Ter Haar Collected Papers of P.L. Kapitza

U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, F.R.S., Volume 1
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-1-4831-5267-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 522 Seiten, Web PDF

Collected Papers of P. L. Kapitza, Volume I compiles the scientific papers written between 1916 and 1934 by Piotr Leonidovich Kapitza, a leading Soviet physicist and Nobel laureate. This book begins by introducing the life and career of P. L. Kapitza, which includes his studies and investigations of nuclear physics, strong magnetic fields, liquefaction, liquid helium, and high-power electronics. Other topics discussed include electron inertia in molecular ampere currents; Koch recording microphotometer; metallic conductivity and its change in a magnetic field; and methods of experimenting in strong magnetic fields. The liquefaction of helium by an adiabatic method; Zeeman and Paschen-Back effects in strong magnetic fields; and theoretical and empirical expressions for the heat transfer are also emphasized in this text. This compilation is a good reference for students and researchers conducting work on the biography and scientific contributions of P. L. Kapitza.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ter Haar, D.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Collected Papers of P. L. Kapitza;6
3;Copyright Page;7
4;Table of Contents;8
5;PREFACE;12
6;INTRODUCTION;14
6.1;1. THE LENINGRAD PERIOD;15
6.2;2. NUCLEAR PHYSICS;15
6.3;3. STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS;15
6.4;4. LIQUEFACTION;17
6.5;5. LIQUID HELIUM;17
6.6;6. HIGH-POWER ELECTRONICS;18
6.7;7. MISCELLANEOUS;19
7;CHAPTER 1. ELECTRON INERTIA IN MOLECULAR AMPÈRE CURRENTS;20
8;CHAPTER 2. THE PREPARATION OF WOLLASTON FIBRES;36
9;CHAPTER 3. A METHOD OF REFLECTION FROM CRYSTALS;38
10;A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE;42
11;CHAPTER 4. THE KOCH RECORDING MICROPHOTOMETER;45
12;CHAPTER 5. THE DEPENDENCE OF THE EMISSION EDGE OF THE CONTINUOUS X-RAY SPECTRUM ON THE AZIMUTH OF THE EMISSION AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE ANTICATHODE METAL;50
13;CHAPTER 6. ON THE POSSIBILITY OF AN EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE MAGNETIC MOMENT OF AN ATOM;53
14;CHAPTER 7. THE LOSS OF ENERGY OF AN a-RAY BEAM IN ITS PASSAGE THROUGH MATTER;55
14.1;1. INTRODUCTION;55
14.2;2. GENERAL THEORY OF THE APPARATUS;56
14.3;3. DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS;58
14.4;4. METHOD OF OBSERVATION;62
14.5;5. STRAY EFFECTS;65
14.6;6. SENSITIVENESS AND ACCURACY OF THE METHOD;67
14.7;7. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS;68
14.8;8. THE HEATING EFFECT OF THU ß-RAYS;71
14.9;9. ANALOGY TO THE IONISATION CURVES;73
15;CHAPTER 8. NOTE ON THE CURVED TRACKS OP ß-PARTICLES;76
16;CHAPTER 9. ON THE THEORY OF d-RADIATION;83
17;CHAPTER 10. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON a-PARTICLE TRACKS IN A MAGNETIC FIELD;91
18;CHAPTER 11. A METHOD OF PRODUCING STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS;97
18.1;1. INTRODUCTION;97
18.2;2. SOURCES OF ENERGY;98
18.3;3. THE SWITCH GEAR;103
18.4;4. THE METHOD OF MEASURING THE CURRENT;105
18.5;5. THE COIL;111
18.6;6. EXPERIMENTS;113
