Thakur / Kessler Liquid Crystalline Polymers

Volume 1-Structure and Chemistry
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-3-319-22894-5
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 627 Seiten

This book introduces anisotropic innovations in liquid crystalline polymers as well as new nanocomposite materials and testing techniques. The authors detail the newest discoveries of material properties, material types and phases, and material characterization. This interdisciplinary work creates valuable links that strengthen the approach to the evolving field of liquid crystalline polymers/ materials.

Drs. Vijay Kumar Thakur and Michael R. Kessler are both at the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Thakur, Vijay Kumar

Kessler, Michael R.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;About the Editors;10
4;Chapter 1: Liquid Crystalline Epoxy Resins;13
4.1;1.1 Introduction;13
4.2;1.2 Molecular Structures;14
4.2.1;1.2.1 Molecular Structure of Monomers;14
4.2.2;1.2.2 Molecular Structure of Curing Agents;16
4.3;1.3 Cure Behavior;17
4.3.1;1.3.1 Reaction Kinetics;18
4.3.2;1.3.2 LC Phase Formation;20
4.4;1.4 Properties;21
4.4.1;1.4.1 Mechanical Properties;21
4.4.2;1.4.2 Moisture Resistance;23
4.5;1.5 Orientation;24
4.5.1;1.5.1 Electric Field Orientation;24
4.5.2;1.5.2 Magnetic Field Orientation;24
4.6;1.6 Conclusions and Perspectives;26
4.7;References;26
5;Chapter 2: Structure and Phase Transitions of Polymer Liquid Crystals, Revealed by Means of Differential Scanning Calorimetry,...;30
5.1;2.1 Introduction;30
5.2;2.2 Thermotropic Liquid Crystals;31
5.3;2.3 Differential Scanning CalorimetryDifferential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC);33
5.3.1;2.3.1 Phase Transition at Isothermal ConditionsAvrami equation;35
5.3.2;2.3.2 Phase Transition at Non-isothermal ConditionsNon-isothermal conditions;39
5.4;2.4 Real-Time X-Ray Experiments;44
5.4.1;2.4.1 Synchrotron Radiation;44
5.4.1.1;2.4.1.1 X-Ray Scattering Results at Isothermal Conditions;45
5.4.1.2;2.4.1.2 WAXS;46
5.4.1.3;2.4.1.3 MAXS;48
5.4.1.4;2.4.1.4 SAXS;50
5.4.2;2.4.2 X-Ray Scattering Results at Non-isothermal Conditions;54
5.4.2.1;2.4.2.1 WAXS;54
5.4.2.2;2.4.2.2 MAXS;54
5.4.2.3;2.4.2.3 SAXS;56
5.5;2.5 Microscopy;57
5.6;2.6 Concluding Remarks;58
5.7;References;59
6;Chapter 3: Block Copolymers Containing Mesogen-Jacketed Liquid Crystalline Polymers as Rod Blocks: Synthesis and Self-Assembly;64
6.1;3.1 Introduction;64
6.2;3.2 Synthesis and Phase Behaviors of MJLCPs;68
6.2.1;3.2.1 Molecular Design and Synthesis of MJLCPs;68
6.2.1.1;3.2.1.1 Molecular Design of MJLCPs;68
6.2.1.2;3.2.1.2 Synthesis of MJLCPs;70
6.2.2;3.2.2 Phase Structures of MJLCPs;71
6.2.2.1;3.2.2.1 Columnar Phases of MJLCPs;71
6.2.2.2;3.2.2.2 Smectic Phases of MJLCPs;72
6.2.3;3.2.3 Molecular Weight Dependence of Phase Behaviors of MJLCPs;73
6.2.4;3.2.4 Re-entrant Phase Behaviors of Some MJLCPs;74
6.2.5;3.2.5 Main-Chain/Side-Chain Combined LCPs Based on MJLCPs;74
6.3;3.3 Synthesis of Block Copolymers Based on MJLCPs;75
