Stanghellini / Walsh / Douglas Planetary Nebulae Beyond the Milky Way

Proceedings of the ESO Workshop held at Garching, Germany, 19-21 May, 2004
1. Auflage 2006
ISBN: 978-3-540-34270-0
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 371 Seiten

Reihe: ESO Astrophysics Symposia

Recently, improved observational capabilities have allowed the study of fainter and fainter extra-galactic planetary nebulae in galaxies well beyond the Milky Way. This book result from a workshop held at ESO headquarters in Garching in 2004, the first devoted to Extra-galactic Planetary Nebulae. A wide range of topics is covered, from stellar and nebular astrophysics to galactic dynamics and galaxy clusters, making this a reference of broad astrophysical interest.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Stanghellini, L.

Walsh, J. R.

Douglas, N. G.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;List of Participants;13
4;Part I Historical Overview;16
4.1;Planetary Nebulae Beyond the Milky Way – Historical Overview;17
4.1.1;1 Introduction;17
4.1.2;2 Surveys for Extragalactic Planetary Nebulae;17
4.1.3;3 Planetary Nebulae in the Intracluster Regions;21
4.1.4;of Galaxy Clusters;21
4.1.5;4 Observations of Magellanic Cloud Planetary Nebulae;22
4.1.6;References;28
5;Part II Planetary Nebula Surveys;29
5.1;Surveys for Planetary Nebulae in the Magellanic Clouds;30
5.1.1;1 Motivation for Surveying the Clouds;30
5.1.2;2 Survey Techniques;31
5.1.3;3 Challenges to Surveys in the Clouds;33
5.1.4;4 Estimated Number of PN in the Clouds;35
5.1.5;5 The PNLF De.cit;39
5.1.6;6 Astrophysical Questions for PN Enthusiasts;39
5.1.7;Acknowledgements;40
5.1.8;References;41
5.2;H-alpha Stacked Images Reveal Large Numbers of PNe in the LMC;43
5.2.1;1 Background;43
5.2.2;2 Detection Technique;45
5.2.3;3 Identi.cation of New Candidate LMC Emission;45
5.2.4;Sources;45
5.2.5;4 Future Plans;47
5.2.6;5 Conclusion;48
5.2.7;References;48
5.3;The Census of Planetary Nebulae in the Local Group;49
5.3.1;1 An Overview of the Local Group;49
5.3.2;2 Imaging Searches for PNe in the LG;50
5.3.3;3 Discussion;52
5.3.4;4 Perspectives;56
5.3.5;References;57
5.4;Planetary Nebulae in the Outer Disk and Halo of M31;59
5.4.1;1 Introduction;59
5.4.2;2 Search for PNe Candidates in SDSS M31 Data;59
5.4.3;Acknowledgments;60
5.4.4;References;60
5.5;Deep PN Surveys Beyond the Local Group;62
5.5.1;1 Introduction: Motivations for Deep PN Surveys;62
5.5.2;Beyond the Local Group;62
5.5.3;2 HowToFindthePNs;63
5.5.4;3 Contamination of the PN Samples;64
5.5.5;4 Searching for PNs in Regions;65
5.5.6;of Recent Massive Star Formation;65
5.5.7;5 Deep Spectroscopy of PNs;65
5.5.8;in the Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4697;65
5.5.9;6 The Shape of the PN Luminosity Function;69
5.5.10;References;71
5.6;Planetary Nebulae in NGC 5128 (Centaurus A);72
5.6.1;1 Introduction;72
5.6.2;2 PN Surveys;72
5.6.3;3 Mass Estimates;74
5.6.4;4 The Two-Dimensional Velocity Field;74
5.6.5;5 PNe as Stellar Populations;76
5.6.6;6 Conclusions;77
5.6.7;References;78
5.7;Extragalactic Planetary Nebula: Methods of Discovery Using Infrared Photometry;80
5.7.1;1 Introduction;80
