Jesuit Mission and Submission: Qing Rulership and the Fate of Christianity in China, 1644-1735

Erscheinungsjahr 2021
ISBN: 978-90-04-44700-4
Verlag: Brill

Buch, Englisch, Band 9, 230 Seiten, Format (B × H): 157 mm x 236 mm, Gewicht: 272 g

Reihe: East and West

Jesuit Mission and Submission explains how the Jesuits entered the Manchu world after the Manchus conquered Beijing in 1644. Supported by Qing court archives, the book discovers the Jesuits’ Manchu-style master-slave relationship with the Kangxi emperor. Against the backdrop of this relationship, the book reconstructs the back and forth negotiations between Kangxi and the Holy See regarding Chinese Rites Controversy (1705-1721), and shows that the Jesuits, although a group of foreign priests, had close access to Kangxi and were a trusted part of the Imperial circle. This book also redefines the rise and fall of the Christian mission in the early Qing court through key events, such as the Calendar Case and Yongzheng’s prohibition of Christianity.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Swen, Litian

Fachgebiete

• Geisteswissenschaften Christentum, Christliche Theologie Christentum/Christliche Theologie Allgemein Missionswissenschaft, Missionsgeschichte
• Geisteswissenschaften Geschichtswissenschaft Weltgeschichte & Geschichte einzelner Länder und Gebietsräume Geschichte einzelner Länder Asiatische Geschichte

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Acknowledgements

List of Figures and Tables

Introduction

1 Confusions over the Relationship between Kangxi and the Jesuits

2 The Cultural-Conflicts Paradigm and Its Problems

3 Manchu’s Master-Slave Relationship

4 Booi Slaves and Qing Rulership

5 The Imperial Household Department in the Qing Power Network

6 Missionaries and the Imperial Household Department

7 Were the Missionaries Booi Slaves of Kangxi?

8 Viewing Missionaries through the Lens of the Master-Slave Relationship

PART 1

The Jesuits’ Identity and Qing Rulership, 1644–1705

1 Jesuits and Their Entrance in the Manchu World

1 Captives in a Battlefield

2 Jesuits as Slaves and the Legacy of the Tong Clan

3 Manchus’ Impression of Europeans

4 Jesuits’ First Helpers

5 Jesuits’ Involvement in the Cannon Business

6 The Tong Clan and the Jesuits

7 Released from the Slave Status

8 Conclusion

2 The Jesuits’ Strategic Turn

1 Missionaries Arrested: the Calendar Case of 1664

2 The Manchu Way or the Chinese Way?

3 Manchu’s Religious Policies

4 Confucian-Christian Relationship on Schall’s Birthday

5 Yang Guangxian: Not a Confucian

6 Divination and Confucianism

7 Schall’s Involvement in Chinese Divination

8 Trials, and Buglio and de Magalhaens’s Manchu Network

9 Conclusion

3 The Jesuits and Kangxi’s Imperial Household Department

1 Kangxi’s Political Backbone

2 Jesuits’ Contributions

3 Jesuits’ Participation in Court Politics

4 Verbiest’s Strategy and Legacy

5 The Edict of Toleration

6 The Jesuits’ Identity in the Kangxi Court

7 The New French Jesuits and Their Network

8 Conclusion

PART 2

Emperor Kangxi’s Negotiations with the Pope, 1705–1721

4 Kangxi, the Jesuits, and the First Papal Legation to China

1 The Kangxi Emperor and His Empire before 1705

2 The Papal Legation in Kangxi’s Eyes

3 The First Audience

4 The Chinese Rites Controversy During de Tournon’s Stay in Beijing

5 The Farewell Audience

6 The Jesuits’ Omission

7 After the Farewell Audience

8 Piao

9 Conclusion

5 Kangxi’s Fourteen-Year Wait and the Second Papal Legation

1 Waiting for a Response from Rome

2 The Red Manifesto: Kangxi’s Open Letter to Europe

3 Kangxi’s Unusual Patience: Why?

4 Making Threats and Making the Deal

5 Conclusion

PART 3

The Prohibition in 1724

6 The Yongzheng Emperor and Christian Missionaries

1 Kangxi’s Late Years

2 Yongzheng’s Enthronement

3 Missionaries’ Efforts

4 Why Did Yongzheng Prohibit Christianity

5 Yongzheng’s Own Explanations for Prohibition

6 The Prohibition from the View of Others

7 Buddhism: the Basis of Yongzheng’s Intellectual and Spiritual Mind

8 Buddhism and Its Influence on Yongzheng

9 Yongzheng’s Buddhism and the Prohibition of Christianity

10 Conclusion

Postscripts: Coincidences? the Rise and Fall of the Christian Mission

Appendix 1 Yongzheng’s Letter to Nian Gengyao Regarding the Master-Slave Relation

Appendix 2 Kangxi’s Note to Threaten the Prohibition of Christianity

Bibliography

Index

Über Autor(innen)

Litian Swen holds a Ph.D (2019) from The City University of New York. He has published several articles in Chinese on Chinese History.