6.3.1;3.3.1 AB Diblock Copolymers;76
6.3.1.1;3.3.1.1 Rod-Coil Diblock Copolymers;76
6.3.1.1.1;NMRP;76
6.3.1.1.2;ATRP;77
6.3.1.1.2.1;Sequential ATRP;77
6.3.1.1.2.2;ATRP Initiated by Macroinitiators Synthesized from Commercial Coil Polymers;77
6.3.1.1.2.3;ATRP Following ROP;78
6.3.1.2;3.3.1.2 Rod-Rod Diblock Copolymers;78
6.3.1.3;3.3.1.3 SCLCP-Rod Diblock Copolymers;79
6.3.1.4;3.3.1.4 Brush-Rod Diblock Copolymers;79
6.3.1.5;3.3.1.5 Dendritic-Rod Diblock Copolymers;79
6.3.2;3.3.2 ABA Triblock Copolymers;80
6.3.3;3.3.3 ABC Triblock Copolymers;80
6.3.4;3.3.4 Star Block Copolymers;81
6.4;3.4 Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers Based on MJLCPs;81
6.4.1;3.4.1 Self-Assembly in Bulk;81
6.4.1.1;3.4.1.1 Microphase Separation and Properties;82
6.4.1.2;3.4.1.2 Self-Assembled Nanostructures;83
6.4.1.3;3.4.1.3 Hierarchical Structures;83
6.4.1.4;3.4.1.4 Interplay Between Microphase Separation and LC Phase Formation;85
6.4.1.5;3.4.1.5 Interplay Between Microphase Separation and Crystallization;86
6.4.1.6;3.4.1.6 Morphological Control and Transitions;86
6.4.1.6.1;Morphological Control;86
6.4.1.6.2;ODTs;87
6.4.1.6.3;Irreversible OOTs;87
6.4.1.6.4;Reversible OOTs;88
6.4.2;3.4.2 Self-Assembly in Films;89
6.4.3;3.4.3 Self-Assembly in Solutions;91
6.4.3.1;3.4.3.1 Rod-Coil Diblock Copolymers;91
6.4.3.2;3.4.3.2 Brush-Rod Diblock Copolymers;91
6.4.3.3;3.4.3.3 Dendritic-Rod Diblock Copolymers;92
6.4.3.4;3.4.3.4 ABA Triblock Copolymers;93
6.5;3.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective;93
6.5.1;3.5.1 Conclusion;93
6.5.2;3.5.2 Future Perspective;94
6.6;References;95
7;Chapter 4: Computer Simulation of Side-Chain Liquid Crystal Polymer Melts and Elastomers;104
7.1;4.1 Side-Chain Liquid Crystal Polymers: Modelling of Equilibrium Properties;106
7.1.1;4.1.1 Semi-atomistic Molecular Dynamics Modelling;106
7.1.2;4.1.2 Properties of SCLCP in a Weak Coupling Limit;110
7.1.3;4.1.3 Properties of SCLCP in a Strong Coupling Limit;114
7.2;4.2 Photo-Induced Deformations in SCLCP;115
7.2.1;4.2.1 Modelling of Photo-Induced Deformations in Weakly Coupled SCLCP;117
7.2.2;4.2.2 Modelling of Photo-Induced Deformations in Strongly Coupled SCLCP;120
7.3;4.3 Elasticity and Memory Effects in SCLCE;123
7.3.1;4.3.1 Preparation of the Elastomer and Shift of the Smectic-Isotropic Transition;123
7.3.2;4.3.2 Memory Effects;125
7.3.3;4.3.3 Stress-Driven Effects in the Isotropic and Smectic Phases;127
7.4;4.4 Conclusions;133
7.5;References;135
8;Chapter 5: Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers: Controlled Synthesis and Hierarchical Structure Characterization;141
8.1;5.1 General Introduction;141
8.2;5.2 Side-Chain LCPs Based on Calamitic and Discotic Mesogens;144
8.3;5.3 Synthesis of Side-Chain LCPs: Controlled Radical Polymerization (CRP) and Rational Macromolecular Design;150
8.3.1;5.3.1 Side-Chain LCPs Prepared by ATRP Approach;151
8.3.2;5.3.2 Side-Chain LCPs Prepared via RAFT Approach;153
8.3.3;5.3.3 Other Synthetic Methods for Side-Chain LCPs;155
8.3.4;5.3.4 Synthetic Approaches for Liquid Crystalline Linear-Dendritic Block Copolymers (LDBCs);156
