Stassen Analysis, Design and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems 1992

Selected Papers from the Fifth IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IEA Symposium, The Hague, Netherlands, 9 - 11 June 1992
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-9885-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 308 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: IFAC Symposia Series

Containing 4 plenary papers and 38 technical papers, this volume contributes to the literature on the important subject of man-machine systems. The many topics discussed include human performance skills, knowledge engineering and expert systems, training procedures, human performance and mental load models, and human-machine interfaces.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Stassen, H. G.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Analysis,Design and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems 1992;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;Preface;8
6;PLENARY PAPERS;14
6.1;Chapter 1.Teleoperation, Telerobotics, and Telepresence: A Progress Report;14
6.1.1;Introduction: Definitions and Taxonomy;14
6.1.2;Applications and Configurations;15
6.1.3;Human-Computer Cooperation in Planning, Command and Control;16
6.1.4;Other Aspects of Sensory Feedback: More Roles for the Computer;18
6.1.5;Non-anthropomorphic Telerobots: Airplanes, Automobiles and Power Plants;20
6.1.6;Conclusions;21
6.1.7;References;21
6.2;Chapter 2.Task Allocation Problems and Discrete Event Systems;22
6.2.1;INTRODUCTION;22
6.2.2;TASK ALLOCATION PROBLEMS;22
6.2.3;TASK ALLOCATION PROBLEMS FOR FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS;24
6.2.4;TASK ALLOCATION IN ORGANIZATIONS;26
6.2.5;THE COGNITIVE ERGONOMICS APPROACH TO TASK ALLOCATION BETWEEN HUMAN AND MACHINE;27
6.2.6;THEORY AND REALITY;29
6.2.7;CONCLUSIONS;30
6.2.8;REFERENCES;30
6.3;Chapter 3.Theoretical Problems in Man-Machine Systems and their Experimental Validation;32
6.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;32
6.3.2;2. MODELLING HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND MENTAL WORKLOAD;33
6.3.3;3. TASK ALLOCATION AND DECISION SUPPORT;34
6.3.4;4. MAN-MACHINE INTERFACES;37
6.3.5;5. DESIGN PROBLEMS;37
6.3.6;6. EVALUATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION;38
6.3.7;7. CONCLUDING REMARK;41
6.3.8;REFERENCES;41
6.4;Chapter 4.Human Reliability in Process Control During Mal-functioning - A Survey of the Nuclear Industry
with a Case Study of Man-Machine System Development;44
6.4.1;INTRODUCTION;44
6.4.2;SURVEY ON RESEARCH FOR IMPROVEMENT IN HUMAN WORK SITUATIONS;44
6.4.3;SURVEY ON MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT;46
6.4.4;A CASE STUDY OF MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT;48
6.4.5;CONCLUSION;50
6.4.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;50
6.4.7;REFERENCES;50
7;HUMAN PERFORMANCE MODELS;56
7.1;Chapter 5.Human Intervention in Supervisory Control;56
7.1.1;INTRODUCTION;56
7.1.2;METHOD;56
7.1.3;EXPERIMENT 1: THE DYNAMICS OF TRUST;56
7.1.4;RESULTS;56
7.1.5;EXPERIMENT 2: THE DYNAMICS OF INTERVENTION;57
7.1.6;RESULTS;57
7.1.7;DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS;57
7.1.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;57
7.1.9;REFERENCES;57
