Starr Pultrusion for Engineers

1. Auflage 2000
ISBN: 978-1-85573-888-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 336 Seiten

Reihe: Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering

Pultrusion for engineers is a comprehensive overview of the latest developments and applications for this growing and increasingly important area of the fibre reinforced plastics industry.Trevor Starr is well known as a specialist consultant with many year's experience in the FRP world. He has assembled an international panel of distinguished experts to provide the widest possible coverage of the state-of-the-art in novel pultrusion applications and development including many leading US researchers such as Brandt Goldworthy, regarded by many as the father of modern pultrusion.Because this book is one of very few to cover pultrusion, it is essential reading for industrial producers of pultruded profiles, chemical companies producing resins and composite materials specialists eager to reach the new markets in, for example, civil engineering that are rapidly being opened up to design solutions involving pultrusions.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Starr, T.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Pultrusion for Engineers;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;Dedication;6
6;Preface;12
7;Contributors;14
8;Pultrusion terminology;19
8.1;Matrix and related;19
8.2;Mechanical and physical properties;21
8.3;Production techniques and materials;22
8.4;Reinforcement;26
9;Pultrusion and associated companies;31
10;Chapter 1. Composites and pultrusion;34
10.1;1.1 Composites;34
10.2;1.2 Pultrusion;41
10.3;1.3 Summary;50
10.4;1.4 References;50
11;Chapter 2.
The pultrusion process;52
11.1;2.1 Machine design and operation;52
11.2;2.2 Tooling and allied design;82
11.3;2.3 Conclusion;97
11.4;2.4 Summary;98
11.5;2.5 References;98
12;Chapter 3. Profile design, specification, properties and
related matters;99
12.1;3.1 Introduction;99
12.2;3.2 Common pultrusion materials;99
12.3;3.3 Profile: design;100
12.4;3.4 Profile: specification and production;111
12.5;3.5 Profile: property prediction;117
12.6;3.6 Process characteristics;123
12.7;3.7 Conclusion;123
12.8;3.8 References;124
12.9;Appendix: important standards;125
13;Chapter 4.
Thermoset resins for pultrusion;130
13.1;4.1 Polyester and vinyl ester resins;130
13.2;4.2 Epoxy resins for pultrusion;158
13.3;4.3 Acrylic resins for pultrusion;180
13.4;4.4 Phenolic resins for pultrusion;188
13.5;4.5 References;204
14;Chapter 5.
Reinforcements for pultrusion;208
14.1;5.1 Introduction;208
14.2;5.2 Fibre manufacture and characteristics;208
14.3;5.3 Reinforcement handling;228
14.4;5.4 Summary;229
14.5;5.5 References;229
15;Chapter 6.
Pultrusion applications – a world-wide review;230
15.1;6.1 Introduction;230
15.2;6.2 Airport;231
15.3;6.3 Cableways;233
15.4;6.4 Cooling towers;237
15.5;6.5 Fencing;237
15.6;6.6 Flooring and walling systems;240
15.7;6.7 Kolding bridge;242
15.8;6.8 Leisure;245
15.9;6.9 Optical fibre tension/support member;247
15.10;6.10 Railways;248
15.11;6.11 Rock-soil support applications;251
15.12;6.12 Selection – custom profiles;253
15.13;6.13 Stagings and walkways;255
15.14;6.14 The ‘Eyecatcher’;255
15.15;6.15 Troll Phase One;258
15.16;6.16 Vehicle body panels;260
15.17;6.17 Water and sewage treatment plant;261
15.18;6.18 Conclusion;263
15.19;6.19 References;263
16;Chapter 7.
Infrastructure – a positive market;264
16.1;7.1 Introduction;264
16.2;7.2 Design considerations;265
16.3;7.3 Machining, fastening and finishing systems;267
16.4;7.4 Cleaning, inspection and repair procedures;274
16.5;7.5 Case-history applications;277
16.6;7.6 Conclusions;294
16.7;7.7 References;295
17;Chapter 8.
The future – beyond 2000;297
17.1;8.1 Introduction;297
17.2;8.2 Machine, die and profile design, size and
capacity issues;297
17.3;8.3 Reinforcement and related issues;308
17.4;8.4 Matrix issues;311
17.5;8.5 Potential for fibre architecture development;314
17.6;8.6 Profile development – issues and potential;319
17.7;8.7 Application potential;324
17.8;8.8 Processing potential;331
17.9;8.9 Summary;333
18;Index;334