8.4;5.4 Research Progress of Side-Chain LCPs with Calamitic Azobenzene or Discotic Triphenyene Mesogens: Hierarchical Bulk Structu...;159
8.4.1;5.4.1 Side-Chain LCPs Containing Azobenzene Based Calamitic Mesogens;159
8.4.1.1;5.4.1.1 Phase Behavior and Superstructure Evolution of Azobenzene Containing Block Copolymers in the Bulk;161
8.4.1.2;5.4.1.2 Assembled Structures of Azobenzene Containing Block Copolymers in Solution;165
8.4.2;5.4.2 Phase Behavior and Hierarchical Structures of Polymers Containing Triphenylene Based Discotic Mesogen Side Groups;167
8.5;5.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective;171
8.6;References;171
9;Chapter 6: Effects of Hydrogen-Bonding on the Liquid Crystalline Properties of Dendritic Polymers;183
9.1;6.1 Dendromesogens Based on Hydrogen Bonds of the External Groups;184
9.1.1;6.1.1 Hydrogen Bonding with Rigid Rod Shaped Molecules;185
9.1.2;6.1.2 Hydrogen Bonding of the Core with Dendrons;185
9.1.3;6.1.3 Multiple Hydrogen Bonding and Molecular Recognition;188
9.1.4;6.1.4 Hydrogen Bonding with Disk Shaped Molecules;188
9.2;6.2 Induction and/or Stabilization of Mesomorphism Based on Intra and Intermolecular Bonds;188
9.3;6.3 Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonds Defining the Shape of Mesomorphic Dendritic Molecules and the Organization of the Liquid Cry...;191
9.4;6.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective;198
9.5;References;199
10;Chapter 7: Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals;205
10.1;7.1 Introduction: An Overview;205
10.2;7.2 Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC) Films;208
10.3;7.3 Methods for Preparation of PDLC Films;212
10.3.1;7.3.1 Microencapsulation Method;212
10.3.2;7.3.2 Phase Separation Methods;212
10.3.2.1;7.3.2.1 Polymerisation Induced Phase Separation (PIPS) Method;213
10.3.2.2;7.3.2.2 Solvent Induced Phase Separation (SIPS) Method;213
10.3.2.3;7.3.2.3 Thermal Induced Phase Separation (TIPS) Method;213
10.3.3;7.3.3 Some Other Non-conventional Methods;213
10.4;7.4 Techniques for Characterization of PDLC Films;216
10.4.1;7.4.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) and Thermogravimetric (TGA) Analyses;217
10.4.2;7.4.2 Polarization Optical Microscopy (POM);217
10.4.3;7.4.3 X-ray Diffraction (XRD);218
10.4.4;7.4.4 Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy;218
10.4.5;7.4.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy;219
10.4.6;7.4.6 Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy (DRS);220
10.5;7.5 Droplet Morphologies and Director Configurations in PDLC Films;222
10.5.1;7.5.1 Droplet Morphologies;222
10.5.2;7.5.2 Director Configurations;225
10.5.3;7.5.3 Transformation Between the Droplet Structures;227
10.5.4;7.5.4 Interfacial Effects;229
10.6;7.6 Electro-Optical Properties;230
10.6.1;7.6.1 Light Scattering Properties;231
10.6.2;7.6.2 Response Time of PDLCs;232
10.6.3;7.6.3 Conductivity and Dielectric Properties of PDLCs;232
10.6.4;7.6.4 Reverse Mode Operation in PDLCs;233