7.2;Chapter 6.Interfacing between Fuzzy Linguistic Controller and Expert's Behavioural Skills via Qualitative Mental Models;60
7.2.1;INTRODUCTION;60
7.2.2;A DESIGN OF A FUZZY CONTROLLER FOR SHIPMANEUVERING;61
7.2.3;IMPLEMENTATION OF AN OPERATOR'S MENTAL MODELS BY QUALITATIVE REASONING;62
7.2.4;DEDUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF AN OPERATOR'S BEHAVIOUR;64
7.2.5;ADAPTIVE TUNING OF FUZZY CONTROLLER BASED ON THE IDENTIFIED PLANS;64
7.2.6;CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS;65
7.2.7;REFERENCES;65
7.3;Chapter 7.Fuzzy Set Theory for Modelling the Navigator's Behaviour;66
7.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;66
7.3.2;2. NAVIGATION AND KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS;67
7.3.3;3. FUZZY SET NAVIGATOR MODEL;68
7.3.4;4. EXPERIMENTS;70
7.3.5;5. DISCUSSION;70
7.3.6;6. CONCLUSION;70
7.3.7;REFERENCES;71
7.3.8;APPENDIX: FUZZY SET LOGIC;71
7.4;Chapter 8.Analysis of Operator Behaviour for Cognitive Model Implementation;74
7.4.1;ABSTRACT;74
7.4.2;KEYWORDS;74
7.4.3;INTRODUCTION;74
7.4.4;DESCRIPTION OF THE SITUATION;75
7.4.5;METHOD;76
7.4.6;RESULTS;80
7.4.7;CONCLUSIONS;82
7.4.8;Aknowledgements;82
7.4.9;REFERENCES;82
8;KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING AND EXPERT SYSTEMS;84
8.1;Chapter 9.Failure Identification Procedure using Redundant Rules;84
8.1.1;INTRODUCTION;84
8.1.2;CONSTRUCTION OF REDUNDANT RULES;84
8.1.3;ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES;85
8.1.4;CONCLUSIONS;87
8.1.5;REFERENCES;87
8.2;Chapter 10.Man-Machine Aspects of Computer-aided Interactive Grasp Planning;90
8.2.1;INTRODUCTION;90
8.2.2;GEOMETRICAL MODELS OF THE SCENE.;91
8.2.3;PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF GRASP;92
8.2.4;CONCLUSIONS;92
8.2.5;Acknowledgements;93
8.2.6;REFERENCES;93
8.3;Chapter 11.Knowledge-based Pattern-supported Man-Machine Interaction;96
8.3.1;INTRODUCTION;96
8.3.2;PATTERN REPRESENTATION;96
8.3.3;QUANTITIES, QUANTIFICATION, METRIC;97
8.3.4;GRAVITATIONAL DISTORTION OF THE PATTERN SPACE;98
8.3.5;EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIENCE;98
8.3.6;SOME RESULTS AND HYPOTHESES;99
8.3.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;100
8.3.8;REFERENCES;100
9;TASK ALLOCATION AND WORK DESIGN;102
9.1;Chapter 12.Modelling and Analysis of Human Task Allocation in a Bottling Hall;102
9.1.1;INTRODUCTION;102
9.1.2;HUNAN OPERATOR TASKS IN THE BOTTLING HALL;102
9.1.3;MODELLING AND EVALUATING TEAMS OF HUMAN OPERATORS;103
9.1.4;A MODEL OF AN INTERACTING HUMAN OPERATOR;103
9.1.5;APPLICATIONS AND RESULTS;105
9.1.6;FUTURE RESEARCH;107
9.1.7;CONCLUSIONS;107
9.1.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;107
9.1.9;REFERENCES;107
9.2;Chapter 13.An Experimental Investigation of Dynamic Allocation of Tasks between Air Traffic Controller and A.I. Systems;108
9.2.1;ABSTRACT;108
9.2.2;I. INTRODUCTION;108
9.2.3;II. MAN-MACHINE COOPERATION PRINCIPLES;108
9.2.4;III. THE EXPERIMENTAL PLATFORM : SPECTRA;109
9.2.5;IV. THE EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL;110
9.2.6;V. THE PRELIMINARY RESULTS;111
9.2.7;VI. SYNTHESIS OF THE PRELIMINARY RESULTS AND FUTURE COOPERATIVE ORGANIZATION;112
9.2.8;VII. CONCLUSION;113
9.2.9;REFERENCES;113
9.3;Chapter 14.Robots, Working Conditions and Job Content: Opportunities and Hindrances for the Improvement of the Quality of Working Life;114
9.3.1;INTRODUCTION;114
9.3.2;CASE STUDIES;115
