Tasso / Guida Topics in Expert System Design

Methodologies and Tools
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-9777-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 5, 447 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Studies in Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence

Expert Systems are so far the most promising achievement of artificial intelligence research. Decision making, planning, design, control, supervision and diagnosis are areas where they are showing great potential. However, the establishment of expert system technology and its actual industrial impact are still limited by the lack of a sound, general and reliable design and construction methodology.This book has a dual purpose: to offer concrete guidelines and tools to the designers of expert systems, and to promote basic and applied research on methodologies and tools. It is a coordinated collection of papers from researchers in the USA and Europe, examining important and emerging topics, methodological advances and practical experience obtained in specific applications. Each paper includes a survey introduction, and a comprehensive bibliography is provided.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Tasso, C.

Guida, G.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front
Cover;1
2;Topics in Expert System Design: Methodologies and Tools;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;PREFACE;6
6;Part I: Life cycle;10
6.1;CHAPTER 1. BUILDING EXPERT SYSTEMS: FROM LIFE CYCLE TO DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY;12
6.1.1;1. Introduction;12
6.1.2;2. Literature proposals: a survey;13
6.1.3;3. Expert system life cycle: motivations and requirements;17
6.1.4;4. A life cycle for expert systems;21
6.1.5;5. From life cycle to development methodology;27
6.1.6;6. Conclusion;30
6.1.7;Acknowledgments;31
6.1.8;References;32
7;Part II: Domain evaluation;34
7.1;CHAPTER 2. CHOOSING AN EXPERT SYSTEM DOMAIN;36
7.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;36
7.1.2;2. THE PROCESS OF DOMAIN EVALUATION AND SELECTION;37
7.1.3;3. DESIRED PROPERTIES OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM DOMAIN;38
7.1.4;4. UTILIZING THE DOMAIN SELECTION PROCESS;49
7.1.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;51
7.1.6;REFERENCES;51
8;Part III: Design techniques;54
8.1;CHAPTER 3. PROTOTYPING: TOOLS AND MOTIVATIONS;56
8.1.1;1 . INTRODUCTION;56
8.1.2;2. WHY PROTOTYPE;57
8.1.3;3. KNOWLEDGE CRAFT;61
8.1.4;4. RAPID PROTOTYPING METHODOLOGY;65
8.1.5;5. EXAMPLE;68
8.1.6;6. CONCLUSION;76
8.1.7;References;77
8.2;CHAPTER 4. FAST PROTOTYPING OF EXPERT SYSTEMS USING PROLOG;78
8.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;78
8.2.2;2. IMPLEMENTING EXPERT SYSTEMS IN PROLOG;82
8.2.3;3. PROGRAMMING BASIC MECHANISMS OF RULE-BASED EXPERT SYSTEMS IN PROLOG;83
8.2.4;4 . IMPLEMENTING KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION FORMALISMS IN PROLOG;89
8.2.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;93
8.2.6;REFERENCES;94
8.3;CHAPTER 5. FROM CLASSIC EXPERT SYSTEMS TO MODELS: INTRODUCTION TO A METHODOLOGY FOR BUILDING MODEL-BASED SYSTEMS;96
8.3.1;1. Abstract;96
8.3.2;2. Introduction;96
8.3.3;3. Motivation;98
8.3.4;4. Examples;100
8.3.5;5. Models and Model-Based Reasoning;107
8.3.6;6. Discussion: Model-Based Reasoning and Interfaces as an Extensions of Expert Systems;113
8.3.7;7. Conclusions;116
8.3.8;References;117
8.4;CHAPTER 6. AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS: EXPERIENCE WITH ADVISE AND RELATED PROGRAMS;120
8.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;120
8.4.2;2. MATCHING THE PROBLEM TO THE SOLUTION;121
8.4.3;3. LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT EXPERT SYSTEMS;122
8.4.4;4. INTEGRATED APPROACH TO KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS;124
8.4.5;5. MULTIPLE KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATIONS;127
8.4.6;6. Learning Capabilities;134
8.4.7;7. Problem Solving Using Multiple Representations;139
8.4.8;8. Experiments Using the Integrated Approach;141
8.4.9;9. Design of a Language for Integrated Knowledge-based Systems;144
8.4.10;10. Bringing It All Together – QUIN;148
8.4.11;REFERENCES;150
8.5;CHAPTER 7. KNOWLEDGE BASE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION: FROM PROTOTYPING TO REFINEMENT;154
8.5.1;1. Introduction;154
8.5.2;2. Expert Problem Solving and Expert Systems;155
8.5.3;3. Rule-based Expert Systems;158
