Stanford / Tanner Physics for Students of Science and Engineering

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-2029-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 816 Seiten

Physics for Students of Science and Engineering is a calculus-based textbook of introductory physics. The book reviews standards and nomenclature such as units, vectors, and particle kinetics including rectilinear motion, motion in a plane, relative motion. The text also explains particle dynamics, Newton's three laws, weight, mass, and the application of Newton's laws. The text reviews the principle of conservation of energy, the conservative forces (momentum), the nonconservative forces (friction), and the fundamental quantities of momentum (mass and velocity). The book examines changes in momentum known as impulse, as well as the laws in momentum conservation in relation to explosions, collisions, or other interactions within systems involving more than one particle. The book considers the mechanics of fluids, particularly fluid statics, fluid dynamics, the characteristics of fluid flow, and applications of fluid mechanics. The text also reviews the wave-particle duality, the uncertainty principle, the probabilistic interpretation of microscopic particles (such as electrons), and quantum theory. The book is an ideal source of reference for students and professors of physics, calculus, or related courses in science or engineering.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Stanford, A. L.

Tanner, J. M.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Physics for Students of Science and Engineering;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;12
6;Chapter 1. Introduction;14
6.1;1.1 Physics and the Scientific Method;14
6.2;1.2 Units;15
6.3;1.3 Vectors;18
6.4;1.4 Problem-Solving: A Strategy;29
7;Chapter 2. Particle Kinematics;36
7.1;2.1 Motion Along a Straight Line
(Rectilinear Motion);36
7.2;2.2 Motion in a Plane;44
7.3;2.3 Relative Motion;51
7.4;2.4 Problem-Solving Summary;54
8;Chapter 3. Force and Motion: Particle
Dynamics;62
8.1;3.1 Newton's First Law;62
8.2;3.2 Newton's Second Law;63
8.3;3.3 Newton's Third Law;65
8.4;3.4 Weight and Mass;66
8.5;3.5 Applications of Newton's Laws;67
8.6;3.6 Problem-Solving Summary;77
9;Chapter 4. Further Application of
Newton's Laws;86
9.1;4.1 Friction;86
9.2;4.2 Dynamics of Circular Motion;93
9.3;4.3 Law of Universal Gravitation;96
9.4;4.4 Static Equilibrium;101
9.5;4.5 Problem-Solving Summary;109
10;Chapter 5. Work, Power, and Energy;122
10.1;5.1 Work;122
10.2;5.2 Power;128
10.3;5.3 Energy;130
10.4;5.4 Conservation of Energy;137
10.5;5.5 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces;141
10.6;5.6 Problem-Solving Summary;146
11;Chapter 6. Momentum and Collisions;158
11.1;6.1 Center of Mass;158
11.2;6.2 Conservation of Linear Momentum;162
11.3;6.3 Collisions;166
11.4;6.4 Problem-Solving Summary;179
12;Chapter 7. Rotational Motion;186
12.1;7.1 Rotation About a Fixed Axis;186
12.2;7.2 Simultaneous Translation and Rotation;203
12.3;7.3 Conservation of Angular Momentum;209
12.4;7.4 Problem-Solving Summary;212
13;Chapter 8. Oscillations;223
13.1;8.1 Simple Harmonic Motion;223
13.2;8.2 Damped and Forced Oscillations;236
13.3;8.3 Problem-Solving Summary;239
14;Chapter 9. Mechanics of Fluids;247
14.1;9.1 The Fluid State;247
14.2;9.2 Fluid Statics;248
14.3;9.3 Fluid Dynamics;261
14.4;9.4 Problem-Solving Summary;270
15;Chapter 10. Heat and Thermodynamics;278
15.1;10.1 Thermal Equilibrium and Temperature;278
15.2;10.2 Heat and Calorimetry;284
15.3;10.3 Thermodynamics;290
15.4;10.4 Problem-Solving Summary;312
16;Chapter 11. Electric Charge and
Electric Fields;322
16.1;11.1 Electric Charge and Coulomb's Law;322
16.2;11.2 Electric Field;335
16.3;11.3 Motion of a Charged Particle in an
Electric Field;337
16.4;11.4 Problem-Solving Summary;340
17;Chapter 12. Calculation of Electric
Fields;347
