Ter Haar Collected Papers of P.L. Kapitza

Volume 2
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-1-4831-5237-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 498 Seiten, Web PDF

Collected Papers of P. L. Kapitza brings together the collected papers of Soviet physicist P. L. Kapitza in areas such as the viscosity of liquid helium below the ?-point; the Zeeman and Paschen-Back effects in strong magnetic fields; the influence of friction forces on the stability of high-speed rotors; heat transfer in helium II; and the formation of sea waves by the wind. Kapitza's other papers explore heat transfer in a two-dimensional turbulent flow; dynamical stability of a pendulum when its point of suspension vibrates; and the hydrodynamic theory of lubrication in the presence of rolling. This volume is comprised of 25 chapters and begins with an analysis of Kapitza's research on the viscosity of liquid helium below the ?-point, followed by his studies on the Zeeman and Paschen-Back effects in strong magnetic fields; liquefaction of air at low pressures; heat transfer and superfluidity in helium II; and the flow of thin viscous fluid layers under the action of a constant volume force, taking into account the surface tension. A pendulum with a vibrating suspension is also described, along with heat conductivity and diffusion in liquid medium under periodic flow conditions; the nature of ball-lightning; and symmetric electric oscillations of a perfectly conducting hollow cylinder of finite length. This book will be helpful to physicists and physics students.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ter Haar, D.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Collected Papers of P.L.Kapitza;6
3;Copyright page;7
4;Table of Contents;8
5;Dedication;5
6;List of Kapitza's Scientific Papers—Vol.II;10
7;CHAPTER 34. VISCOSITY OF LIQUID HELIUM BELOW THE .-POINT;12
7.1;REFERENCES;14
8;CHAPTER 35. THE ZEEMAN AND PASCHEN-BACK EFFECTS IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS;15
8.1;1. INTRODUCTION;15
8.2;2. THE EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT;16
8.3;3. MEASUREMENT OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD;17
8.4;4. PRODUCTION OF THE SPARK AND MEASUREMENT OF THE SPECTRAL LINES;18
8.5;5. VERIFICATION OF THE PROPORTIONALITY OF THE ZEEMAN SPLITTING TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD;20
8.6;6. THE PASCHEN -BACK EFFECT;21
8.7;REFERENCES;27
9;CHAPTER 36. EXPANSION TURBINE PRODUCING LOW TEMPERATURES APPLIED TO AIR LIQUEFACTION;32
9.1;1. INTRODUCTION;32
9.2;2. THE COOLING CYCLE IN AIR RECTIFICATION INSTALLATIONS;35
9.3;3. THERMODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR-LIQUEFYING MACHINES USING HIGH AND Low PRESSURE;37
9.4;4. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE DESIGN OF EXPANSION TURBINES;45
9.5;5. THE DESIGN OF OUR EXPERIMENTAL EXPANSION TURBINE;52
9.6;6. EXPEEIMENTAL INSTALLATION FOE AlR LIQUEFACTION;56
9.7;7. CONCLUSIONS;60
9.8;REFERENCES;61
10;CHAPTER 37. INFLUENCE OF FRICTION FORCES ON THE STABILITY OF HIGH-SPEED ROTORS;62
10.1;1. INTRODUCTION;62
10.2;2. TRANSITION THROUGH THE CRITICAL VELOCITY IN THE PRESENCE OF DAMPING FORCES;65
10.3;3. TRANSITION THROUGH THE CRITICAL VELOCITY WHEN THE SHAFT OF THE ROTOR MOVES IN OIL - LUBRICATED BEARINGS;70
10.4;4. TRANSITION THROUGH THE CRITICAL VELOCITY IN THE CASE OF FLEXIBLE SHAFTS WITH RESTRICTING RINGS;75