19;CHAPTER 12. a-RAY TRACKS IN A STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD;116
19.1;1. INTRODUCTION;116
19.2;2. THE EXPANSION CHAMBER;116
19.3;3. THE TECHNIQUE OF PRODUCING TRACKS;119
19.4;4. THE TIMING ARRANGEMENTS;120
19.5;5. THE EXPERIMENTS;121
19.6;6. THE MEASUREMENT OF THE CURVATURE;122
19.7;7. THE POSSIBLE ERRORS OF THE EXPERIMENT;123
19.8;8. THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;124
19.9;8. THE DETERMINATION OF THE VELOCITY-CURVE AT THE END OF THE RANGE;128
19.10;9. DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS;130
20;CHAPTER 13. THE ZEEMAN EFFECT IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS* (A);133
21;CHAPTER 14. THE ZEEMAN EFFECT IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS* (B);135
21.1;1. INTRODUCTION;135
21.2;2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS;136
21.3;3. THE SPARK AND THE COIL;137
21.4;4. THE MEASUREMENT OF THE SEPARATIONS AND OF THE FIELD STRENGTH;141
21.5;5. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF RESULTS;144
21.6;6. RESULTS;145
21.7;7. CASES OF THE PASCHEN-BACK EFFECT;148
21.8;8. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS;148
22;CHAPTER 15. OVER-TENSION IN A CONDENSER BATTERY DURING A SUDDEN DISCHARGE;150
23;CHAPTER 16. FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS OF THE METHOD OF OBTAINING STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS;156
23.1;1. INTRODUCTION;156
23.2;2. THE GENERATOR;157
23.3;3. THE SWITCH;163
23.4;4. THE TIMING;167
23.5;5. THE COIL;168
23.6;6. THE METHOD OF MEASURING THE FIELD;174
23.7;7. THE EXPERIMENTS;176
24;CHAPTER 17. THE STUDY OF THE SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OF BISMUTH CRYSTALS AND ITS CHANGE IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS AND SOME ALLIED PROBLEMS;178
24.1;INTRODUCTION;179
24.2;Part I. The Growth of Crystal Rods with a Definite Orientation of the Crystal Planes and the Specific Resistance of Bismuth Crystals;180
24.3;1. EXPERIMENTS IN GROWING BISMUTH CRYSTALS;180
24.4;2. SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OF BISMUTH CRYSTALS PERPENDICULAR TO THE CLEAVAGE PLANE;185
24.5;3. THE SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OF BISMUTH CRYSTALS PARALLEL TO THE PERFECT CLEAVAGE PLANE;188
24.6;4. THE INFLUENCE OF IMPURITIES AND OF THE TEMPERATURE GRADIENT ON THE FORMATION OF BISMUTH CRYSTALS;189
24.7;5. THE ORIGIN OF THE CRACKS;194
24.8;6. THE CHARACTER OF THE IMPERFECTION OF THU BISMUTH CRYSTALS;196
24.9;7. DISCUSSION ON THE SOURCE OF THE CRACKS;198
24.10;8. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS;201
24.11;Part II. The Method and Apparatus for Observing the Change of Resistance of Bismuth in Strong Magnetic Fields;202
24.12;1. INTRODUCTION;202
24.13;2. THE METHOD OF MEASURING THE RESISTANCE;203
24.14;3. THE SWITCH;205
24.15;4. THE FIXING or THE CRYSTAL IN THE COIL;207
24.16;5. THE METHODS OF MEASUREMENT;210
24.17;6. THE ERRORS AND STRAY EFFECTS;212
24.18;Part III. The Change of Resistance of Bismuth and the Time Lag in Magnetic Fields;214
24.19;1. INTRODUCTION;214
24.20;2. THE E.M.F. WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR THE TIME LAG AND ITS ELIMINATION IN THE RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS;214