5.7.2;2 IRAS Colours;80
5.7.3;3 Near-Infrared JHK Colours;81
5.7.4;4 MSX Colours;81
5.7.5;5 2MASS Colours;82
5.7.6;6 Application to Extragalactic PNe;83
5.7.7;References;84
5.8;Proposed Nomenclature for Extragalactic Planetary Nebulae;85
5.8.1;1 Introduction;85
5.8.2;2 Existing Structures and Conventions;85
5.8.3;3 What’s in a Name?;86
5.8.4;4 Problems and Issues;86
5.8.5;5 Conclusions;87
5.8.6;Acknowledgements;87
5.8.7;References;88
6;Part III The Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function;89
6.1;The Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function;90
6.1.1;1 Introduction;90
6.1.2;2 The PN Luminosity Function as a Distance Indicator;90
6.1.3;3 Tests of the Technique;93
6.1.4;4 The Physics of the Luminosity Function;97
6.1.5;5 The Future;100
6.1.6;References;100
6.2;The PNLF Distance to the Sculptor Group Galaxy NGC 55;102
6.2.1;1 NGC55;102
6.2.2;2 Observations;102
6.2.3;3 Data Reduction and Results;103
6.2.4;4 The PNLF Distance;104
6.2.5;5 Conclusions;105
6.2.6;References;105
7;Part IV PN Stellar Progenitors;107
7.1;Mass Loss At the Tip of the AGB: Essentials for Population Synthesis;108
7.1.1;1 Introduction;108
7.1.2;2 Mass Loss Modelling;109
7.1.3;3 Identifying the Stars That Are Dying Now;111
7.1.4;4 Extrapolating to Lower Metallicity;112
7.1.5;5 Why the Core Mass – Luminosity Relations;113
7.1.6;Must Be Wrong;113
7.1.7;6 Conclusions;114
7.1.8;Acknowledgements;115
7.1.9;References;115
7.2;AGB Stars in the Local Group, and Beyond;117
7.2.1;1 Introduction;117
7.2.2;2 Optical Narrow-Band Imaging;117
7.2.3;3 Near-Infrared Results;122
7.2.4;4 Variability;124
7.2.5;5 Discussion;126
7.2.6;6 Conclusion;127
7.2.7;Acknowledgements;128
7.2.8;References;128
7.3;Abundance Gradients in Local Group Galaxies Using Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars;130
7.3.1;1 Introduction;130
7.3.2;2 [Fe/H] Abundance;130
7.3.3;3 Other Abundances;133
7.3.4;References;134
7.4;Red Giant Stars in NGC 5128;135
7.4.1;1 Introduction and Observations;135
7.4.2;2 RGB and AGB in Color-Magnitude Diagrams;135
7.4.3;3 AGB Variable Stars;137
7.4.4;4 Are There Carbon Stars?;138
7.4.5;References;139
7.5;Molecules in the AGB Stars of Nearby Galaxies;140
7.5.1;1 Introduction;140
7.5.2;2 Observations and Discussions;140
7.5.3;3 Conclusions;144
7.5.4;References;144
7.6;Clues on Post-Asymptotic Giant Branch Evolution and Planetary Nebulae Populations from the Magellanic Clouds;145
7.6.1;1 Introduction;145
7.6.2;2 Planetary Nebula Morphology;146
7.6.3;3 Results from UV Spectroscopy;147
7.6.4;4 Stellar Evolution Beyond the AGB;150
7.6.5;and the Transition Time;150
7.6.6;5 The Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function;152
7.6.7;6 Finale;154
7.6.8;References;155
7.7;Central Stars of Planetary Nebulae in the Magellanic Clouds;156
7.7.1;1 Introduction;156
7.7.2;2 Unresolved Observational Studies of CSs in the MCs;157
7.7.3;3 Resolved Studies:;158
7.7.4;Observations;158
7.7.5;4 CSs with Wolf-Rayet Nuclei;163
7.7.6;5 Summary;164
7.7.7;References;165
7.8;Stellar Winds of Central Stars of the LMC PNe;168
7.8.1;1 Introduction;168
7.8.2;2 Observations and Analysis;168
7.8.3;3 Results;169
7.8.4;References;169