10.6.5;7.6.5 Non-linear Effects in PDLCs;234
10.7;7.7 Time Dependent Phenomenon in PDLCs;235
10.7.1;7.7.1 Time Evolution of PDLC Films;236
10.7.2;7.7.2 Dynamics of PDLC Films;236
10.8;7.8 Theoretical Developments in PDLCs;237
10.8.1;7.8.1 Flory-Huggins Theory;238
10.8.2;7.8.2 Mair-Saupe-Macmillan Theory;239
10.9;7.9 Applications of PDLCs;240
10.10;7.10 Recent Advances in PDLCs;240
10.11;7.11 Future Perspective and Challenges;243
10.12;References;245
11;Chapter 8: LCP Based Polymer Blend Nanocomposites;261
11.1;8.1 Polymer Blends;261
11.2;8.2 Thermodynamics of Polymer Blends;262
11.3;8.3 Factors Controlling the Miscibility of Polymer Blends;262
11.4;8.4 Compatibilization of Immiscible Polymer Blends;264
11.5;8.5 Liquid Crystalline Polymer;265
11.6;8.6 Polymer Blends Based on Liquid Crystalline Polymer;265
11.7;8.7 Major Factors Controlling the LCP Fibrillation;266
11.7.1;8.7.1 Viscosity Ratio;266
11.7.2;8.7.2 Capillary Number;267
11.7.3;8.7.3 Critical LCP Content;269
11.7.4;8.7.4 Processing Equipment;269
11.7.5;8.7.5 Interfacial Adhesion;270
11.8;8.8 Carbon Nanotube;270
11.9;8.9 Effect of Compatibilizers on the Properties of LCP Containing Blends;272
11.10;8.10 Effect of Fillers on the Properties of LCP Containing Ternary Blends;274
11.11;8.11 Effect of MWCNT and Modified MWCNT on LCP Based Polymer Blend Nanocomposites;278
11.12;8.12 Conclusion and Future Perspective;279
11.13;References;279
12;Chapter 9: Liquid Crystalline Polymers from Renewable Resources: Synthesis and Properties;283
12.1;9.1 Introduction;283
12.2;9.2 Synthesis of Liquid Crystalline Polymers;285
12.2.1;9.2.1 Natural Oil Based LCPs;285
12.2.2;9.2.2 Lipid Based LCP;287
12.2.3;9.2.3 Cellulose Based LCPs;289
12.2.3.1;9.2.3.1 Nanocellulose Based LCPs;289
12.2.3.2;9.2.3.2 Cellulose Derived LCPs;293
12.2.4;9.2.4 LCPs of Biological Origin;295
12.2.4.1;9.2.4.1 Protein Based LCPs;295
12.2.4.2;9.2.4.2 Chitin and Chitosan Based LCP;299
12.3;9.3 Characterization of Liquid Crystals;302
12.3.1;9.3.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry;302
12.3.2;9.3.2 Polarized Light Microscopy;304
12.3.3;9.3.3 X-ray Diffraction Technique;307
12.4;9.4 Applications of Liquid Crystals;307
12.5;9.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects;311
12.6;References;313
13;Chapter 10: Light-Emitting Field-Effect Transistors with pi-Conjugated Liquid Crystalline Polymer;317
13.1;10.1 Introduction;317
13.1.1;10.1.1 Organic Light-Emitting Field-Effect Transistor;317
13.1.2;10.1.2 Towards Organic Semiconductor Laser;318
13.1.3;10.1.3 Light-Emitting Liquid-Crystalline Polymer;319
13.2;10.2 Preparation and Characterization of Liquid-Crystalline Polymer;320
13.2.1;10.2.1 Thin Film Preparation;320
13.2.2;10.2.2 Optical Characterization;320
13.2.3;10.2.3 Crystalline Structure;322
13.3;10.3 Light-Emitting Field-Effect Transistor with Liquid-Crystalline Polymer;322
13.3.1;10.3.1 Device Fabrication and Measurement Methods;322
13.3.2;10.3.2 Transistor Characteristics Under DC Operation;324
13.3.3;10.3.3 Light-Emitting Characteristics Under AC-Gate Operation;327