8.5.4;4. Selected Examples of Rule-based Expert Systems;159
8.5.5;5. Knowledge Acquisition and the Construction of Rule-based Systems;171
8.5.6;6. Phases of Knowledge Base Design and Construction;171
8.5.7;7. Expert System Evaluation and Knowledge Base Validation;183
8.5.8;8. Conclusions;184
8.5.9;References;185
9;Part IV: Development tools;188
9.1;CHAPTER 8. EXPERT SYSTEM BUILDING TOOLS;190
9.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;190
9.1.2;2. SPIN-OFF TOOLS;192
9.1.3;3. KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING LANGUAGES;195
9.1.4;4. TOOLKITS;199
9.1.5;5. PURPOSE BUILT SHELLS;201
9.1.6;6. SPECIAL PURPOSE TOOLKITS;205
9.1.7;7. LANGUAGE, SHELL OR TOOLKIT ?;206
9.1.8;8. THE FUTURE;208
9.1.9;REFERENCES;209
9.2;CHAPTER 9. EXPERT SYSTEM TOOL EVALUATION;214
9.2.1;1. Introduction;214
9.2.2;2. Background;215
9.2.3;3. The Tool Evaluation Framework;218
9.2.4;4. Methodology;232
9.2.5;5. Conclusions;236
9.2.6;REFERENCES;237
10;Part V: Knowledge acquisition and modeling;240
10.1;CHAPTER 10. COGNITIVE TASK ANALYSIS: AN APPROACH TO KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION FOR INTELLIGENT SYSTEM DESIGN;242
10.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;242
10.1.2;2. PITFALLS IN BUILDING INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS;244
10.1.3;S. WHAT MAKES FOR GOOD ADVICE? LESSONS FROM HUMAN-HUMAN ADVISORY ENCOUNTERS;250
10.1.4;4. COGNITIVE TASK ANALYSIS;254
10.1.5;5. TACTICS FOR KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION;259
10.1.6;6. CONCLUSIONS;267
10.1.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;268
10.1.8;REFERENCES;268
10.2;CHAPTER 11. MODELS OF EXPERTISE IN KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION;274
10.2.1;1. The Knowledge Acquisition Problem;274
10.2.2;2. Overview of KADS;282
10.2.3;3. KADS Conceptual Modelling Language;283
10.2.4;4. Interpretation models and generic tasks;294
10.2.5;5. Experiences & Conclusions;298
10.3;CHAPTER 12. A METHODOLOGY AND TOOL FOR KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION IN KEATS-2;306
10.3.1;1. THE PROBLEM OF KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION;306
10.3.2;2. ASTAGE-ORIENTED MODEL OF KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION;307
10.3.3;3. BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE ELICITATION AND IMPLEMENTATION: KEATS-1;315
10.3.4;4. ACQUIST;317
10.3.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;329
10.3.6;REFERENCES;330
10.4;CHAPTER 13. KNOWLEDGE-BASED KNOWLEDGE ELICITATION;332
10.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;332
10.4.2;2. METHODS FOR KNOWLEDGE ELICITATION;335
10.4.3;3. INTERMEDIATE KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION LEVEL;343
10.4.4;4. USING ALREADY ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE;344
10.4.5;5. USING INCOMPLETE KNOWLEDGE FOR REFINEMENT AND SPECIALIZATION;345
10.4.6;6. RULE-GUIDED EMPLOYMENT OF KNOWLEDGE ELICITATION METHODS THROUGH THE WATCHER;347
10.4.7;7. SUPPORTING KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION WITH A HYBRID ARCHITECTURE;349
10.4.8;8. EXAMPLES;351
10.4.9;9. COMPARING KRITON WITH OTHER ACQUISITION TOOLS;354
10.4.10;10. CONCLUSION;356
10.4.11;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;357
10.4.12;REFERENCES;357
11;Part VI: Validation and evaluation;360
11.1;CHAPTER 14. KNOWLEDGE BASE VERIFICATION;362
11.1.1;1 Introduction;362
11.1.2;2 Background;363
11.1.3;3 Checking for Potential Problems in the Knowledge Base;365
11.1.4;4 Other Knowledge Base Checking Tools;377
11.1.5;5 Conclusions;379
11.1.6;6 REFERENCES;380
11.1.7;A CHECKING ALGORITHMS;382
11.2;CHAPTER 15. EVALUATION OF EXPERT SYSTEMS;386
11.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;386
11.2.2;2. EVALUATION CRITERIA;392
11.2.3;3. PROBLEMS IN EXPERT SYSTEM EVALUATION;404
11.2.4;4. EVALUATION METHODOLOGY;411
11.2.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;421
11.2.6;REFERENCES;422
12;Part VII: Further reading;426
13;CHAPTER 16. BUILDING EXPERT SYSTEMS: A STRUCTURED BIBLIOGRAPHY;428
13.1;Introduction;428
13.2;A. Development methodology and life cycle;431
13.3;B. Choice of the domain and preliminary analysis;432
13.4;C. Development techniques;434
13.5;D. Development tools;436
13.6;E. Knowledge acquisition;437
13.7;P. Validation and evaluation;440
13.8;G. Project management;442
13.9;H. Technology transfer;443
14;LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS;446
15;AUTHOR INDEX;450