9.3.3;REDUCING RISKS FOR SAFETY, HEALTH AND JOB CONTENT: GUIDELINES;118
9.3.4;DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS;119
9.3.5;SELECTED REFERENCES;120
10;MANUAL CONTROL I;122
10.1;Chapter 12.Sensory Substitution for Force Feedback in Teleoperation;122
10.1.1;INTRODUCTION;122
10.1.2;EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM;123
10.1.3;OBJECT CONTACT EXPERIMENTS;123
10.1.4;PEG-IN-HOLE EXPERIMENTS;125
10.1.5;TIME DELAY EXPERIMENTS;126
10.1.6;CONCLUSIONS;127
10.1.7;REFERENCES;127
10.2;Chapter 13.Manual Control using Predictor Displays;128
10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;128
10.2.2;PREDICTOR DISPLAYS IN MANUAL CONTROL;129
10.2.3;APPLICATION TO A TOWED SUBMERSIBLE;131
10.2.4;EXPERIMENTS ON HUMAN OPERATION;131
10.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;133
10.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;133
10.2.7;REFERENCES;133
11;HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND MENTAL LOAD MODELS;134
11.1;Chapter 14.Identification and Application of Neural Operator Models in a Car Driving Situation;134
11.1.1;INTRODUCTION;134
11.1.2;CONCLUSION;139
11.1.3;REFERENCES;139
11.2;Chapter 15.Team Relative Operating Characteristic: A Measure of Team Expertise in Distributed Detection Tasks;140
11.2.1;INTRODUCTION;140
11.2.2;EXPERIMENT DESIGN;141
11.2.3;NORMATIVE-DESCRIPTIVE MODEL;143
11.2.4;DISCUSSION;145
11.2.5;REFERENCES;145
11.3;Chapter 16.Adaptation to Unexpected Variations of an Inertial Load in Goal Directed Movements;146
11.3.1;INTRODUCTION;146
11.3.2;METHODS;146
11.3.3;RESULTS;148
11.3.4;DISCUSSION;150
11.3.5;REFERENCES;151
12;TRAINING PROCEDURES;152
12.1;Chapter 17.Mental Set and Complexity Effects in the Diagnosis of Simultaneous Faults in a Simple Binary Adder;152
12.1.1;ABSTRACT;152
12.1.2;INTRODUCTION;152
12.1.3;EXPERIMENTAL TOOLS;152
12.1.4;METHOD;153
12.1.5;RESULTS;153
12.1.6;CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS;154
12.1.7;REFERENCES:;155
12.2;Chapter 18.The Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a Novel Training Environment for Control Operators;158
12.2.1;INTRODUCTION;158
12.2.2;ON DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS;158
12.2.3;ON AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL;159
12.2.4;THE DESIGN OF THE PREDICTIVE MANMACHINE ENVIRONMENT (PMME);159
12.2.5;THE SIMULATED AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL ENVIRONMENT;160
12.2.6;THE IMPLEMENTATION O F THE PMME;160
12.2.7;EXPERIMENTS AND THEIR EVALUATION;162
12.2.8;CONCLUSIONS;162
12.2.9;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;163
12.2.10;REFERENCES;163
13;SUPERVISORY CONTROL;164
13.1;Chapter 19.Modeling and Analysis of Manned Robotic Systems;164
13.1.1;Abstract;164
13.1.2;1. INTRODUCTION;164
13.1.3;2. MANNED ROBOTIC SYSTEMS;164
13.1.4;3. MODEL STRUCTURE;165
13.1.5;4. CONCLUDING REMARKS;168
13.1.6;5. REFERENCES;168
13.2;Chapter 20.Control of a Fishing Trawl: A Multi-instrument Process Control Situation;170
13.2.1;INTRODUCTION;170
13.2.2;ANALYSIS OF THE INSTRUMENT PRODUCED BY THE SKILLED SKIPPER;171
13.2.3;FUNCTIONS OF THE SKILLED SKIPPER'S INSTRUMENT;173
13.2.4;DISCUSSION;174
13.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;175
13.2.6;REFERENCES;175
14;HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACES I;176
14.1;Chapter 21.Separation of User Interface and Application with the Delft Direct Manipulation Manager (D2M2);176