7.9;Parameters of PNe: Constant Density versus Density Distribution;170
7.9.1;1 Introduction;170
7.9.2;2 Observations and Models;170
7.9.3;3 Results;171
7.9.4;4 Conclusions;174
7.9.5;References;174
8;Part V Physical Conditions of PNe;175
8.1;Plasma Diagnostics and Elemental Abundance Determinations for PNe – Current Status;176
8.1.1;1 Overview;176
8.1.2;2 Recombination and Collisional Excitation;177
8.1.3;3 Observations of ORLs;178
8.1.4;4 Abundances Deduced from ORLs and CELs;179
8.1.5;5 Temperature, Density and Abundance Inhomogeneities;182
8.1.6;6 Origins of the Ultra-Cold H-De.cient Plasmas;186
8.1.7;References;188
8.2;Probing Nebular Physical Conditions Using the Hydrogen Recombination Spectrum;190
8.3;A Reexamination of Electron Density Diagnostics for Ionized Gaseous Nebulae;191
8.3.1;1 Introduction;191
8.3.2;2 Observations and Results;191
8.3.3;3 Discussion;192
8.3.4;References;195
8.4;Probing the Nebular Thermal Structure Using the He i Recombination Spectrum and Evidence Against Temperature Fluctuations and Density Inhomogeneities;197
8.4.1;1 Introduction;197
8.4.2;2 Method;197
8.4.3;3 Results and Discussion;198
8.4.4;References;198
8.5;Chemically Inhomogeneous Photoionization Modelling of the Planetary Nebula SMC N87;199
8.5.1;References;200
8.6;An Optical Recombination Line Abundance Survey for Galactic Bulge Planetary Nebulae;201
8.6.1;References;202
8.7;MOCASSIN: 3D Photoionisation and Dust Radiative Transfer Modelling of PNe;203
8.7.1;1 Introduction;203
8.7.2;2 Benchmarking Tests;203
8.7.3;References;205
8.8;C III] Imagery of Planetary Nebulae and Extragalactic H II Regions;206
8.8.1;1 Introduction and Poster Access;206
8.8.2;2 The Planetary Nebula NGC 6210;206
8.8.3;3 The Planetary Nebula NGC 7662;207
8.8.4;4 C III] in H II Regions;207
8.9;CRIRES and VISIR, ESO’s Latest Tools for Infrared Studies of PNe beyond the Milky Way;208
8.9.1;1 Introduction;208
8.9.2;2 The VISIR Instrument, Results from Commissioning;209
8.9.3;3 Description and Status of CRIRES;210
8.9.4;4 High Spectral Resolution in the IR for Proto-PNe;211
8.9.5;5 Conclusions;212
8.9.6;References;212
9;Part VI PNe as Chemical Probes of Galaxies;213
9.1;Chemical Composition of Planetary Nebulae: The Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds;214
9.1.1;1 Introduction;214
9.1.2;2 The Data;215
9.1.3;3 Distance-Independent Correlations;215
9.1.4;4 Final Remarks;217
9.1.5;References;219
9.2;Planetary Nebulae in the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy;220
9.2.1;1 The Three PN;220
9.2.2;2 Discussion;220
9.2.3;References;221
9.3;What PNe Could Tell About Extinction Inside External Galaxies;222
9.3.1;Acknowledgement;223
9.3.2;References;224
9.4;Planetary Nebulae as Probes of the Chemical Evolution of Dynamically Hot Systems;225
9.4.1;1 Introduction;225
9.4.2;2 Spectroscopy of Extragalactic Planetary Nebulae;226
9.4.3;3 Interpreting the Chemical Abundances;228
9.4.4;in Bright Planetary Nebulae;228
9.4.5;4 The Chemical Evolution of DHSs;231
9.4.6;5 Conclusions;235
9.4.7;References;235
9.5;A Study of Chemical Abundances of Planetary Nebulae in M33;237
9.5.1;1 Introduction;237
9.5.2;2 The Model;237