13.4;10.4 Conclusions;333
13.5;References;334
14;Chapter 11: Photoactive Liquid Crystalline Polymer;336
14.1;11.1 Introduction;336
14.2;11.2 Commonly Used Chromophore in Photoactive LCP;340
14.3;11.3 Photoactive Liquid Crystalline Polymer (PLCP);344
14.3.1;11.3.1 LCP/Chromophore Blend;345
14.3.2;11.3.2 Photoactive Liquid Crystalline Polymer Blends and Composites;345
14.3.2.1;11.3.2.1 PDLC with Dye;346
14.3.3;11.3.3 Photoactive Polymer Dye/LC Blend;347
14.3.4;11.3.4 Photoactive LC Polymers;348
14.3.4.1;11.3.4.1 Design of Main Chain Photoactive LC Polymer;349
14.3.4.2;11.3.4.2 Side Chain Photoactive LC Polymer;349
14.3.4.3;11.3.4.3 Photoactive Hyperbranched LC Polymer;349
14.4;11.4 Photoactive Liquid Crystalline ElastomersLiquid crystalline elastomers (LCE);350
14.4.1;11.4.1 Light-Induced Artificial Muscle-Like Actuation by LCEs;352
14.4.2;11.4.2 Light-Sensitive Liquid Crystal Elastomers for Hologram;353
14.4.3;11.4.3 Liquid Single Crystal Elastomers (LSCEs);354
14.4.3.1;11.4.3.1 Opto-mechanical Effect in Liquid Single Crystal Elastomers;355
14.4.4;11.4.4 Nanoparticle-Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Composites;356
14.5;11.5 Dual Nature of Chromophore;357
14.5.1;11.5.1 AzobenzeneAzobenzene;357
14.5.1.1;11.5.1.1 Macroscopic Motion;357
14.5.2;11.5.2 Bis(benzylidene);360
14.6;11.6 Miscellaneous;360
14.7;11.7 Applications;360
14.8;11.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects;363
14.9;References;363
15;Chapter 12: Combined Main-Chain/Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers: Synthesis and Supramolecular Ordering;371
15.1;12.1 Introduction;371
15.2;12.2 Synthesis of Combined Main-Chain/Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers;373
15.2.1;12.2.1 Synthesis of Combined Main-Chain/Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers by Condensation Polymerization;373
15.2.1.1;12.2.1.1 Synthesis of MCSCLCPs with Side-Chain Mesogenic Units Attached onto Flexible Spacer Units ofa Main-Chain Backbone;373
15.2.1.2;12.2.1.2 Synthesis of MCSCLCPs with Side-Chain Mesogenic Units Attached onto Main-Chain Mesogenic Units;378
15.2.2;12.2.2 Synthesis of Combined Main-Chain/Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers by Acyclic Diene Metathesis Polymerization;383
15.2.3;12.2.3 Synthesis of Combined Main-Chain/Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers Based on Mesogen-Jacketed Liquid Crystalline Po...;383
15.2.4;12.2.4 Synthesis of Combined Main-Chain/Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers Based on Biomacromolecules;386
15.2.5;12.2.5 Synthesis of Combined Main-Chain/Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers by Polyaddition;389
15.2.6;12.2.6 Synthesis of Combined Main-Chain/Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers by Self-Assembly;389
15.3;12.3 Supramolecular Ordering and Properties of Combined Main-Chain/Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers;392
15.4;12.4 Conclusions and Outlook;394
15.5;References;395
16;Chapter 13: Supramolecular (Hydrogen-Bonded and Halogen-Bonded) Liquid Crystalline Polymers;398