14.1.1;INTRODUCTION;176
14.1.2;RELATED WORK;176
14.1.3;CONCEPTS;177
14.1.4;ARCHITECTURE;178
14.1.5;EXAMPLE;180
14.1.6;FILEMANAGER;181
14.1.7;CONCLUSIONS;181
14.1.8;REITCRENCES;181
14.2;Chapter 22.Designing for Telepresence: The Interdependence of Movement and Visual Perception Implemented;182
14.2.1;INTRODUCTION;182
14.2.2;DEFINITIONS AND SYSTEM OVERVIEW OF THE DELFT DEPTH TELEVISION SYSTEM;182
14.2.3;PERCEPTUAL THEORY AND TELEPRESENCE;185
14.2.4;APPLICATIONS: NEW PERCEPTUAL AIDS USING TELEPRESENCE;186
14.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;187
14.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;187
14.2.7;SELECTED REFERENCES 2;187
14.3;Chapter 23.User Oriented Design of Man Machine Interfaces: The Design of Man Machine Interfaces for a Processing Line; A Case Study;190
14.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;190
14.3.2;2. THE DESIGN PROCESS;191
14.3.3;3. SPECIFICATION;191
14.3.4;4. CONTROL ROOMS;193
14.3.5;5. COMPUTER INTERFACES;193
14.3.6;6. LOCAL OPERATOR STATIONS;195
14.3.7;7. CONCLUSIONS;195
14.4;Chapter 24.Alarm Filtering vs. Failure Prediction: How Best to Reduce Operator Overload;196
14.4.1;ALARM FILTERING AS A MEASURE AGAINST OPERATOR OVERLOAD;196
14.4.2;THE 'COGNITIVE VIEWPOINT';197
14.4.3;OVERVIEW OVER THE GRADIENT SYSTEM;197
14.4.4;THE MECHANISM OF THE CP-SES;198
14.4.5;DISCUSSION;198
14.4.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;198
14.4.7;REFERENCES;198
15;DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS I;202
15.1;Chapter 25.Daisy, a Knowledgeable Monitoring and Warning Aid for the Driver on German Motorways;202
15.1.1;1. INTRODUCTION;202
15.1.2;2. THE HUMAN DRIVER;202
15.1.3;3. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE;203
15.1.4;4.OPERATIONAL MODES;203
15.1.5;5. IMPLEMENTATION;203
15.1.6;6. RESULTS;206
15.1.7;7. CONCLUSION;207
15.1.8;8. REFERENCES;207
15.2;Chapter 26.Knowledge Based Cockpit Assistant for Controlled Airspace Right Operation;208
15.2.1;1.INTRQPUCTIQN;208
15.2.2;2. STRUCTURE QF THE COCKPIT ASSISTANT SYSTEM;208
15.2.3;3. EXPERIMENTAL TESTING;210
15.2.4;4. ÇQNÇLUSIQN;212
15.2.5;5. REFERENCES;213
15.3;Chapter 27.A Connectionist Traffic Sign Recognition System for Onboard Driver Information;214
15.3.1;INTRODUCTION;214
15.3.2;TRAFFIC SIGN RECOGNITION;214
15.3.3;CONCLUSION;219
15.3.4;REFERENCES;219
16;MANUAL CONTROL II;220
16.1;Chapter 28.Manual Control of Slowly Responding Processes by Use of Online Simulation Models;220
16.1.1;INTRODUCTION;220
16.1.2;GRAPHICAL-INTERACTIVE MANIPULATION;221
16.1.3;APPLICATION TO A SHIP MANOEUVRING TASK;223
16.1.4;EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE CONTROL INPUT MODE;225
16.1.5;DISCUSSION, CONCLUDING REMARKS;226
16.1.6;REFERENCES;227
16.2;Chapter 29.Aiding the Operator in the Manual Control of a Space Manipulator;228
16.2.1;1.INTRODUCTION;228
16.2.2;2.TACKLING THE DEFINED PROBLEMS;228
16.2.3;3. EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY;229
16.2.4;4. VISIBILITY ASPECTS FOR A ROUGH POSITIONING TASK;229
16.2.5;5. ON TASK ALLOCATIONS BETWEEN MAN AND COMPUTER FOR AN INSERT TASK;230
16.2.6;6. NON-LINEAR AND SLOW DYNAMICS: AIDING THE OPERATOR WITH A PREDICTIVE DISPLAY;231
16.2.7;7. DESCRIBING THE OPERATOR AS A PREDICTIVE CONTROLLER;232
16.2.8;8.CONCLUSIONS;233
16.2.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;233