9.5.3;3 Results;237
9.5.4;References;238
9.6;The Inner Abundance Gradient of M33 from Bright Planetary Nebulae;239
9.6.1;1 Introduction;239
9.6.2;2 What is Wrong with Abundance Determinations;240
9.6.3;in Metal-Rich HII Regions?;240
9.6.4;3 The Advantage of Using Extragalactic;240
9.6.5;Planetary Nebulae;240
9.6.6;4 Our Observations of Planetary Nebulae in M33;241
9.6.7;References;243
9.7;Crowded Field 3D Spectrophotometry of Extragalactic Planetary Nebulae;244
9.7.1;1 Introduction;244
9.7.2;2 3D Spectrophotometry;245
9.7.3;3 Recent Results;246
9.7.4;4 Outlook;247
9.7.5;Acknowledgements;248
9.7.6;References;248
9.8;Extragalactic PNe Observed with 3D Spectroscopy;249
9.8.1;1 Introduction;249
9.8.2;2 3D Spectroscopy in Brief;249
9.8.3;3 Observations of Point Sources;249
9.8.4;4 OurM31PNe;251
9.8.5;References;251
9.9;Spectroscopy of Planetary Nebulae in Sextans A and Sextans B;252
9.9.1;1 The Galaxies: Sextans A and Sextans B;252
9.9.2;2 Observations and Data Reduction;253
9.9.3;3 Chemical Abundances of Planetary Nebulae;253
9.9.4;4 The Metallicity-Luminosity Relation using PNe;255
9.9.5;References;256
9.10;Local Group Census: The Dwarf Irregular Galaxy NGC6822;257
9.10.1;1 NGC6822;257
9.10.2;2 Spatial Distribution;257
9.10.3;3 Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function;258
9.10.4;4 Spectroscopy – Abundances;259
9.10.5;5 Perspectives;261
9.10.6;References;261
9.11;Spectroscopy of PNe in Sextans A, Sextans B, NGC 3109 and Fornax;262
9.11.1;1 Introduction;262
9.11.2;2 Observations and Reduction;263
9.11.3;3 PN Abundances vs. HII Region Abundances;263
9.11.4;4 SextansA;264
9.11.5;5 SextansB;265
9.11.6;6 NGC 3109;265
9.11.7;7 PN in Fornax;265
9.11.8;References;266
9.12;Planetary Nebula Abundances in NGC 5128 with VLT FORS;267
9.12.1;1 Introduction;267
9.12.2;2 Observations;268
9.12.3;3 Spectra and Abundances;268
9.12.4;4 PN and Stellar Abundances;269
9.12.5;References;271
10;Part VII PNe as Kinematic Probes of Galaxies;272
10.1;Galaxy Dynamics and the PNe Population;273
10.1.1;1 Spiral Galaxies;273
10.1.2;2 Elliptical Galaxies;273
10.1.3;3 Kinematic Tracers;275
10.1.4;4 Planetary Nebulae;276
10.1.5;5 Obtaining Extragalactic PN Velocities;277
10.1.6;6 Slitless Spectroscopy and CDI;277
10.1.7;7 The PN.Spectrograph;278
10.1.8;8 The Accuracy of PNe Radial Velocities;279
10.1.9;9 Future Trends;280
10.1.10;10 Acknowledgements;283
10.1.11;References;284
10.2;Mapping the Stellar Dynamics of M31;285
10.2.1;1 Introduction;285
10.2.2;2 Rotation;286
10.2.3;3 PNe in Halo Structures;287
10.2.4;4 Substructure in the Velocity Field;288
10.2.5;5 Conclusion;289
10.2.6;References;289
10.3;A Keck/Deimos Survey of Red Giant Branch Stars in the Outskirts of M31;290
10.3.1;1 Introduction;290
10.3.2;2 Surveying the M31 Outer Halo with Keck/DEIMOS;292
10.3.3;3 Results To Date;292
10.3.4;4 Summary;294
10.3.5;References;295
10.4;Planetary Nebulae in NGC 5128 with VLT FLAMES;296
10.4.1;1 Introduction and Observations;296
10.4.2;2 Reduction and Results;296
10.4.3;References;297
10.5;Probing Halos with PNe: Mass and Angular Momentum in Early-Type Galaxies;298
10.5.1;1 Introduction;298
10.5.2;2 Halo Probes: PNe, GCs, and X-Rays;298
