Stuart Enzyme Nomenclature 1978

This Edition Is a Revision of the Recommendations (1972) of the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, and Has Been Approved for Publication by the Executive Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry
1. Auflage 1979
ISBN: 978-1-4832-7327-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 612 Seiten

Enzyme Nomenclature 1978 is based upon the recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry on the Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes.This book deals with the naming of enzymes. The text describes problems encountered in the past when individual scientists named enzymes randomly, resulting in duplication, misnomers, and confusion. Some order followed upon the establishment of the International Commission on Enzymes. This book also explains the classification and nomenclature scheme through general principles that should be followed in dealing with enzymes. The text describes the systematic and trivial names, the key to numbering of enzymes, and the rules of classification and nomenclature. The book also contains the enzyme list including the class of oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, and ligases (synthetases). The appendix contains the nomenclature of electron-transfer proteins, which include flavoproteins, proteins containing reducible disulfide, cytochromes, iron-sulfur proteins, and other metalloproteins. An index lists all the enzymes in alphabetical order. This handy reference will be useful for scientists involved in bio-chemistry, molecular biology, micro-biology, and researchers whose works involve enzyme and medical research.

Dr. Sam Stuart is a physiotherapist and a research Fellow within the Balance Disorders Laboratory, OHSU. His work focuses on vision, cognition and gait in neurological disorders, examining how technology-based interventions influence these factors. He has published extensively in world leading clinical and engineering journals focusing on a broad range of activities such as real-world data analytics, algorithm development for wearable technology and provided expert opinion on technology for concussion assessment for robust player management. He is currently a guest editor for special issues (sports medicine and transcranial direct current stimulation for motor rehabilitation) within Physiological Measurement and Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, respectively.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Stuart, Sam

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CHAPTER 1

HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION

Publisher Summary

The rapid growth in the science of enzymology and the great increase in the number of enzymes known have given rise to many difficulties of terminology. In many cases, the same enzymes became known by several different names, while there were cases in which the same name was given to different enzymes. Many of the names conveyed little or no idea of the nature of the reactions catalyzed and similar names were sometimes given to enzymes of quite different types. To meet this situation, various attempts to bring order into the general nomenclature of enzymes, or into that of particular groups of enzymes, were made by individuals or small groups of specialists. None of the resulting nomenclatures met with general approval. No general agreement had been reached on the nomenclature of the coenzymes, on which many names of enzymes inevitably depend; in the equations of enzyme kinetics different systems of mathematical symbols were used by different workers; and the standardization of enzymes was in a chaotic state, owing to the multiplicity of arbitrarily defined units of enzyme activity.

The rapid growth in the science of enzymology, and the great increase in the number of enzymes known, have given rise to many difficulties of terminology in recent years. By about 1955 it had become evident that the nomenclature of the subject, in the absence of any guiding authority, was getting out of hand. The naming of enzymes by individual workers had proved far from satisfactory in practice. In many cases the same enzymes became known by several different names, while conversely there were cases in which the same name was given to different enzymes. Many of the names conveyed little or no idea of the nature of the reactions catalysed, and similar names were sometimes given to enzymes of quite different types. To meet this situation, various attempts to bring order into the general nomenclature of enzymes, or into that of particular groups of enzymes, were made by individuals or small groups of specialists. But none of the resulting nomenclatures met with general approval.

Furthermore, no general agreement had been reached on the nomenclature of the coenzymes, on which so many names of enzymes inevitably depend; in the equations of enzyme kinetics different systems of mathematical symbols were used by different workers; and the standardization of enzymes was in a chaotic state, owing to the multiplicity of arbitrarily defined units of enzyme activity.

In view of this state of affairs, the General Assembly of the International Union of Biochemistry (IUB) decided, during the third International Congress of Biochemistry in Brussels in August, 1955, to set up an International Commission on Enzymes. This step was taken in consultation with the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).

The International Commission on Enzymes was established in 1956 by the President of the International Union of Biochemistry, Professor M. Florkin, with the advice of an Committee. The following members were appointed by the Bureau of the International Union of Biochemistry:

A.E. Braunstein, U.S.S.R.; S.P. Colowick, U.S.A.; P.A.E. Desnuelle, France; M. Dixon, U.K. ; W.A. Engelhardt, U.S.S.R.; E.F. Gale, U.K.; O. Hoffmann-Ostenhof, Austria; A.L. Lehninger, U.S.A.; K. Linderstrøm-Lang, Denmark; F. Lynen, Germany.

