Stuart Liquid Helium Technology

Proceedings of the International Institute of Refrigeration Commission 1, Boulder (U.S.A.) 1966
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8019-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 558 Seiten, Web PDF

Pure and Applied Cryogenics, Volume 6: Liquid Helium Technology focuses on the principles, techniques, methodologies, and approaches involved in liquid helium technology. The selection examines liquid helium technology at the National Bureau of Standards, properties of liquid helium, heat transfer to liquid helium, and noise associated with heat transfer to liquid helium II. Discussions focus on apparatus and instrumentation, test procedure, liquid helium as a cryogenic liquid, zero viscosity, momentum of heat flow, rotation and vortex lines, oscillation of vortex lines, and quantized vortices. The publication then takes a look at boiling heat transfer to liquid helium, heat transfer from metal to supercritical helium, heat transfer to boiling liquid helium in narrow vertical channels, and critical nucleate boiling of liquid helium in a simulated wire wound magnet. The text ponders on microdegree temperature controller for liquid helium II bath, commercial production, storage and distribution of liquid helium, lightweight liquid helium dewar, commercial handling of liquid helium dewars, effectiveness of low temperature refrigeration for electronics, and a bulk liquid helium distribution system. The selection is a valuable source of information for scientists and researchers interested in liquid helium technology.

Dr. Sam Stuart is a physiotherapist and a research Fellow within the Balance Disorders Laboratory, OHSU. His work focuses on vision, cognition and gait in neurological disorders, examining how technology-based interventions influence these factors. He has published extensively in world leading clinical and engineering journals focusing on a broad range of activities such as real-world data analytics, algorithm development for wearable technology and provided expert opinion on technology for concussion assessment for robust player management. He is currently a guest editor for special issues (sports medicine and transcranial direct current stimulation for motor rehabilitation) within Physiological Measurement and Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, respectively.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Stuart, Sam

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Liquid Helium Technology;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;FOREWORD;12
6;LIST OF PARTICIPANTS;16
7;SECTION I: INTRODUCTORY;22
7.1;CHAPTER 1. LIQUID HELIUM TECHNOLOGY AT THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS;24
7.1.1;Technologie de l'hélium liquide au "National Bureau of Standards";24
7.1.2;BIBLIOGRAPHY;29
7.1.3;DISCUSSION;30
7.2;CHAPTER 2. THE PROPERTIES OF LIQUID HELIUM;32
7.2.1;INTRODUCTION;32
7.2.2;1. LIQUID HELIUM AS A CRYOGENIC LIQUID;32
7.2.3;2. THE ZERO VISCOSITY;33
7.2.4;3. THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF HEAT;36
7.2.5;4. THE HIGH HEAT TRANSPORT;37
7.2.6;5. THE MOMENTUM OF HEAT FLOW;39
7.2.7;6. SECOND SOUND;39
7.2.8;7. THE HELIUM II FILM;39
