The Business Feasibility Perspective;78
7.2.3.3;2.2.3.3 Non-profit Reservations;79
7.3;2.3The Joint Learning Process;80
7.4;2.4What Application of the SROI Methodology Is Intended?;81
7.4.1;2.4.1Prospective Estimation of the Potential for Social Value Added;81
7.4.2;2.4.2Formative Evaluation of Success or Prospects for Success;83
7.4.3;2.4.3Summative Analysis of the Social Value Added Actually Achieved;84
7.5;2.5Who Should Perform the Analysis?;85
7.6;2.6Conclusion;90
7.7;References;91
8;3 SROI in the Context of Policy and Governance Developments;93
8.1;3.1Social Investment and Impact: New Policy Styles, Governance Tools and Their Implications;94
8.1.1;3.1.1From Welfare to Social Investment;95
8.1.2;3.1.2Challenges for Impact Measurement and Society;99
8.2;3.2SROI and European Policy Developments;102
8.2.1;3.2.1Impact Measurement Between Specific Policy Initiatives and Market Building;103
8.2.2;3.2.2Impact Measurement and Standardisation: Process Standards;106
8.3;3.3Impact Measurement and Public Policy: Conclusion;110
8.4;References;112
9;4 How Are Impacts Identified? The Impact Model;115
9.1;4.1Impact Model—Where Does It Come from and for What Purpose? The Introduction;116
9.1.1;4.1.1For What Purpose Is the Impact Model Necessary?;116
9.1.2;4.1.2Where Does the Impact Model Come from?;117
9.2;4.2Impact Model: What Is It?;118
9.2.1;4.2.1Conditions: Context, Target Group Specifics, Inputs (Resources), Structure;121
9.2.2;4.2.2Plan: Concept;122
9.2.3;4.2.3Implementation: Process/Activities;122
9.2.4;4.2.4Outputs;123
9.2.5;4.2.5Outcome: Impacts;124
9.3;4.3What Levels of Impact Measurement Can Be Distinguished?;125
9.4;4.4What Does Deadweight Mean?;127
9.5;4.5Theory of Change or Impact Model? What Is the Difference?;130
9.6;4.6What Role Do the Stakeholders Play?;131
9.7;4.7Who Are the Relevant Stakeholders and How Are Their Impacts Identified?;134
9.8;4.8Summary;137
9.9;References;139
10;5 How Can Impact Dimensions Be Operationalised?;142
10.1;5.1What Do Impact Models Achieve for the Goals of Projects and Organisations?;143
10.1.1;5.1.1Conceptualising and Modelling Impact Through Stakeholder Dialogues;143
10.1.2;5.1.2Selecting Dimensions, Making Decisions and Proving Impact;145
10.2;5.2What Basic Building Blocks Do All Impact Models Have in Common?;147
10.2.1;5.2.1Functions and Roles of Non-profit and Social Purpose Organisations;148
10.2.2;5.2.2The Special Character of the Political and Environmental Dimension;150
10.2.3;5.2.3Physiological and Psychological Effects;153
10.3;5.3The Complexity of Returns: Differentiating the Levels of Impact;154
10.3.1;5.3.1The Bull’s Eye of System Innovation;154
10.3.2;5.3.2Levels of Impact: Enriching and Relating the Functional Dimensions;156
10.3.3;5.3.3Priorities and “Nice to Have’s”;159
10.4;5.4An Integrated “Impact Construction Kit” and Paths to Comparability;161
10.4.1;5.4.1Currencies and “Exchange Rates” of Different Social Interventions;162
10.4.2;5.4.2Benchmarks Beyond Money and Methodological Challenges;165
10.5;5.5Where Are the Limits of SROI?;170
10.6;References;171
11;6 How Can Impact Be Gathered? Study Design and Empirical Execution;175
11.1;6.1Comprehending Impact: What and How Do We Want to Study?;176
11.1.1;6.1.1To What Level of Breadth and Depth Should Impact Be Considered?;177
11.1.2;6.1.2What Is the Focus of the Study?;178
11.1.3;6.1.3To What Extent Must the Analysis Satisfy Scientific Criteria (Rigour Vs. Relevance)?;181
11.2;6.2How Do I Proceed Specifically? Various Research Approaches;184
11.2.1;6.2.1Overview of Various Research Paradigms, Designs and Methods;184
11.2.2;6.2.2Quantitative Paradigm: Experimental Designs;187
11.2.2.1;6.2.2.1 Experimental Design;187
11.2.2.2;6.2.2.2 Quasi-experimental Design;188
11.2.3;6.2.3Quantitative Paradigm: Non-experimental Designs;190
11.2.3.1;6.2.3.1 Longitudinal Studies;190
11.2.3.2;6.2.3.2 Cohort Design;191
11.2.3.3;6.2.3.3 Cross-Sectional Studies;192
11.2.4;6.2.4Quantitative Empirical Methods;193