10.5.3;3 Mass Results;300
10.5.4;4 Angular Momentum Results;301
10.5.5;5 Summary;302
10.5.6;References;302
10.6;Modelling Kinematics and Dark Matter: The Halos of Elliptical Galaxies;303
10.6.1;1 Introduction;303
10.6.2;2 Planetary Nebulae as Kinematic Tracers;303
10.6.3;3 Angular Momentum in the Outer Parts of Ellipticals;307
10.6.4;4 Dynamical Analysis of Kinematic Data;308
10.6.5;5 The Dynamics and Dark Matter Halos;309
10.6.6;of Elliptical Galaxies;309
10.6.7;References;313
10.7;Dynamics of Rotating Elliptical Galaxies;315
10.7.1;1 Introduction;315
10.7.2;2 Method;315
10.7.3;3 Models;316
10.7.4;4 Results;317
10.7.5;5 Conclusions;319
10.7.6;References;319
10.8;Dynamics of the NGC 4636 Globular Cluster System;320
10.8.1;1 Introduction;320
10.8.2;2 The Dataset;320
10.8.3;3 Mass Models;321
10.8.4;References;321
10.9;Dynamics of the Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4697 from Integrated Light and PNe;322
10.9.1;1 Introduction;322
10.9.2;2 Data and Analysis;323
10.9.3;3 Model Construction;325
10.9.4;4 Results and Conclusion;325
10.9.5;References;326
10.10;Planetary Nebulae as Dynamical Tracers: Mass-to-Light-Ratio Gradients in Early-Type Galaxies;328
10.10.1;1 Introduction;328
10.10.2;2 M/L Gradients and Correlation;329
10.10.3;with Structural Parameters;329
10.10.4;3 How Do Observed M/L Gradients Compare;330
10.10.5;with;330
10.10.6;Predictions?;330
10.10.7;References;332
11;Part VIII PNe in the Intracluster Environment;333
11.1;Intracluster Planetary Nebulae as Probes of Intracluster Starlight;334
11.1.1;1 Introduction;334
11.1.2;2 History of Intracluster Planetary Nebula Research;336
11.1.3;3 The Spatial Distribution of the Intracluster Light;337
11.1.4;4 Converting IPN Densities to Luminosity Densities;339
11.1.5;5 Intracluster H II Regions;341
11.1.6;6 Intra-Group Starlight;342
11.1.7;7 IPN in the Coma Cluster?;342
11.1.8;8 The Future;343
11.1.9;References;344
11.2;Planetary Nebulae as Tracers of Galaxy Clusters;346
11.2.1;1 Properties of Di.use Light in Clusters of Galaxies;346
11.2.2;2 Intracluster Light in Cosmological Simulations;348
11.2.3;3 Planetary Nebulae as Tracers of Cluster Evolution;350
11.2.4;4 Spectroscopic Follow-Up;353
11.2.5;5 Conclusions;355
11.2.6;Acknowledgements;356
11.2.7;References;357
11.3;Planetary Nebulae as Tracers of the Intergalactic Stellar Background: A Population Synthesis Theoretical Approach;358
11.3.1;1 Introduction;358
11.3.2;2 Theoretical Fundamentals;359
11.3.3;3 The Luminosity-Speci.c PN Density in Galaxies: Implications for the Intergalactic Medium;361
11.3.4;References;362
11.4;The Survival of Planetary Nebulae in the Intracluster Medium;364
11.4.1;1 Summary;364
11.4.2;2 The Numerical Simulations;364
11.4.3;References;365
12;PART IX Prospects;366
12.1;Extragalactic Planetary Nebulae: Observational Challenges and Future Prospects;367
12.1.1;1 Introduction;367
12.1.2;2 Some Selected Questions;367
12.1.3;3 The Role of Technology;368
12.1.4;4 The Observational and Theoretical Challenges;368
12.1.5;5 Problems and Issues Arising from this Meeting;370
12.1.6;6 Collaborations and Future Prospects;370
12.1.7;Acknowledgements;370
13;Author Index;371