7.2.9;8. ROTATION AND VORTEX LINES;40
7.2.10;9. QUANTISED VORTICES;40
7.2.11;10. THE OSCILLATION OF VORTEX LINES;41
7.2.12;11. PERSISTENT CURRENTS;41
7.2.13;12. THE MOTION OF IONS IN HELIUM II;42
7.2.14;13. PHASE SLIP;43
7.2.15;REFERENCES;45
8;SECTION II: HEAT TRANSFER TO LIQUID HELIUM;48
8.1;CHAPTER 3. THERMAL BOUNDARY RESISTANCE AND RELATED PEAK FLUX DURING SUPERCRITICAL HEAT TRANSPORT FROM A HORIZONTAL SURFACE THROUGH A SHORT TUBE TO A SATURATED BATH OF LIQUID He II;50
8.1.1;INTRODUCTION;50
8.1.2;EXPERIMENT;54
8.1.3;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;55
8.1.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;59
8.1.5;REFERENCES;60
8.1.6;DISCUSSION;60
8.2;CHAPTER 4. NOISE ASSOCIATED WITH HEAT TRANSFER TO LIQUID HELIUM II;62
8.2.1;INTRODUCTION;63
8.2.2;APPARATUS AND INSTRUMENTATION;64
8.2.3;TEST PROCEDURE;67
8.2.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;67
8.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;84
8.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;84
8.2.7;REFERENCES;84
8.2.8;DISCUSSION;85
8.3;CHAPTER 5. BOILING HEAT TRANSFER TO LIQUID HELIUM;86
8.3.1;APPARATUS AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS;86
8.3.2;BASIC BOILING CURVE;88
8.3.3;SURFACE FINISH;90
8.3.4;SURFACE COATINGS;91
8.3.5;INFLUENCE OF THE SUB-SURFACE SOLID ON THE PEAK HEAT FLUX;92
8.3.6;REFERENCES;95
8.3.7;DISCUSSION;96
8.4;CHAPTER 6. HEAT TRANSFER FROM METAL TO SUPERCRITICAL HELIUM;98
8.4.1;INTRODUCTION;98
8.4.2;MEASUREMENT METHODS;99
8.4.3;MEASUREMENTS IN THE SUPERCRITICAL RANGE;104
8.4.4;REFERENCES;108
8.5;CHAPTER 7. HEAT TRANSFER TO BOILING LIQUID HELIUM IN NARROW VERTICAL CHANNELS;110
8.5.1;INTRODUCTION;110
8.5.2;RESULTS;112
8.5.3;CONCLUSIONS;113
8.5.4;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;114
8.5.5;REFERENCES;114
8.5.6;DISCUSSION;115
8.6;CHAPTER 8. CRITICAL NUCLEATE BOILING OF LIQUID HELIUM IN A SIMULATED WIRE WOUND MAGNET;116
8.6.1;REFERENCES;124
9;SECTION III: LIQUID HELIUM CRYOSTATS;126
9.1;CHAPTER 9. SPONTANEOUS PRESSURE OSCILLATIONS IN TUBES CONNECTING LIQUID HELIUM RESERVOIRS TO [300 °K ENVIRONMENTS;128
9.1.1;INTRODUCTION;128
9.1.2;QUALITATIVE OBSERVATIONS;129
9.1.3;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND APPARATUS FOR QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATIONS;129
9.1.4;TEST RESULTS;131
9.1.5;CONCLUSIONS;135
9.1.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;135
9.1.7;REFERENCES;135
9.1.8;DISCUSSION;136
9.2;CHAPTER 10. MICRODEGREE TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER FOR LIQUID HELIUM II BATH;138
9.2.1;INTRODUCTION;138
9.2.2;THE BASIC BRIDGE;138
9.2.3;DYNAMIC APPARATUS;140
9.2.4;PERFORMANCE;142
9.2.5;REFERENCES;142
9.2.6;DISCUSSION;143
9.3;CHAPTER 11. CONTROL SYSTEM FOR TEMPERATURE AND LIQUID LEVEL IN A HELIUM CRYOSTAT BELOW 4.2 °K;144
9.3.1;INTRODUCTION;144
9.3.2;DESCRIPTION OF THE DEVICE;145
9.3.3;CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;149
9.3.4;REFERENCES;152
9.4;CHAPTER 12. CALIBRATION OF GERMANIUM THERMOMETERS FROM 2°-20°K;154
9.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;155
9.4.2;2. NBS PROVISIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE 2-20 (1965);155
9.4.3;3. CALIBRATION APPARATUS;157
9.4.4;4. RESULTS;159