11.2.4.1;6.2.4.1 Questionnaire Construction and Wording of Questions;194
11.2.4.2;6.2.4.2 Conducting the Survey;195
11.2.4.3;6.2.4.3 Data Analysis and Interpretation of Data;197
11.2.5;6.2.5Qualitative Paradigm;198
11.2.6;6.2.6Qualitative Empirical Methods;199
11.2.6.1;6.2.6.1 Data Collection;200
11.2.6.2;6.2.6.2 Data Analysis;204
11.2.7;6.2.7Analysis Supported by Secondary Data;205
11.2.7.1;6.2.7.1 Analysis of Secondary Material: What Are Common Secondary Materials?;207
11.2.7.2;6.2.7.2 Data-Supported Estimate on the Basis of Secondary Material;210
11.3;6.3How Do You Select a Study Design? A Guide;211
11.3.1;6.3.1Clarifying Basic Questions;211
11.3.2;6.3.2The SROI Options Matrix as a Decision Aid;213
11.3.3;6.3.3Taking Account of the Stakeholders’ Specific Characteristics and Possibilities to Access the Field;217
11.3.4;6.3.4Reviewing Whether It Is Possible to Use an Evidence-Based Approach;217
11.4;6.4Summary;218
11.5;References;219
12;7 Can the Presumed Impacts Be Proven? Analysis from a Quantitative Point of View;222
12.1;7.1How Is Causality Dealt with? The (Correct) Attribution of Impacts;223
12.2;7.2What Possibilities and Limits Do the Basic Methods Have in the Research Process?;224
12.2.1;7.2.1Non-experimental Design (Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional);225
12.2.2;7.2.2Quasi-Experimental Design (Control-Group Comparisons);226
12.2.3;7.2.3Experimental Design (Randomised Controlled Trials);227
12.2.4;7.2.4Design-Independent Limits on Generalisability;228
12.3;7.3Which Distortions in Data Collection Demand Attention?;229
12.4;7.4How Are Results Quantified? Impact Dimensions, Diversity of Methods and Variables;234
12.5;7.5What Is the Explanatory Power of SROI Dimensions?;238
12.6;7.6Well-being Indexes as an Alternative Quantitative Portrayal of Societal or Local Effects?;241
12.7;7.7What Are the Limits of Quantitative Methods?;242
12.8;References;244
13;8 How Can Impacts Be Monetised?;247
13.1;8.1Why Should Impacts Be Monetised?;248
13.2;8.2Isn’t It Sufficient to Use Market Prices?;250
13.3;8.3Can Valuation Take Place Without Units of Money? Alternative Valuation Methods;252
13.4;8.4How Can We Monetise? Methods for Monetising Non-market Goods;256
13.4.1;8.4.1Cost-Based Monetisation;256
13.4.1.1;8.4.1.1 Damage Costs;258
13.4.1.2;8.4.1.2 Avoided Damages;260
13.4.1.3;8.4.1.3 Restoration Costs;261
13.4.1.4;8.4.1.4 Replacement Costs;262
13.4.1.5;8.4.1.5 Abatement Costs;263
13.4.1.6;8.4.1.6 Evasion Costs;264
13.4.1.7;8.4.1.7 Summarising Evaluation of the Cost-Based Methods of Monetisation;265
13.4.2;8.4.2Monetisation on the Basis of Stated Preference Approaches;266
13.4.2.1;8.4.2.1 Contingent Valuation Method: Willingness to Pay and/or Willingness to Accept;267
13.4.2.2;8.4.2.2 Decompositional Approaches of Preference Measurement (Choice Modelling/Conjoint Analysis);271
13.4.3;8.4.3Monetisation on the Basis of Revealed Preference Approaches;275
13.4.3.1;8.4.3.1 Using Direct Market Prices;275
13.4.3.2;8.4.3.2 Change in Factor Income;276
13.4.3.3;8.4.3.3 Travel Costs Method;279
13.4.3.4;8.4.3.4 Hedonic Pricing;281
13.4.4;8.4.4Summarising Assessment of the Preference-Based Methods of Monetisation;283
13.4.5;8.4.5Which Approaches Exist Beyond Costs and Preferences?;284
13.4.5.1;8.4.5.1 Valuations on the Basis of Existing Studies;284
13.4.5.2;8.4.5.2 Assessment Approaches;287
13.4.5.3;8.4.5.3 Inclusion in the Production Function;290
13.5;8.5Are the Right Things Being Monetised in the First Place? Caution When Monetising Services;291
13.6;8.6When Is Which Monetisation Method Suitable?;293
13.7;8.7Conclusion with Respect to SROI Analysis and Practical Applicability in Projects;297
13.8;References;299
14;9 Which Purposes Can Social Impact Analyses Support? An Overview of Applications for Results of SROI Analyses;303
14.1;9.1Which Options Exist for Using SROI Results? An Overview;304
14.1.1;9.1.1Communication (Target Group: The Public);304