16.2.10;REFERENCES;233
16.3;Chapter 30.Biomechanics in Aircraft Control;234
16.3.1;Introduction;234
16.3.2;Model Description;234
16.3.3;Applications;236
17;HUMAN RELIABILITY;240
17.1;Chapter 31.Analysis and Modelling of Pilot Airplane Interaction by an Integrated Simulation Approach;240
17.1.1;INTRODUCTION;240
17.1.2;THE SYSTEM RESPONSE GENERATOR;241
17.1.3;CASE STUDY: THE APPROACH TO LANDING PHASE FOR CIVIL AIRCRAFT;242
17.1.4;CONCLUSIONS;247
17.1.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;247
17.1.6;REFERENCES;247
17.2;Chapter 32.Method for the Probabilistic Failure Analysis of a Man-Machine System;248
17.2.1;INTRODUCTION;248
17.2.2;METHOD;249
17.2.3;APPLICATION OF THE METHOD TO A MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM;249
17.2.4;DISCUSSION;254
17.2.5;CONCLUSIONS AND STATEMENTS ABOUT FUTURE APPLICATIONS;254
17.2.6;REFERENCES;254
17.3;HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACES II;262
17.3.1;Chapter 33.Modelling the Human Factor;256
17.3.1.1;SUMMARY;256
17.3.1.2;1. INTRODUCTION;256
17.3.1.3;2. PROBLEM ANALYSIS;256
17.3.1.4;3. RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT;257
17.3.1.5;4. SOLUTIONS;257
17.3.1.6;5. CONCLUSIONS AND CLOSING REMARKS;259
17.3.1.7;REFERENCES;259
17.3.2;Chapter 34.The Design of Multimedia Interfaces for Process Control;262
17.3.2.1;THE NEED FOR A NEW APPROACH TO INTERFACE DESIGN IN PROCESS CONTROL ;262
17.3.2.2;SO WHAT'S DIFFERENT ABOUT MULTIMEDIA?;262
17.3.2.3;A MULTIMEDIA INTERFACE - WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?;263
17.3.2.4;WHAT SHOULD WE BE EXPLOITING IN THE MULTIMEDIA APPROACH?;264
17.3.2.5;SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS IN PROCESS CONTROL;264
17.3.2.6;HOW CAN WE CHARACTERISE DIFFERENT INFORMATION COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENTS AND MEDIA?;265
17.3.2.7;THE APPROACH TO MULTIMEDIA INTERFACE DESIGN;266
17.3.2.8;TWO EXAMPLES - COMPARISON AND PATTERN MATCHING;266
17.3.2.9;CONCLUSIONS;267
17.3.2.10;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;267
17.3.2.11;REFERENCES;267
17.3.3;Chapter 35.A Software System for Designing and Evaluating In-car Information System Interfaces;270
17.3.3.1;INTRODUCTON;270
17.3.3.2;FUNCTIONS OF THE SOFTWARE SYSTEM;271
17.3.3.3;CONCEPTION AND ARCHITECTURE;272
17.3.3.4;APPLICATIONS;274
17.3.3.5;CONCLUSION;274
17.3.3.6;REFERENCES;275
18;DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS II;276
18.1;Chapter 36.Human-Computer Interaction in Context: Physician Interaction with Automated Intravenous Controllers in the Heart Room;276
18.1.1;INTRODUCTION;276
18.1.2;COGNITIVE ANALYSIS OF DEVICE USE IN CONTEXT;277
18.1.3;DISCUSSION;280
18.1.4;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;281
18.1.5;REFERENCES;281
18.2;Chapter 37.Field Evaluation of Knowledge Based Systems: The Medical System Plexus;288
18.2.1;INTRODUCTION;288
18.2.2;CLINICAL EFFICACY;289
18.2.3;ACCEPTABILITY;293
18.2.4;HUMAN COMPUTER INTERFACE;294
18.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;294
18.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;294
18.2.7;REFERENCES;294
18.3;ROUND TABLE DISCUSSIONS;13
18.3.1;Chapter 38.Do We need 'Man in the Man-Machine Systems? If so, why and for what ?;296
18.3.2;Chapter 39.User Interface Design: Technology Led or User Driven;298
19;AUTHOR INDEX;300
20;KEYWORD INDEX;302