9.4.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;163
9.4.6;BIBLIOGRAPHY;163
9.4.7;DISCUSSION;164
9.5;CHAPTER 13. A CRYOSTAT OF HIGH THERMAL STABILITY IN THE TEMPERATURE RANGE 4°-14 °K;166
9.5.1;1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS;166
9.5.2;2. THE HOMOGENEITY OF THE ENCLOSURE TEMPERATURE;168
9.5.3;3. THE DETECTION OF TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS;168
9.5.4;4. THE ATTAINMENT OF HIGH GAINS;169
9.5.5;5. PERFORMANCE;169
9.5.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;171
9.5.7;REFERENCES;171
9.5.8;DISCUSSION;171
9.6;CHAPTER 14. DESCRIPTION OF TWO CRYOSTATS FOR CONTINUOUS REGULATION OF TEMPERATURE OF 4°K TO 300 °K;172
9.6.1;INTRODUCTION;172
9.6.2;SYMBOLIC NOTATION;173
9.6.3;GEOMETRICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CRYOSTATS;173
9.6.4;WORKING CONDITIONS OF THE CRYOSTATS ; METHODS USED FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE CONSUMPTION AND RESULTS;176
9.6.5;THE TEMPERATURE REGULATING SYSTEM;181
9.6.6;DISCUSSION;183
9.6.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;183
9.6.8;REFERENCES;183
9.6.9;DISCUSSION;184
10;SECTION IV: LIQUEFIERS, REFRIGERATORS AND STORAGE;186
10.1;CHAPTER 15. THE COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION, STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION OF LIQUID HELIUM;188
10.1.1;LIQUID HELIUM TECHNOLOGY;189
10.1.2;COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS;197
10.1.3;REFERENCES;213
10.1.4;DISCUSSION;214
10.2;CHAPTER 16. A LARGE-SCALE HELIUM LIQUEFIER;216
10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;216
10.2.2;THE LIQUEFACTION PROCESS;217
10.2.3;INDIVIDUAL LOSSES AND PROCESS EFFICIENCY;220
10.2.4;PLANT CONTROL;225
10.2.5;PLANT COMPONENTS;226
10.2.6;CONCLUDING REMARKS;227
10.2.7;BIBLIOGRAPHY;227
10.2.8;DISCUSSION;227
10.3;CHAPTER 17. A 73 WATT, 3 °K HELIUM REFRIGERATOR USING GAS BEARING TURBINES;228
10.3.1;INTRODUCTION;228
10.3.2;CHOICE OF CYCLE;229
10.3.3;PROCESS DESCRIPTION;229
10.3.4;CONTROL SYSTEMS;231
10.3.5;DESIGN FEATURES;232
10.3.6;TURBINES;233
10.3.7;PLANT PERFORMANCE;236
10.3.8;PROVING EXPERIENCE;240
10.3.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;241
10.3.10;DISCUSSION;241
10.4;CHAPTER 18. THE EXPANSION-EJECTOR, A NEW DEVICE FOR LIQUEFACTION AND REFRIGERATION AT 4°K AND LOWER;242
10.4.1;1. INTRODUCTION;242
10.4.2;2. THE EXPANSION-EJECTOR ; GENERAL DESCRIPTION;244
10.4.3;3. FIELD OF APPLICATION; EFFICIENCY;247
10.4.4;4. RESULTS;249
10.4.5;5. CONCLUSION;249
10.4.6;REFERENCE;249
10.4.7;DISCUSSION;249
10.5;CHAPTER 19. A 4 °K JOULE-THOMSON LABORATORY REFRIGERATOR;252
10.5.1;INTRODUCTION;252
10.5.2;DESIGN;253
10.5.3;PERFORMANCE;259
10.5.4;APPLICATIONS, ADVANTAGES, AND LIMITATIONS;260
10.5.5;CONCLUSION;261
10.5.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;261
10.5.7;REFERENCES;261
10.5.8;DISCUSSION;261
10.6;CHAPTER 20. PERFORMANCE OF A 4°K REFRIGERATOR;262
10.6.1;I. INTRODUCTION;262
10.6.2;II. CYCLE ANALYSIS;263
10.6.3;III. LATEST CRYODYNE REFRIGERATOR;278
10.6.4;DEFINITIONS;279
10.6.5;REFERENCES;280
10.6.6;DISCUSSION;280
10.7;CHAPTER 21. SIZE AND POWER REQUIREMENTS OF 4.2 °K REFRIGERATORS;282
10.7.1;INTRODUCTION;282
10.7.2;2. REFRIGERATOR CHARACTERISTICS;282