24.21;3. THE CHANGE OF RESISTANCE OF BISMUTH CRYSTALS IN A MAGNETIC FIELD WITH THE CURRENT PERPENDICULAR TO THE FIELD;216
24.22;4. DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS FOR THE EXPERIMENTS ON THE CHANGE OF RESISTANCE WHEN THE CURRENT IS PERPENDICULAR TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD;225
24.23;5. THE STUDY OF THE CHANGE OF RESISTANCE OF BISMUTH CRYSTALS WHEN THE CURRENT IS PARALLEL TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD;230
24.24;6. THE CHANGE OF THE RESISTANCE OF BISMUTH CONDENSED FROM VAPOUR IN VACUUM;236
24.25;7. THE RESIDUAL E.M.F. OCCURRING IN BISMUTH IN THE MAGNETIC FIELD;238
24.26;8. COMPARISON WITH THEORY;247
25;CHAPTER 18. THE CHANGE OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS;253
25.1;Part I. Experimental Results;254
25.2;1. INTRODUCTION;254
25.3;2. THE EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT;255
25.4;3. THE METALS AND THEIR PURITY;259
25.5;4. THE EXPERIMENTS AND THE MEASUREMENTS;260
25.6;5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FOR THE TRANSVERSE PHENOMENON;261
25.7;6. THE CHANGE OF THE RESISTANCE WHEN THE CURRENT IS PARALLEL TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD;298
25.8;7. COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS;300
25.9;Part II. The Analysis and the Interpretation of the Experimental Results;302
25.10;1. THE GENERAL THEORY OF THE PHENOMENON OF CHANGE OF RESISTANCE IN A MAGNETIC FIELD;302
25.11;2. COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL CURVES WITH THEORETICAL;307
25.12;3. THE ADDITIONAL AND THE IDEAL RESISTANCE;309
25.13;4. THE RESIDUAL AND ADDITIONAL RESISTANCE;311
25.14;5. THE ADDITIONAL RESISTANCE AND SUPRA-CONDUCTIVITY;314
25.15;6. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COEFFICIENTS ß;315
25.16;7. THE INFLUENCE OF IMPURITIES AND ALLOYS;320
25.17;8. THE CHANGE OF RESISTANCE IN ARSENIC, ANTIMONY AND BISMUTH AND SEMI-CONDUCTORS;321
25.18;9. THE BEARING OF THE PRESENT RESEARCHES ON THE THEORY OF METALLIC CONDUCTION;324
25.19;10. CONCLUSION;326
26;CHAPTER 19. MAGNETOSTRICTION AND THE PHENOMENA OF THE CURIE POINT;329
26.1;1. INTRODUCTION;329
26.2;2. A SUMMARY OF HEISENBERG'S THEORY REVISED FOR THE CALCULATION OF MAGNETOSTRICTION, ETC.;330
26.3;3. THE NATURE OF THE CURIE POINT AND THE CHANGE IN SPECIFIC HEAT THERE;334
26.4;4. THE CHANGE OF SIZE AT THE CURIE POINT;337
26.5;5. MAGNETOSTRICTION;339
26.6;6. REMARKS ON THE INTERACTION OF ATOMS OF CLOSED GROUPS OF ELECTRONS;340
27;CHAPTER 20. METALLIC CONDUCTIVITY AND ITS CHANGE IN A MAGNETIC FIELD;342
28;CHAPTER 21. A PROPERTY OF SUPERCONDUCTING METALS;348
29;CHAPTER 22. MAGNETOSTRICTION OF DIAMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS;351
30;CHAPTER 23. THE CHANGE OF RESISTANCE OF GOLD CRYSTALS AT VERY LOW TEMPERATURES IN A MAGNETIC FIELD AND SUPRA-CONDUCTIVITY;353
31;CHAPTER 24. METHODS OF EXPERIMENTING IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS;365
32;CHAPTER 25. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS;372
32.1;INTRODUCTION;372
32.2;DESCRIPTION OF A METHOD OF OBTAINING MAGNETIC FIELDS IN SHORT TIME INTERVALS;373
32.3;EXPERIMENTAL METHODS;376
32.4;WHAT IS LOST IN TIME IS GAINED IN MAGNITUDE;376
32.5;THE CHANGE IN THE RESISTANCE OF METALS IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS;377