10.5;5. INFLUENCE OF THE FRICTION OF THE SURROUNDING MEDIUM ON THE STABILITY OF THE ROTOR;78
10.6;6. STABILITY OF THE ROTARY MOTION WITH RESPECT TO EXTERNAL MECHANICAL DISTURBANCES;90
10.7;7. CONCLUSIONS;91
10.8;REFERENCES;93
11;CHAPTER 38. THE STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER IN HELIUM II;94
11.1;1. INTRODUCTION;94
11.2;2. HEAT TRANSFER IN CAPILLARIES;96
11.3;3. PHYSICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE HEAT TRANSFER;101
11.4;4. THE MOTION OF HELIUM IN CACAPILLARY PRODUCED BY A HEAT TRANSFER;109
11.5;5. THE MECHANISM OF HEAT TRANSFER IN HELIUM II;127
11.6;6. HEAT CONDUCTIVITYIN FREE HELIUM II;130
11.7;REFERENCES;139
12;CHAPTER 39. HEAT TRANSFER AND SUPERFLUIDITY OF HELIUM II;140
12.1;1. EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT;141
12.2;2. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;143
12.3;3. SUPERFLUIDITY OF HELIUM II AND THE CRITICAL VELOCITY;149
12.4;4. A METHOD FOR PRODUCING VERY LOW TEMPERATURES;152
12.5;5. CONCLUSION;152
12.6;REFERENCES;154
13;CHAPTER 40. ON THE SUPERFLUIDITY OF LIQUID HELIUM II;155
13.1;REFERENCES;165
14;CHAPTER 41. ON PROFESSOR S. YA. GERSH'S PAPER "LOW AND HIGH PRESSURES IN DEEP-COOLING SYSTEMS";166
14.1;REFERENCES;168
15;CHAPTER 42. THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL EXPRESSIONS FOR THE HEAT TRANSFER IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENT FLOW;169
15.1;REFERENCES;176
16;CHAPTER 43. WAVE FLOW OF THIN LAYERS OF A VISCOUS FLUID;177
16.1;I. The Free Flow;178
16.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;178
16.1.2;2. BASIC RELATIONS;179
16.1.3;3. FLOW EQUATIONS;181
16.1.4;4. FIRST APPROXIMATION;182
16.1.5;5. SECOND APPROXIMATION;183
16.1.6;6. DETERMINATION OF THE AMPLITUDE;184
16.1.7;7. LIMITING VALUES FOR UNDULATORY CONDITIONS;188
16.1.8;8. DESCRIPTION OF UNDULATORY FLOW CONDITIONS;190
16.1.9;9. COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA;191
16.2;II. The Fluid Flow in the Presence of a Continuous Gas Flow. Heat Transfer;195
16.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;195
16.2.2;2. THE EFFECT OF THE GAS FLOW;195
16.2.3;3. THE PRESSURE DROP IN THE TUBE;200
16.2.4;4. THE FLUID FLOW IN THE FORWARD AND COUNTER FLOW WITH A GAS;201
16.2.5;5. "CHOKING UP".;202
16.2.6;6. THE EFFECT OF THE TUBE SIZE;203
16.2.7;7. HEAT TRANSFER;204
16.2.8;8. CONCLUSION;204
16.3;III. Experimental Study of Undulatory Flow Conditions;205
16.3.1;1. THE AIMS OF THE STUDY;205
16.3.2;2. THE SHADOW METHOD OF OBSERVING THE WAVE PROFILE;206
16.3.3;3. PRODUCTION OF A UNIFORM LAYER OF FLOWING FLUID;211
16.3.4;4. THE ARRANGEMENT;212
16.3.5;5. THE EXPERIMENT;213
16.3.6;6. EFFECT OF THE TUBE CURVATURE;215
16.3.7;7. BASIC TYPES OF UNDULATORY FLOW CONDITIONS .PERIODIC AND SINGLE WAVES;216
16.3.8;8. CRITICAL FLOW RATE;218
16.3.9;9. THE WAVE AMPLITUDE OF THE PERIODIC FLOW STATE;219
16.3.10;10. STUDY OF THE PERIODIC CONDITIONS;220
16.3.11;11. CONCLUSIONS;223
16.3.12;REFERENCES;228
17;CHAPTER 44. ON THE PROBLEM OF THE FORMATION OF SEA WAVES BY THE WIND;229
17.1;REFERENCES;232
18;CHAPTER 45. DYNAMICAL STABILITY OF A PENDULUM WHEN ITS POINT OF SUSPENSION VIBRATES;233
18.1;REFERENCES;244
19;CHAPTER 46. PENDULUM WITH A VIBRATING SUSPENSION;245
19.1;REFERENCES;258
20;CHAPTER 47. EVALUATION OF THE SUM OF NEGATIVE EVEN POWERS OF ROOTS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS;259