10.7.3;3. DATA SOURCES;291
10.7.4;4. REFERENCES;292
10.8;CHAPTER 22. LIGHTWEIGHT LIQUID HELIUM DEWAR;294
10.8.1;INTRODUCTION;295
10.8.2;DEWAR DEVELOPMENT AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION;296
10.8.3;DETAILED FEATURES;298
10.8.4;TESTS AND TEST RESULTS;299
10.8.5;CONCLUSION;302
10.8.6;DISCUSSION;302
10.9;CHAPTER 23. COMMERCIAL HANDLING OF LIQUID HELIUM DEWARS;304
10.9.1;INTRODUCTION;304
10.9.2;NECK PLUG HAZARDS;306
10.9.3;G LOAD DESIGN;310
10.9.4;LIQUID TRANSFER EQUIPMENT;312
10.9.5;HEAT LEAK AND COOLDOWN LOSSES;314
10.9.6;CONCLUSIONS;317
10.9.7;BIBLIOGRAPHY;317
10.9.8;DISCUSSION;318
10.10;CHAPTER 24. EFFECTIVENESS OF LOW TEMPERATURE REFRIGERATION FOR ELECTRONICS;320
10.10.1;INTRODUCTION;320
10.10.2;SYSTEM EFFECTIVENESS;320
10.10.3;PERFORMANCE CAPABILITY;321
10.10.4;RELIABILITY;323
10.10.5;MAINTAINABILITY OR AVAILABILITY;326
10.10.6;CONCLUSION;327
10.10.7;DISCUSSION;328
10.11;CHAPTER 25. A BULK LIQUID HELIUM DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM;330
10.11.1;INTRODUCTION;330
10.11.2;DETAILS OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM;334
10.11.3;DETAILS OF TRANSFILL STATION;340
10.11.4;CONCLUSION;342
10.11.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;343
10.11.6;REFERENCES;343
10.11.7;DISCUSSION;343
10.12;CHAPTER 26. PRESSURE-VOLUME TEMPERATURE AND INTERNAL ENERGY DATA FOR HELIUM FROM 4.2 TO 20 °K BETWEEN 100 AND 1300 ATMOSPHERES;344
10.12.1;INTRODUCTION;344
10.12.2;APPARATUS AND CALIBRATIONS;345
10.12.3;DISCUSSION OF RESULTS;349
10.12.4;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;363
10.12.5;REFERENCES;363
10.12.6;DISCUSSION;363
10.13;CHAPTER 27. HELIUM-3 AS A REFRIGERANT;364
10.13.1;INTRODUCTION;364
10.13.2;EVAPORATION REFRIGERATORS;365
10.13.3;DILUTION REFRIGERATORS;365
10.13.4;FUTURE PROSPECTS;370
10.13.5;ADDENDUM;371
10.13.6;REFERENCES;371
10.13.7;DISCUSSION;371
11;SECTION V: LIQUID HELIUM AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS;372
11.1;CHAPTER 28. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A LIQUID HELIUM FACILITY IN THE ARGONNE CP-5 REACTOR;374
11.1.1;THE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM;376
11.1.2;CRYOSTAT AND ASSOCIATED SAFETY CIRCUITS;379
11.1.3;EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES;380
11.1.4;DISCUSSION;383
11.2;CHAPTER 29. AN HELIUM COOLED LIQUID HYDROGEN TARGET;384
11.2.1;TEMPERATURE OF OPERATION;388
11.2.2;OPERATION OF THE TARGET;388
11.2.3;HELIUM CONSUMPTION;389
11.2.4;REFERENCES;389
11.2.5;DISCUSSION;389
11.3;CHAPTER 30. LIQUID HELIUM TECHNOLOGY IN NUCLEAR POLARIZATION EXPERIMENTS;390
11.3.1;INTRODUCTION;391
11.3.2;GENERAL PROBLEM — THERMAL POLARTZATION;391
11.3.3;OTHER PROBLEMS;392
11.3.4;FUTURE TARGET DEVELOPMENTS;394
11.3.5;REFERENCES;395
11.4;CHAPTER 31. DISPOSITIF D'IRRADIATION EN PILE A 20 °K;396
11.4.1;I. INTRODUCTION;396
11.4.2;II. DESCRIPTION;397
11.4.3;RÉFÉRENCES;402
12;SECTION VI: LIQUID HELIUM IN SPACE OPERATIONS;404
12.1;CHAPTER 32. APPLICATIONS OF LIQUID HELIUM IN SPACE OPERATIONS;406
12.1.1;I. THE LARGE SCALE LIQUEFACTION, STORAGE, TRANSPORT, AND GROUND HANDLING OF LIQUID HELIUM;407
12.1.2;II. SPACE SIMULATION CHAMBERS;409
12.1.3;NOTE;413
12.1.4;DISCUSSION;414