32.6;MAGNETOSTRICTION;382
33;CHAPTER 26. THE STUDY OF THE MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS;386
33.1;PART I. The Balance and its Properties;387
33.2;1. INTRODUCTION;387
33.3;2. DESCRIPTION OF A TYPE OF SPRING BALANCE FOR MEASURING THE MAGNETISATION;388
33.4;3. THE DESIGN OF THE BALANCE;392
33.5;4. THE EXAMINATION OF THE BALANCE;397
33.6;5. THE INFLUENCE OF THE INERTIA OF THE MOVING PART ON THE ACCURACY OF RECORDING OF THE BALANCE;399
33.7;Part II. The Measurement of Magnetisation;405
33.8;1. THE EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENTS;405
33.9;2. SOURCES OF ERROR;408
33.10;3. THE ADIABATIC MAGNETISATION;412
33.11;4. THE MAGNETISATION OF FERRO-MAGNETIC SUBSTANCES;416
33.12;5. FERRO-MAGNETIC ALLOYS;419
33.13;6. PARAMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES;421
33.14;7. DIAMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES;425
33.15;8. CONCLUSIONS;432
33.16;Part III. Magnetostriction;433
33.17;1. INTRODUCTION;433
33.18;2. THE GENERAL THEORY OF MAGNETOSTRICTION;434
33.19;3. THE MODULI AND CONSTANTS OF QUADRATIC MAGNETOSTRICTION FOR DIFFERENT CRYSTAL SYMMETRIES;439
33.20;4. THE ELEMENTARY CONSTANTS AND MODULI FOR MAGNETO STRICTION IN PARAMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES;446
33.21;Part IV. The Method of Measuring Magnetostriction in Strong Magnetic Fields;448
33.22;1. THE EXTENSOMETER;448
33.23;2. THE CALIBRATION OF THE EXTENSOMETER;451
33.24;3. PROPERTIES OF THE EXTENSOMETER AND PERFORMANCE OF THE EXPERIMENTS;454
33.25;4. THE STRAY EFFECTS AND THE ACCURACY OF THE EXPERIMENTS;455
33.26;Part V. Experiments on Magnetostriction in Dia- and Paramagnetic Substances;459
33.27;1. EXPERIMENTS ON MAGNETOSTRICTION IN BISMUTH;459
33.28;2. THE STUDY OF MAGNETOSTRICTION IN OTHER WEAKLY MAGNETIC SUBSTANCES;470
33.29;3. CONCLUSION;475
33.30;4. THE GENERAL MODULI OF THE A.M.S.;476
33.31;5. THE INFLUENCE OF STRESS ON MAGNETISATION;478
33.32;6. THE RELATION BETWEEN SUSCEPTIBILITY AND A.M.S.;479
33.33;7. THE INTERPRETATION OF THE A.M.S. CONSTANTS ON THE PRESENT THEORY OF DIAMAGNETISM;481
34;CHAPTER 27. A METHOD OF MEASURING MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITIES;489
34.1;1. INTRODUCTION;489
34.2;2. OUTLINE OF THE METHOD;490
34.3;3. THE BALANCE WITHOUT COMPENSATOR;492
34.4;4. THE PRINCIPLE OF COMPENSATION;496
34.5;5. THE COMPENSATED BALANCE;498
34.6;6. THE USE OF THE BALANCE;501
35;CHAPTER 28. REPLY TO SOME REMARKS OF O. STIERSTADT ABOUT AN ERROR OF PRINCIPLE IN MY MEASUREMENTS ON THE CHANGE IN RESISTIVITY IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS;504
36;CHAPTER 29. HYDROGEN LIQUEFACTION PLANT AT THE ROYAL SOCIETY MOND LABORATORY;506
37;CHAPTER 30. THE CHANGE OF RESISTANCE OF METALS IN MAGNETIC FIELDS;513
38;CHAPTER 31. THE REFLECTION OF ELECTRONS FROM STANDING LIGHT WAVES;520
39;CHAPTER 32. LIQUEFACTION OF HELIUM BY AN ADIABATIC METHOD WITHOUT PEE-COOLING WITH LIQUID HYDROGEN;524
40;CHAPTER 33. THE LIQUEFACTION OF HELIUM BY AN ADIABATIC METHOD;526
40.1;1. INTRODUCTION;526
40.2;2. POSSIBLE EXPANSION ENGINES;527
40.3;3. THE GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE LIQUEFACTION CIRCUITS;528
40.4;4. THE EXPANSION MACHINE;533
40.5;5. THE HEAT EXCHANGERS;539
40.6;6. PERFORMANCE OF THE LIQUÉFIER;541
40.7;7. CONCLUDING REMARKS;543