Leseproben

Contributors
Ben R Bogner Ben is a Research Associate at the BP Amoco Research Center in Naperville, Illinois, where he has worked for the past 13 years. He has over 25 years’ experience in developing composite materials with a special emphasis on pultrusion, other composite processing techniques and composite testing. Ben holds a Master’s degree in chemical engineering from Illinois Institute of Technology and is a Registered Professional Engineer (PE) in the State of Illinois and a Chartered Engineer (C Eng MIsntE) in the United Kingdom. He holds six patents and has presented over 25 papers on the use of composite materials and composite processing. His current research work includes the creep testing of fibreglass structures and pultruded beams, the establishment of test standards for buried composites structures and finally the development of composite materials for infrastructure application. Walt V Breitigam Walt, an MSc graduate in organic chemistry from the Ohio State University, is a Senior Staff Research Chemist in the Resins Department at the Westhollow Technology Center of the Shell Chemical Company located in Houston, Texas. In this position he has been involved in new product development and customer technical support since 1976, and a responsibility that has been focused on epoxy resins and their curing agents, epoxy vinyl esters, bismaleimides and waterborne resins for adhesive, structural and composite application. In addition to numerous patents and publications on the use of these thermoset resins, Walt, who remains an active member of SAMPE, SPI, CFA, TAPPI and ASTM, is the recipient of two best paper awards, one from SAMPE and the other from an SPI RP/CI conference. David Evans As Operations Director for Creative Pultrusions Inc, Dave has been closely involved with a wide spectrum of pultrusion activity – for example, product and system development and quality control – for the last 27 years. He currently oversees the operation of Creative’s facility at Roswell in New Mexico and is also Vice-Chairman of the Pultrusion Industry Council, of which he has been a member since its inception. In addition for the last six years, Dave has chaired some portion of the Technical/Environmental Committee working on the preparation of pultrusion standards and other authoritative publications. Ken L Forsdyke Chartered Chemist, Fellow of the Institute of Materials and Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Ken has spent 37 years in the polymer industry. After some 16 years in thermoplastics, he moved to thermosets and control of a technical services laboratory for phenolic resins. Here he was responsible for the development of low-temperature cure phenolic resins and catalysts for composites, insulation and floral foam systems. Of the grades developed for all the modern composites processing techniques, phenolic pultrusion was one of the first. This led to a specialisation in composite materials generally and in 1990 Ken founded FORTECH, a consultancy practice that, with world-wide clients and expert witness experience, embraces all aspects of thermosetting composites processing and application, but which retains a special affection for phenolics. FORTECH acts as Secretariat of the UK Composites Processing Association and Ken is an active member of the committee of the South Wales Polymer Group of the Institute of Materials. James V Gauchel For the past 32 years Dr Gauchel has been concerned with the process and performance aspects of composite material systems. His experience ranges from the development of new resins and fibres for high-performance US Navy and other military applications, to the optimisation of commercial building materials for domestic and international housing schemes. Since 1980 Jim has been the pultrusion process expert for Owens Corning in North America. In that position he has developed improved products and process, work that has resulted in the authorship of over 20 technical papers and 8 US patents, two of which are directly related to improved pultrusion processing techniques. W Brandt Goldsworthy Often called with affection the ‘grand-daddy’ of pultrusion, this biography is also proud to recognise that during 1999 Brandt was invested as a Knight of the Order of the Crown by the Belgium monarchy. This accolade recognised not just Brandt’s contribution to the growth of composites technology in Belgium, but his lifelong involvement in the field of artificial materials such as his invention in 1949 of a continuous, automated composite manufacturing process called ‘pultrusion’. Then there was the fibreglass surfboard, other customer recreation products, such as fibreglass fishing rods, to say nothing of his contribution to the design