16.1;13.1 Introduction;398
16.2;13.2 Hydrogen-Bonded Liquid Crystalline Materials;401
16.2.1;13.2.1 Small Molecule LC Materials Based on Hydrogen Bonding;401
16.2.2;13.2.2 Polymeric LC Material Based on Hydrogen Bonding;403
16.2.2.1;13.2.2.1 Side-Chain Type;403
16.2.2.2;13.2.2.2 Main-Chain Type;405
16.2.2.3;13.2.2.3 Network Type;407
16.3;13.3 Halogen-Bonded Liquid Crystalline Materials;409
16.3.1;13.3.1 Halogen-Bonded Small Molecule LC Materials;410
16.3.2;13.3.2 Halogen Bonded LC Polymer Materials;411
16.4;13.4 Summary and Outlook;412
16.5;References;413
17;Chapter 14: Models of Liquid Crystalline Polymer Fibers;417
17.1;14.1 Introduction;417
17.2;14.2 Crystallization ModelsCrystallization models;419
17.2.1;14.2.1 Avrami-Kolmogorov Kinetics for Quiescent Crystallization and Generalizations;422
17.2.2;14.2.2 Nakamura´s Crystallization Kinetics;424
17.2.3;14.2.3 Ziabicki´s Model;424
17.2.4;14.2.4 Schneider´s Model of Quiescent Crystallization;425
17.2.5;14.2.5 Zuidema´s Model of Flow-Induced Crystallization;426
17.2.6;14.2.6 Eder and Janeschitz-Kriegl´s Model of Flow-Induced Crystallization;428
17.2.7;14.2.7 Other Models of Flow-Induced Crystallization;428
17.2.8;14.2.8 Comparisons of Models for Flow-Induced Crystallization;431
17.3;14.3 Models for Molecular Orientation;432
17.4;14.4 Rheology;436
17.5;14.5 Models of Fiber Spinning ProcessesFiber spinning process;437
17.5.1;14.5.1 One-Dimensional Models for Fiber Spinning of Liquid Semi-Crystalline Polymers;439
17.5.1.1;14.5.1.1 One-Phase Models;439
17.5.1.2;14.5.1.2 Two-Phase ModelsTwo-phase models;442
17.5.2;14.5.2 Two-Dimensional Models of Fiber Spinning of Liquid Semi-Crystalline Polymers;443
17.5.3;14.5.3 Hybrid Models of Fiber Spinning of Liquid Semi-crystalline Polymers;445
17.6;14.6 Conclusions and Future Work;449
17.7;References;452
18;Chapter 15: Relationship Between Composition, Structure and Dynamics of Main-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers with Biphenyl M...;458
18.1;15.1 Introduction;458
18.2;15.2 Preparation of Main-Chain Semiflexible Polyesters with Biphenyl Mesogenic Units;460
18.2.1;15.2.1 Diols Used as Flexible Spacers;461
18.3;15.3 Phase Behavior of Semiflexible Polyesters with Biphenyl Mesogenic Units;463
18.3.1;15.3.1 Techniques for the Analysis of the Phase Behavior;463
18.3.2;15.3.2 Polybibenzoates;463
18.3.3;15.3.3 Copolyesters;468
18.3.4;15.3.4 Polyetheresters;470
18.4;15.4 Dynamic Mechanical Behavior in Liquid Crystal Polymers with Biphenyl Mesogens;470
18.5;15.5 Dielectric Relaxation in Polybibenzoates;475
18.6;15.6 Conclusions and Future Perspective;477
18.7;References;478
19;Chapter 16: Introduction to Liquid Crystalline Polymers;482
19.1;16.1 Introduction;482
19.2;16.2 Nature of Liquid Crystalline Polymers;486
19.3;16.3 Liquid Crystalline Phases;491
19.4;16.4 Theories of Liquid Crystalline Polymers;496
19.5;16.5 Applications of Liquid Crystalline Polymers;498
19.6;References;500
20;Chapter 17: Smectic Phases of Liquid Crystalline Rod-Like Helical Polymers;505