17.1;12.1 Electric Fields of Point Charges;347
17.2;12.2 Electric Fields of Continuous Charge
Distributions;350
17.3;12.3 Electric Flux and Gauss's Law;354
17.4;12.4 Electrostatic Properties of Conductors;368
17.5;12.5 Problem-Solving Summary;372
18;Chapter 13. Electric Potential;380
18.1;13.1 Electric Potential and Electric Fields;380
18.2;13.2 Electric Potential of Point Charges;386
18.3;13.3 Electric Potential of Continuous Charge
Distributions;388
18.4;13.4 Equipotential Surfaces and Charged
Conductors;393
18.5;13.5 Electrostatic Potential Energy of Charge
Collections;396
18.6;13.6 Problem-Solving Summary;399
19;Chapter 14. Capacitance, Current, and
Resistance;407
19.1;14.1 Capacitance;407
19.2;14.2 Current and Resistance;418
19.3;14.3 Energetics of Resistors and Capacitors;425
19.4;14.4 Problem-Solving Summary;429
20;Chapter 15. Direct-Current Circuits;437
20.1;15.1 Energy Reservoirs in DC Circuits;437
20.2;15.2 Analysis of DC Circuits with Steady
Currents;439
20.3;15.3 RC Circuits;449
20.4;15.4 Problem-Solving Summary;455
21;Chapter 16. Magnetic Fields I;465
21.1;16.1 Magnetic Forces on Moving Charges;465
21.2;16.2 The Biot-Savart Law;473
21.3;16.3 Gauss's Law for Magnetic Fields and Ampère's Law;479
21.4;16.4 Applications;483
21.5;16.5 Problem-Solving Summary;488
22;Chapter 17. Magnetic Fields II;497
22.1;17.1 Induced Emf;497
22.2;17.2 Inductance;506
22.3;17.3 LR Circuits;514
22.4;17.4 Magnetic Media;519
22.5;17.5 Maxwell's Equations;523
22.6;17.6 Problem-Solving Summary;524
23;Chapter 18. Electromagnetic Oscillations;533
23.1;18.1 Alternating-Current Circuits;533
23.2;18.2 Electromagnetic Radiation;548
23.3;18.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum;551
23.4;18.4 Problem-Solving Summary;553
24;Chapter 19. Wave Motion and Sound;561
24.1;19.1 Traveling Waves;561
24.2;19.2
Reflection, Superposition, and Standing Waves;573
24.3;19.3 Sound Waves;581
24.4;19.4 Sound and Human Hearing;591
24.5;19.5 Problem-Solving Summary;594
25;Chapter 20. Light: Geometric Optics;601
25.1;20.1 Fermat's Principle: The Law of Reflection;602
25.2;20.2 Refraction of Light: The Law of Refraction;614
25.3;20.3
Thin Lenses;627
25.4;20.4 Optical Instruments;636
25.5;20.5 Problem-Solving Summary;643
26;Chapter
21. Light: Physical Optics;649
26.1;21.1 Optical Interference;649
26.2;21.2 Optical Diffraction;658
26.3;21.3 Polarization of Light;667
26.4;21.4 Problem-Solving Summary;671
27;Chapter 22.
Special Relativity;677
27.1;22.1 Space, Time, and the Galilean Transformation;678
27.2;22.2 The Einstein Postulates, Synchronization, and Simultaneity;681
27.3;22.3 The Lorentz Transformation: Relativistic
Kinematics;683
27.4;22.4 Relativistic Momentum, Mass, and
Energy;690
27.5;22.5 Experimental Confirmation of Relativity;695
27.6;22.6 Problem-Solving Summary;698
28;Chapter
23. Early Quantum Physics;704
28.1;23.1 The Blackbody Dilemma: Planck's Hypothesis;704
28.2;23.2 The Photoelectric Effect and Photons;708
28.3;23.3 Atomic Models, Spectra, and Atomic Structure;712
28.4;23.4 The Wave Nature of Particles;721
28.5;23.5
Uncertainty and Probability;723
28.6;23.6 Problem-Solving Summary;725
29;Chapter 24.
Topics in Quantum Physics;730
29.1;24.1
Atomic Structure;730
29.2;24.2
Molecular Structure and Solids;738
29.3;24.3 Nuclear and Particle Physics;745
29.4;24.4 Problem-Solving Summary;756
30;Chapter 25.
Introduction to Wave Mechanics;760
30.1;25.1 Wave Functions and the Schrödinger Equation;760
30.2;25.2 A Special Potential Function: Barrier
Penetration;764
30.3;25.3 An Attractive Potential: The Bound
State and Atoms;772
30.4;25.4 A Double Attractive Potential: Multiple
Bound States and Molecules;775
30.5;25.5 Multiple Attractive Potentials: Band
Theory and Solids;782
30.6;25.6
Two Special Examples;788
30.7;25.7
Problem-Solving Summary;795
31;Appendix:
Trigonometry;800
32;Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems;802
33;Index;809
34;Some Useful Values;818