: F. Egami, Japan; L.F. Leloir, Argentina.

In 1959, on the death of K. Linderstrøm-Lang, E.C. Webb (United Kingdom, later Australia) joined the Commission.

The terms of reference of the Enzyme Commission, as laid down by the Committee, were as follows:

‘’

The Enzyme Commission faced many difficulties arising from the uncontrolled naming of the rapidly increasing number of known enzymes. Some of the names in use were definitely misleading; others conveyed little or nothing about the nature of the reaction catalysed, as for example, . Enzymes catalysing essentially similar reaction had sometimes names implying that they belong to different groups, while some enzymes of different types had been placed in the same group, for example, the had included both glycosyl-transferases and phosphotransferases. In some cases a name which had been well established for many years with a definite meaning, such as the term , had been later employed with different meanings, causing confusion.

One of the main tasks given to the Commission was therefore to see how the nomenclature of enzymes could best be brought into a satisfactory state, and whether a code of systematic rules could be devised that would serve as a guide for the consistent naming of new enzymes in the future. At the same time, the Commission realised the difficulties that would be caused by a large number of changes of well-known enzyme names, and the desirability of retaining the existing names wherever there was no good reason for making an alteration. Nevertheless, the overriding consideration was to reduce the confusion and prevent futher confusion from arising. Its task could not have been accomplished without causing some inconvenience, for this was the inevitable result of having allowed the problem to drift for a considerable time.

Throughout its work, the Enzyme Commission was in close touch with the Biological Chemistry Nomenclature Commission of IUPAC. In addition, it considered many comments and suggestions from various experts in the field; 52 formal documents were circulated and discussed in several meetings. Finally, the Commission prepared a report, which was presented to the General Assembly of the International Union of Biochemistry at their meeting in Moscow, 1961, and was adopted. The nomenclature set out in that report has been widely used in scientific journals, textbooks, since 1961.

Subsequently, the Council of IUB dissolved the Commission on Enzymes and set up a Standing Committee on Enzymes consisting of S.P. Colowick, O. Hoffmann-Ostenhof, A.L. Lehninger and E.C. Webb . This Standing Committee discussed the comments and criticisms received on the published report of the Enzyme Commission and prepared in 1964 a second version, the .

The function of the Standing Committee on Enzymes was then taken over by the IUPAC/IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (CBN). This Commission was originally set up to deal with the nomenclature of various compounds of biochemical interest. At a meeting in Sptembeer, 1969, it was decided that the should be revised, mainly to include the many enzymes discovered in recent years, and an Expert Committee on Enzymes was formed, consisting of A.E. Braunstein, J.S. Fruton, O. Hoffmann-Ostenhof, B.L. Horecker, W.B. Jakoby, P. Karlson, B. Keil, E.C. Slater, E.C. Webb and W.J. Whelan. With the help of a number of expert subcommittees, and comments and suggestions solicited from authors and editors, a completely revised version of Enzyme Nomenclature was prepared and published as .

After the publication of the third version of the complete report and enzyme list, the Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature decided that it would be appropriate to publish from time to time, a supplement to the Enzyme List, containing new entries, deletions and corrections. The first supplement was prepared during 1974-5 and published in Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (Vol. 429, pages 1–45(1976).

During 1977 there was a reorganization of responsibility for consideration of biochemical nomenclature, and the responsibility for enzyme nomenclature passed to the new Nomenclature Committee of I.U.B? At the same time the International Union of Biochemistry was able to arrange with the National Institutes of Health at Bethesda to enter the enzyme list on computer tape and prepare future versions of the list as a computer print-out. This phase of the operation was under the direction of Richard J. Feldmann of the Division of Computor Research and Technology, National Institutes of Health. The present version of Enzyme Nomenclature is the first to be produced in this way. It includes changes and additions approved by the Nomenclature Committee of I.U.B. at meetings in June 1977 and June 1978.

The number of enzymes in the various versions of the enzyme list are as follows:

Report of the Enzyme Commission (1961)

712

Enzyme Nomenclature (1964)

875

Enzyme Nomenclature (1972)

1770

Enzyme Nomenclature (1972)plus

Supplement I (1975)

1974

Present version

2122

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