20.1;REFERENCES;263
21;CHAPTER 48. HEAT CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION IN A LIQUID MEDIUM UNDER PERIODIC FLOW CONDITIONS;264
21.1;REFERENCES;278
22;CHAPTER 49. THE HYDRODYNAMIC THEORY OF LUBRICATION IN THE PRESENCE OF ROLLING;279
22.1;1. INTRODUCTION;279
22.2;2. THE THEORY OF LUBRICATION IN THE PRESENCE OF A ROLLING CYLINDER;280
22.3;3. THE THEORY OF LUBRICATION IN THE PRESENCE OF A ROLLING BALL;287
22.4;4. LUBRICATION IN ANTI FRICTION BEARINGS;292
22.5;REFERENCES;296
23;CHAPTER 50. ON THE NATURE OF BALL-LIGHTNING;297
23.1;REFERENCES;301
24;CHAPTER 51. DESIGN OF A HELIUM-LIQUEFYINGCYCLE WITH EXPANSION ENGINESCONNECTED IN CASCADE;302
24.1;REFERENCES;308
25;CHAPTER 52. STATIC BOUNDARY PROBLEM FOR A HOLLOW CYLINDER OF FINITE LENGTH;309
25.1;1. EXPANSION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTION OF THE LAPLACE EQUATION;309
25.2;2. POTENTIAL OF A SIMPLE LAYER FOR THE LAPLACE EQUATION;311
25.3;3. SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS;312
25.4;4. FIRST METHOD OF COMPUTING THE COEFFICIENTS Aµv;314
25.5;5. SECOND METHOD OF COMPUTING THE COEFFICIENTS Aµv;317
25.6;6. SUMMARY;319
25.7;REFERENCES;319
26;CHAPTER 53. SYMMETRIC ELECTRIC OSCILLATIONS OF A PERFECTLY CONDUCTING HOLLOW CYLINDER OF FINITE LENGTH;320
26.1;1. INTEGRAL EQUATION;320
26.2;2. SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS;323
26.3;3. TRANSFORMATION OF THE SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS;327
26.4;4. COMPARISON WITH THE THEORY OF THIN RADIATORS;330
26.5;5. COMPLETELY REGULAR EQUATION SYSTEMS;332
26.6;6. ELECTROSTATIC PROBLEMS. REMARKS;335
26.7;7. SUMMARY;337
26.8;REFERENCES;338
27;CHAPTER 54. EXPANSION ENGINE FOR LIQUEFACTION OF HELIUM;339
27.1;DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPANSION ENGINE;339
27.2;REFERENCES;350
28;CHAPTER 55. CASCADE COMPRESSION HELIUM LIQUEFIER WITH NO EXTERNAL REFRIGERATION;351
28.1;REFERENCES;355
29;CHAPTER 56. HIGH-POWER ELECTRONICS;356
29.1;INTRODUCTION;356
29.2;Part I: The Solution of the Basic Equation of Motion of Charged Particles by the Time-Averaging Method;361
29.3;Part II: The Motion of Electrons in the Planotron;371
29.4;Part III: The Basic Characteristics of the Planotron;382
29.5;Part IV: Anodic and Cathodic Losses in the Planotron;395
29.6;Part V: The End Effect and Losses that are Connected With It;404
29.7;Part VI: The Theory of the Magnetron;417
29.8;Part VII: Experimental Investigation of Electronic Processes in the Planotron;435
29.9;Part VIII: The Larmor Orbit in a High-frequency Field;451
29.10;Part IX: The Prospects for the Future Development of High-power Electronics;465
30;CHAPTER 57. CHARACTERISTIC OSCILLATIONS OF GRIDDED CAVITY RESONATORS;474
30.1;INTEODUCTION;474
30.2;Part I: The Rectangular Cavity;475
30.3;Part II: The Calculation of the Capacity .;485
30.4;Part III: Characteristic Oscillations of a Gridded Cylindric Cavity;491
30.5;Part IV: Gridded Cavity Resonators;498
31;CHAPTER 58. THE THEORY OF ELECTRONIC PROCESSES IN A CONTINUOUS HIGH-POWER GENERATOR OF THE MAGNETRON TYPE;502
31.1;INTRODUCTION;502
31.2;1. PROPERTIES OF A CONTINUOUS HIGH-FREQUENCY GENERATOR;503
31.3;2. SINGLE-SET NIGOTRON;505
31.4;3. PROPERTIES OF A NIGOTRON WITH A DOUBLE SET OF SLOTS;508
31.5;4. ELECTRON TRAJECTORIES IN A DOUBLE-SET NIGOTRON;511
31.6;CONCLUSION;522