20.1;17.1 Introduction;505
20.2;17.2 Liquid Crystalline Phase Behavior of Rod-Like Polymers;506
20.2.1;17.2.1 Theoretical Predictions;506
20.2.2;17.2.2 Experimental Verifications;508
20.3;17.3 Smectic Phases of Binary Mixtures of Rod-Like Polymers;512
20.3.1;17.3.1 Theoretical Predictions;512
20.3.2;17.3.2 Experimental Verifications;514
20.4;17.4 Conclusion;517
20.5;References;517
21;Chapter 18: Metal Containing Liquid Crystalline Polymers;520
21.1;18.1 Introduction;520
21.2;18.2 Classification of Metallomesogenic Polymers;521
21.3;18.3 Synthetic Strategies for Metallomesogenic Polymers;521
21.3.1;18.3.1 Approach 1: By Polymerization of Metal Complexes;522
21.3.2;18.3.2 Approach 2: By Metal Complexation of Organic Ligands;522
21.4;18.4 Lyotropic Metallomesogenic Polymers;523
21.4.1;18.4.1 Main-Chain Lyotropic MLCPs;524
21.4.1.1;18.4.1.1 Dehydrohalogenation Method;524
21.4.1.2;18.4.1.2 Oxidative Coupling;525
21.4.1.3;18.4.1.3 Alkynyl Ligand-Exchange;527
21.4.2;18.4.2 Side-Chain Lyotropic MLCPs;529
21.5;18.5 Thermotropic Metal-Containing Liquid Crystal Polymers;530
21.5.1;18.5.1 Calamitic Main-Chain Polymers;531
21.5.2;18.5.2 Calamitic Side-Chain Polymers;535
21.5.3;18.5.3 Columnar Thermotropic Polymers;537
21.6;18.6 Crosslinked Metallomesogenic Polymers;541
21.7;18.7 Borderline Cases;546
21.8;18.8 Conclusions and Future Perspective;548
21.9;References;550
22;Chapter 19: Integration of Liquid-Crystalline Elastomers in MEMS/MOEMS;555
22.1;19.1 Introduction;555
22.2;19.2 LCE Materials;556
22.2.1;19.2.1 LCE Components;557
22.2.2;19.2.2 Mesogen Orientation and Polymer Alignment;560
22.2.3;19.2.3 Actuation Principles;561
22.3;19.3 Integration of LCEs into Microsystems Technologies;562
22.3.1;19.3.1 Integration of Ex Situ Fully-Crosslinked LCEs;564
22.3.2;19.3.2 Integration of In Situ Fully-Crosslinked LCEs;573
22.4;19.4 Conclusions and Outlook;579
22.5;References;580
23;Chapter 20: Discotic Liquid Crystalline Polymers: Structure and Chemistry;585
23.1;20.1 Main Chain Discotic Liquid Crystal Polymers;586
23.1.1;20.1.1 Rufigallol-Based Main Chain Discotic Liquid Crystal Polymers;586
23.1.2;20.1.2 Benzene-Based Main Chain Discotic Liquid Crystal Polymers;589
23.1.3;20.1.3 Triphenylene-Based Main Chain Discotic Liquid Crystal Polymers;591
23.1.4;20.1.4 Phthalocyanine-Based Main Chain Discotic Liquid Crystal Polymers;595
23.1.5;20.1.5 Cyclotetraveratrylene-Based Main Chain Ionic Discotic Liquid Crystal Polymers;597
23.2;20.2 Side Chain Discotic Liquid Crystalline Polymers;598
23.2.1;20.2.1 Alkynylbenzene-Based Side Chain Discotic Liquid-Crystalline Polymers;598
23.2.2;20.2.2 Hexabenzocoronene-Based Side Chain Ionic Discotic Liquid Crystal Polymers;600
23.2.3;20.2.3 Triphenylene-Based Side-Chain Polymers;602
23.3;20.3 Discotic Liquid Crystal Elastomers;608
23.4;20.4 Liquid Crystalline Hyperbranched Polymer;610
23.5;20.5 Discotic Liquid Crystalline Dendritic Polymers;610
23.6;20.6 Metallomesogenic Discotic Liquid Crystalline Polymers;611
23.7;20.7 Conclusion;612
23.8;References;614
24;Index;618