Steadman / Hodgkinson Nuclear Disasters & The Built Environment

A Report to the Royal Institute of British Architects
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-0622-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 142 Seiten, Web PDF

Nuclear Disasters & the Built Environment discusses the effects of nuclear disasters on the built environment. The book is comprised of 10 chapters that are organized into three parts. Part I provides an introductory discourse and covers nuclear reactions and radiation. Part II discusses nuclear reactor accidents; this part tackles several concerns such as nuclear safety and risk; contamination of urban areas; and emergency planning. Part III deals with topics concerning nuclear war, such as nuclear weapons, damages, and consequences. The text will be of great interest to readers concerned with the implication of the use of nuclear technology.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Steadman, Philip

Hodgkinson, Simon

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Nuclear Disasters & the Built Environment: A Report to the Royal Institute of British Architects;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Foreword;6
5;Table of Contents;8
6;PART I: ;10
6.1;Chapter 1. Introduction;12
6.1.1;Hiroshima 1945;12
6.1.2;Chernobyl 1986;12
6.1.3;A note on units of measurement;13
6.2;Chapter 2. Nuclear Reactions and Radiation;14
6.2.1;Energy and Mass;14
6.2.2;The Element, the Atom, and the Isotope;14
6.2.3;Nuclear Energy;14
6.2.4;Induced Fission, Critical Mass and the Chain Reaction;15
6.2.5;The Nuclear Reactor;16
6.2.6;The Fission Bomb;17
6.2.7;Plutonium and the Implosion Method;18
6.2.8;Nuclear Fusion and Thermonuclear Weapons;18
6.2.9;Radioactivity;19
6.2.10;Measuring Radiation Doses;20
6.2.11;Exposure to Radiation in Everyday Life;21
6.2.12;The Medical Effects of Radiation;23
7;PART II: NUCLEAR REACTOR ACCIDENTS ;26
7.1;Chapter 3. Nuclear Safety and Nuclear Risks;28
7.1.1;Introduction;28
7.1.2;The Regulation of Nuclear Safety in Britain;30
7.1.3;Limiting Risks During Normal Operations;31
7.1.4;Limiting Accident Risks;32
7.1.5;Accident Risk Assessment;33
7.1.6;The Pressurised Water Reactor;36
7.1.7;The British Gas-Cooled Reactors;34
7.1.8;The RBMK Reactor and the Chernobyl Accident;38
7.1.9;The Nuclear Fuel Cycle;39
7.1.10;Military Installations;41
7.1.11;Medical and Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes;43
7.1.12;Conclusions;43
7.2;Chapter 4. Reactor Accidents and the Contamination of Urban Areas;45
7.2.1;Introduction;45
7.2.2;Reactor Siting in Britain;45
7.2.3;The Radioactive Release;50
7.2.4;How Radioactivity Contaminates the Environment;52
7.2.5;The Hazard Posed to the Public;53
7.2.6;'Beyond Design Basis' Reactor Accident Studies in Britain;55
7.2.7;Conclusions;56
7.3;Chapter 5. Emergency Planning for Reactor Accidents;57
7.3.1;Introduction;57
7.3.2;Sheltering from Gamma Radiation;57
7.3.3;Measures to Limit the Inhalation Dose;60
7.3.4;Evacuation and Relocation;61
7.3.5;Emergency Planning for Reactor Accidents;61
7.3.6;Emergency in the Ukraine;63
7.3.7;Conclusions for Emergency Planning in Britain;66
7.4;Chapter 6. Mitigating the Long-Term Consequences of Contamination of Land and Buildings;68
7.4.1;Introduction;68
7.4.2;The Decontamination of Urban and Rural Areas;68
7.4.3;Land Denial Following a Reactor Accident;71
7.4.4;The Problem of Relocation;72
7.4.5;The Impact on Agriculture;75
7.4.6;The Long- Term Social and Economic Consequences;76
7.5;Conclusions to PART II, and Recommendations ;78
8;PART III: NUCLEAR WAR ;80
8.1;Chapter 7. Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Attacks;82
8.1.1;Introduction;82
8.1.2;Types of Nuclear Weapon and Their Explosive Power;83
8.1.3;Soviet Weapons Available for Use Against Britain;85
8.1.4;Patterns of Nuclear Attack on Britain;86
8.2;Chapter 8. Damage to Buildings from Nuclear Explosions;91
8.2.1;The Sequence of Events in a Nuclear Explosion (Figure 8.1);91
8.2.2;Blast Damage: Characteristics of the Blast Wave;94
8.2.3;Thermal Radiation and Fires;97
8.2.4;The Bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki;98
8.2.5;Damage to Buildings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki;100
8.2.6;Buildings Exposed in American Weapons Tests;103
8.2.7;Summary of Blast Effects on Buildings;104
8.3;Chapter 9. Consequences of Nuclear Attack on Britain;107
8.3.1;Computer Programs for Predicting the Effects of Attack;107
8.3.2;Home Office Calculations of Effects of Attacks on Britain;111
8.3.3;'Doomsday' Calculations of Effects of Attack on Britain;112
8.3.4;Computer Estimates of Damage to Buildings in London and Britain;117
8.3.5;Damage to Essential Services;119
8.3.6;Radioactive Contamination in Attacks on Britain;120
8.4;Chapter 10. Mitigating the Consequences of Nuclear Attack;122
8.4.1;Introduction;122
8.4.2;Radiation Protection and Shelter Factors of Buildings;123
8.4.3;Shelter Design;125
8.4.4;Reconstruction After Nuclear Attacks;132
8.5;Conclusions to Part III, and Recommendations;134
9;Bibliography;135
10;Index;140