14.1.2;9.1.2Seeking Investors/Fund-Raising (Target Group: Funders);306
14.1.3;9.1.3Strategy and Organisational Development (Target Group: The Organisation Itself);308
14.1.4;9.1.4Strategic Cooperation and Scaling (Target Group: Sector/Industry/Field of Impact);309
14.1.5;9.1.5Evidence-Based and Impact-Oriented Controlling (Target Group: The Organisation Itself);310
14.2;9.2How Are Impact Analyses Linked to Strategy Development and Organisational Development?;311
14.2.1;9.2.1Classifying Strategic Goals;311
14.2.2;9.2.2SROI Analyses for Social Impact Investing or Impact Bond Agreements;312
14.2.3;9.2.3Organisational Development as a Necessary Component;314
14.3;9.3How Can Impact Measurement Be Used for Political Advocacy?;316
14.3.1;9.3.1How Does Successful Advocacy Work?;318
14.3.2;9.3.2The Contribution of Impact Measurement;319
14.4;9.4How Can Impact Measurement Be Used as a Controlling Tool? A Comprehensive Impact-Oriented Management Model;321
14.5;9.5Summary;329
14.6;References;330
15;10 How Have SROI Analyses Been Performed in Practice? Four Selected Case Studies;332
15.1;10.1Introduction;332
15.2;10.2Case Study: SROI Analysis of Mobile Care and Support Services in Vienna;336
15.2.1;10.2.1Introduction;336
15.2.2;10.2.2Impact Chain and Identification of Impacts;337
15.2.3;10.2.3Quantification of Impacts;339
15.2.4;10.2.4Monetising Impact;343
15.2.5;10.2.5Result of the Analysis;345
15.3;10.3Case Study: SROI Analysis of Multigeneration Co-housing;349
15.3.1;10.3.1Impact Model;349
15.3.2;10.3.2Identifying Impacts;351
15.3.3;10.3.3Quantifying Impacts;352
15.3.4;10.3.4Monetising Impacts;354
15.3.5;10.3.5Results of the Analysis;356
15.4;10.4Case Study: SROI Analysis of a Women in Development Programme in Ethiopia;357
15.4.1;10.4.1Introduction;358
15.4.2;10.4.2Impact Model and Identification of Outcomes;359
15.4.3;10.4.3Quantification of Outcomes;361
15.4.4;10.4.4Monetisation of Outcomes;362
15.4.5;10.4.5Results of the Analysis;366
15.5;10.5Case Study: SROI Analysis of the Norwegian Offshore & Drilling Engineering Network (NODE);368
15.5.1;10.5.1Introduction;368
15.5.2;10.5.2Impact Model;368
15.5.3;10.5.3Identification of Impact;370
15.5.4;10.5.4Quantifying Impact;371
15.5.5;10.5.5Monetising Impact;374
15.5.6;10.5.6Results of the Analysis;375
15.6;10.6Summary;377
15.7;References;379
16;11 What Does an Organisation Need to Conduct a Sound SROI Analysis?;382
16.1;11.1Introduction: From the Perspective of the Organisation;383
16.2;11.2Awareness and Involvement of Stakeholders;384
16.3;11.3Gathering Data;386
16.4;11.4Organisational Capacity;387
16.5;11.5Willingness to Participate in Individual/Organisational Learning;389
16.6;11.6Understanding the Analysis;391
16.7;11.7Practical Tips;393
16.8;11.8Summary;397
16.9;References;398
17;12 SROI Revisited: Summary and Outlook;399
17.1;12.1What Have We Learned? A Review;399
17.1.1;12.1.1The Book Shows the Various Facets of the Analytical Path;400
17.1.2;12.1.2An SROI Analysis Is Rooted in Social Science;402
17.1.3;12.1.3SROI Analysis Always Includes a Strategic Dimension;407
17.2;12.2What Remains to Be Done? The Prospects;409
17.3;References;413
18;Index;414
Chapter 1 - An Introduction to SROI - What is it about? How does it relate to other methods of impact analysis? And why does impact matter?.- Chapter 2 – Why do organisations measure impact? (A guideline).- Chapter 3 - How to identify impact? (The impact model).- Chapter 4 - How can impact dimensions be operationalized?.- Chapter 5 - How can data be gathered? (Research design and empirical approaches).- Chapter 6 – How to prove the assumed impact? (Quantitative analyses).- Chapter 7 - How to monetize impact? (Monetization).- Chapter 8. Why is impact analysis helpful? (Options for using SROI).- Chapter 9. How have SROI analyses been conducted? (Selected case studies).- Chapter 10 - What does an organization need to for SROI?.- Chapter 11 – Concluding remarks and outlook to future developments.