Leseproben

1

Introduction

Publisher Summary

Physics is a natural science. It is one of humankind’s responses to its curiosity about how nature works and about how the universe is ordered. Like other modem natural sciences, physics has evolved to become a logical process based on the scientific method. This method is rooted in a philosophy that recognizes no truths and embraces no dogma but seeks to be completely objective and practical. Hypotheses proposed according to the scientific method are retained only if they enjoy continued and unfailing success. A single instance in which a hypothesis fails to predict successfully the outcome of a pertinent, repeatable experiment requires either rejection of the hypothesis or its modification to rectify that failure. Throughout the history of science, many hypotheses have been discarded and many have been changed. Those that have enjoyed some measure of success but are without extensive experimental verification over a long period of time are referred to as theories. Scientists do not believe the laws of physics; they merely use them in very practical ways, maintaining a healthy skepticism that permits continual checking of current laws and theories and encourages speculation about new hypotheses. In this way, the scientific method provides a rational approach to an intellectual and logical comprehension of natural phenomena.

1.1 Physics and the Scientific Method

Physics is a natural science. It is one of humankind’s responses to its curiosity about how nature works, about how the universe is ordered.

Like other modern natural sciences, physics has evolved to become a logical process based on the . This method is rooted in a philosophy that recognizes no truths and embraces no dogma but seeks to be completely objective and practical. The scientific method may be considered an investigative process composed of three parts:

1. Physical processes are observed and measured both quantitatively and qualitatively. This step necessarily includes the conception and definition of appropriate quantities by which measurements may be made.

2. A hypothesis is offered, usually in the form of a general principle or a mathematical statement of relationships between physical quantities (time and distance, for example). These principles or relationships can be used to predict the results of other similar physical processes.

3. The hypothesis is subjected to experimental tests of its validity. Its predictions are compared to actual measured values.

Hypotheses proposed according to the scientific method are retained only if they enjoy continued and unfailing success. A single instance in which a hypothesis fails to predict successfully the outcome of a pertinent, repeatable experiment requires either rejection of the hypothesis or its modification to rectify that failure. Throughout the history of science many hypotheses have been discarded, and many have been changed. Those that have enjoyed some measure of success but are without extensive experimental verification over a long period of time are referred to as theories (those that have not had some success are not referred to at all). Hypotheses that have withstood successfully the repeated and diverse trials of experiment are accorded the title , but even the most venerated laws of physics are not considered “true” by scientists. Laws are, along with all the tenets of science, acceptable only as long as they continue to coincide with measurements of physical processes. Scientists do not “believe” the laws of physics; they merely use them in very practical ways, maintaining a healthy skepticism that permits continual checking of current laws and theories and encourages speculation about new hypotheses. In this way the scientific method provides a rational approach to an intellectual and logical comprehension of natural phenomena.