and development of the first fibreglass automotive body and the use of composites in airplane fuselage construction. Since completing his education in Mechanical Engineering at the University of California, some 60 years ago, Brandt has authored more than 112 publications, been awarded 50 US patents many with international recognition and received some 21 industry awards. Jaap Ketel After studying structural engineering in the 1960s, Jaap continued with Business Administration and then majored in Industrial Marketing, before spending four years in Australia selling epoxy-glass pipe systems worldwide. Following a serious car accident in 1977, he established his own trading company Ketech BV to sell Koch fibreglass pipe systems and Hobas centrifugally cast pipes throughout Europe and the Caribbean, a business that was disposed of in 1985 in favour of a composites consultancy practice which specialised in both composite pipe systems and pultrusion technology. The latter soon became the European Pultrusion Technology Association (EPTA) and with offices in the Netherlands currently has an active membership of some 100 companies in 30 countries world-wide. Luc Peters After gaining experience in the manufacture of paper towels and associated materials, Luc joined Owens Corning’s European Research & Development Laboratory at Battice in Belgium, where he was responsible for the development of specific software for the testing of composites. He then worked as technical support engineer concerned with preforming, centrifugal casting, resin transfer and sheet/bulk (SMC/BMC) moulding and pultrusion, composites fabrication processes. Successful programmes led to the qualification of Owens Corning reinforcements in numerous applications ranging from SMC vehicle body panels, bumper beams and lighting poles. Luc has contributed to a number of technical papers concerned with all those processes, and with reinforcement fabrics and pultrusion. David Shaw-Stewart David studied mechanical engineering at Loughborough University followed by a year’s postgraduate course at Imperial College. While working in the machine tool industry, a further year’s study at Cranfield University led to an MSc. After working at Ferranti Limited in the burgeoning numerical control industry, he joined the ‘brain drain’ to California, gaining experience in the aerospace, toy and electronic industries before finally joining Goldsworthy Engineering in 1969 as a project engineer responsible for the design of advanced composites processing machinery. On returning to England in 1973 he was a co-founder of Pultrex Limited, where he assumed responsibility for the design and development of the company’s complete range of pultrusion and filament winding equipment. He has served two terms as Chairman of the European Pultrusion Technology Association, a position relinquished in 1998. Trevor F Starr Metallurgical graduate, Chartered Engineer and Fellow of the Institute of Materials, Trevor has for over 30 years had a close involvement with the world-wide composites industry, particularly through the UK-based consultancy practice, Technolex, which he founded in 1978. In addition to wideranging client assignments, Technolex has compiled several directories and databooks covering the raw materials used by the composites industry and has also been proud over the past decade to prepare three editions of a statistical and authoritative profile of the global composites industry for Elsevier Science. A well-known speaker at many international conferences, in 1985, Trevor was largely instrumental in establishing what has become known as the World Composites Institute and for nearly 10 years after its inception in 1989, Technolex acted as Secretariat to the major authoritative body of the UK composites industry, the Composites Processing Association. Joseph E Sumerak A graduate of Case Western Reserve University, Joe’s introduction to pultrusion was in 1975 as Process Engineer with the Glastic Company which he left five years later to establish Pultrusion Technology Inc, suppliers of processing machinery, tooling and characterisation instruments. Since then over 150 turnkey projects have been completed world-wide. In 1992 Pultrusion Dynamics Inc was founded to pursue advanced research topics in the area of heat transfer and pultrusion process modelling, work which has led to new techniques for off-line and on-line process optimisation. In 1997 Pultrusion Dynamics was acquired by Creative Pultrusions Inc to strengthen, through their Tecnology Center, the sale of pultrusion equipment, tooling, technology products and services. As President of the Pultrusion Dynamics Division and Vice President of Technology for Creative Pultrusions, Joe writes and...