12.2;CHAPTER 33. CRYOGENIC HELIUM PRESSURIZATION SYSTEM FOR THE DESCENT STAGE OF THE LUNAR EXCURSION MODULE (LEM);416
12.2.1;DISCUSSION;423
12.3;CHAPTER 34. He II PERSISTENT CURRENT GYRO ELEMENT FOR INERTIAL NAVIGATION;424
12.3.1;REFERENCES;428
12.3.2;DISCUSSION;428
12.4;CHAPTER 35. PUMPING OF HELIUM AND HYDROGEN IN THE HIGH VACUUM RANGE BY MEANS OF CRYOSORPTION ARRAYS;430
12.4.1;I. INTRODUCTION;430
12.4.2;II. PUMP NG CHARACTERISTICS OF UNSHIELDED CRYOSORPTION PANELS;431
12.4.3;III. PUMPING CHARACTERISTICS OF CRYOSORPTION ARRAYS;436
12.4.4;IV. CONCLUSIONS;445
12.4.5;REFERENCES;445
12.4.6;DISCUSSION;446
13;SECTION VII: LIQUID HELIUM AND ELECTROMAGNETIC TECHNOLOGY;448
13.1;CHAPTER 36. L'HÉLIUM LIQUIDE DANS LES APPLICATIONS ÉLECTROMAGNÉTIQUES;450
13.1.1;1) COURANT CONTINU;451
13.1.2;2) ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE EN BASSE FRÉQUENCE;452
13.1.3;3) APPLICATIONS EN HAUTE FRÉQUENCE;454
13.1.4;4) APPLICATIONS DIVERSES;457
13.1.5;BIBLIOGRAPHIE;458
13.1.6;DISCUSSION;459
13.2;CHAPTER 37. SUPERCONDUCTING DEVICES;460
13.2.1;INTRODUCTION;460
13.2.2;PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS OF ENGINEERING INTEREST;460
13.2.3;I. A TRANSITION OCCURS;465
13.2.4;II. ZERO RESISTIVITY;470
13.2.5;III. DIAMAGNETISM;480
13.2.6;REFERENCES;490
13.3;CHAPTER 38. A LARGE EXPERIMENTAL SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNET FOR MHD POWER GENERATION;492
13.3.1;INTRODUCTION;493
13.3.2;THE CONDUCTOR;493
13.3.3;DESCRIPTION OF THE MAGNET;496
13.3.4;TEST FACILITY;499
13.3.5;MAGNET TESTS;500
13.3.6;CONCLUSIONS;503
13.3.7;REFERENCES;503
13.3.8;DISCUSSION;504
13.4;CHAPTER 39. A FACILITY FOR TESTING LARGE SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS;506
13.4.1;INTRODUCTION;506
13.4.2;DESIGN CRITERIA AND CONSIDERATIONS;507
13.4.3;OVERALL CONFIGURATION;508
13.4.4;DEWAR;511
13.4.5;COVER FLANGE AND SUPPORT ASSEMBLY;512
13.4.6;SYSTEM PIPING AND SAFETY PROVISIONS;514
13.4.7;INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROLS;516
13.4.8;OPERATION;517
13.5;CHAPTER 40. THE SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNET PROGRAM AT THE RUTHERFORD LABORATORY;518
13.5.1;DISCUSSION;520
13.6;CHAPTER 41. STRESS VERSUS RESISTIVITY AT LIQUID HELIUM TEMPERATURE;522
13.6.1;INTRODUCTION;522
13.6.2;TEST PROCEDURE;523
13.6.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;525
13.6.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;525
13.6.5;REFERENCES;528
13.6.6;DISCUSSION;528
13.7;CHAPTER 42. SUPERCONDUCTIVE RECTIFICATION AND ITS USE FOR FLUX PUMPING;530
13.7.1;REFERENCES;538
13.7.2;DISCUSSION;538
13.8;CHAPTER 43. AN AUTOMATIC SUPERCONDUCTING FLUX PUMP;540
13.8.1;REFERENCES;544
13.8.2;DISCUSSION;544
13.9;CHAPTER 44. A SUPERCONDUCTING DYNAMO AND SOLENOID COMBINATION OPERATING AT HIGH CURRENT LEVEL;546
13.9.1;INTRODUCTION;546
13.9.2;HIGH-CURRENT DYNAMOS;547
13.9.3;PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS;551
13.9.4;REFERENCES;554
14;INSTITUT INTERNATIONAL DU FROID INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF REFRIGERATION;556
14.1;Comptes rendus des réunions des Commissions Internationales Proceedings of the meetings of International Commissions;556
14.2;Congrès Internationaux — International Congresses;558
14.3;Publications Diverses — Miscellaneous Publications;558