1.2 Units

Physics is a science of relationships and measurements of the physical world, and understanding physics requires an understanding of the measurement process. The measurements of physical quantities are determined quantitatively, in terms of some units like feet, meters, miles per hour, or kilograms.

Standards and Nomenclature

Measurements in terms of units require standards. For example, in the metric system of units the standard unit of length is the meter; a table that is 2.7 meters long, for example, is 2.7 times the length of the standard meter.

The standard unit of time is the (s). Originally defined in terms of a fraction of a mean solar day on earth, the second is now defined in terms of certain electromagnetic emissions from the element cesium. Another basic standard in the metric system is the (kg), a unit of mass defined to be equal to the mass of a particular body of metal kept in France. The concept of mass will be considered later, but for now it is sufficient to note that the mass of a given object is an expression of the quantitity of matter contained in that body. The third basic unit of the metric system is the (m). Over the years the meter has been defined successively in terms of a quadrant of the surface of the earth, in terms of the distance between the marks on a metal bar, and in terms of a specified number of wavelengths of certain electromagnetic emissions from a particular species of atom. In 1983 the was redefined by international agreement to be the distance that light travels through a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second. Thus the basic unit of length is defined in terms of our best measured value of the speed of light . In 1983 the accepted value of the speed of light in vacuum was taken to be

=299,792,458m/s

The wide range of magnitudes of measurements encountered in physics makes it convenient to use multiples and submultiples of the standard units. The metric system is a decimal system, that is, it is based on powers of 10. This system is particularly amenable to using prefixes to specify multiplying factors that can be associated with units. Table 1.1 lists some of the common prefixes and those that will be used throughout this book. The prefixes or their abbreviations may be used with any metric unit or its abbreviation. For example, the kilowatt, or kW, is 103 watts, and the nanosecond, or ns, is 10-9 second.

TABLE 1.1

Common Prefixes and Their Multiplying Factors Associated with Physical Units

Factor

Prefix

Prefix Abbreviation

109

giga

G

106

mega

M

103

kilo

k

10-2

centi

c

10-3

milli

m

10-6

micro

µ

10-9

nano

n

10-12

pico

P

The metric system of units, known as the SI (for ), will be used in this book along with the British Engineering system, often called the English system. The metric system uses the kilogram as the standard unit of mass, the meter for length, and the second for time. In the English system the standard force (the choice of force or mass as fundamental is arbitrary) is the (lb), defined to be that force with which the earth pulls on a mass of 0.45359237 kilogram at a certain location on the surface of the earth. The standard length in the English system is the (yd), which is specified in terms of the meter such that

yd=0.91440183m

It follows that

inch(in.)=2.54cm

The unit of time, the second, is the same in the English and SI systems.

Conversion of Units

A basic skill necessary to the successful solution of many physics problems is the conversion of units between the metric and English systems. It may be necessary to determine, for example, the number of inches in a half mile (mi) or the number of meters in six feet. In any case, confusion and error can be avoided by using a simple procedure based on the principle that a given measure (including units) is not changed when multiplied by unity, that is, by the number 1. Of course, unity can be represented by any fraction in which the numerator and the denominator are equal or equivalent. The fractions 7/7, 3 ft/1 yd, and 2.54 cm/1 in., for example, are all equal to unity. A half mile can be converted to inches without changing its measure (that is, without changing the magnitude of its given length) by starting with the given value and multiplying it by appropriate fractions, each of which is equal to unity, as many times as needed:

The key to this procedure is finding the appropriate fractions equal to unity that should be used. Most people probably do not know offhand the number of inches in a mile, but many people know that 5280 feet are equal to a mile. Thus, the fraction that converts miles to feet is used, anticipating the next step, which uses 12 in. in a foot. Notice that in...