Staab / Studer Handbook on Ontologies

2. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-540-92673-3
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 811 Seiten

Reihe: International Handbooks on Information Systems

An ontology is a formal description of concepts and relationships that can exist for a community of human and/or machine agents. The notion of ontologies is crucial for the purpose of enabling knowledge sharing and reuse. The Handbook on Ontologies provides a comprehensive overview of the current status and future prospectives of the field of ontologies considering ontology languages, ontology engineering methods, example ontologies, infrastructures and technologies for ontologies, and how to bring this all into ontology-based infrastructures and applications that are among the best of their kind. The field of ontologies has tremendously developed and grown in the five years since the first edition of the 'Handbook on Ontologies'. Therefore, its revision includes 21 completely new chapters as well as a major re-working of 15 chapters transferred to this second edition.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Staab, Steffen

Studer, Rudi

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;7
1.1;Major Changes with Respect to the 1st Edition;7
1.2;Overview of the 2nd Edition of the Handbook;8
1.3;Conclusion;15
1.4;Acknowledgments;16
1.5;References;16
2;Contents;17
3;What Is an Ontology?;20
3.1;1 Introduction;20
3.2;2 What is a Conceptualization?;22
3.3;3 What is a Proper Formal, Explicit Specification?;26
3.4;4 Why is Shared of Importance?;33
3.5;5 Discussion;35
3.6;References;36
4;I Ontology Representation Languages;37
4.1;Description Logics;38
4.1.1;1 Introduction;38
4.1.2;2 The Expressive Description Logic SHIQ;44
4.1.3;3 Describing Ontologies in SHIQ;47
4.1.4;4 Extensions and Variants of SHIQ;49
4.1.5;5 Reasoning Beyond the Standard Inference Problems;50
4.1.6;6 Conclusion;53
4.1.7;References;54
4.2;Ontologies in F-Logic;61
4.2.1;1 Introduction;61
4.2.2;2 F-Logic by Example;63
4.2.3;3 Implementations of F-Logic;80
4.2.4;4 An Industrial Application: Configuration of Test Cars;81
4.2.5;5 F-Logic and the Semantic Web;83
4.2.6;6 Conclusions;84
4.2.7;References;84
4.3;Resource Description Framework;87
4.3.1;1 Introduction: Heading for the Semantic Web;87
4.3.2;2 Annotation and Meaning;88
4.3.3;3 RDFS: A Web Ontological Schema Language;91
4.3.4;4 Mismatch between RDF(S) and OWL-DL;97
4.3.5;5 RDFS-FA: Connecting RDF(S) and OWL-DL;100
4.3.6;6 Related Work;102
4.3.7;7 Conclusion;105
4.3.8;References;105
4.4;Web Ontology Language: OWL;107
4.4.1;1 Requirements for Ontology Languages;107
4.4.2;2 The OWL Language;111
4.4.3;3 Summary;125
4.4.4;References;126
4.5;Ontologies and Rules;127
4.5.1;1 Introduction;127
4.5.2;2 SWRL and DL-Safe Rules;128
4.5.3;3 Rule Fragments of OWL;134
4.5.4;4 Hybrid Approaches;143
4.5.5;5 Conclusions;144
4.5.6;Acknowledgement;145
4.5.7;References;145
5;II Ontology Engineering;149
5.1;Ontology Engineering Methodology;150
5.1.1;1 Introduction;150
5.1.2;2 Implementation and Launch of KM Applications;152
5.1.3;3 Knowledge Meta Process;153
5.1.4;4 Knowledge Process;158
5.1.5;5 Example: Skills Management at Swiss Life;159
5.1.6;6 Related Work on Methodologies;162
5.1.7;7 Conclusion;164
5.1.8;References;164
5.2;Ontology Engineering and Evolution in a Distributed World Using DILIGENT;168
5.2.1;1 Introduction and Motivation;168
5.2.2;2 Developing the DILIGENT Ontology Engineering Methodology;171
5.2.3;3 The DILIGENT Methodology;172
5.2.4;4 Applying DILIGENT in Case Studies;184
5.2.5;5 Related Work;187
5.2.6;6 Conclusion;188
5.2.7;References;189
5.3;Formal Concept Analysis;192
5.3.1;1 Introduction;192
5.3.2;2 Formal Concept Analysis: A Theory About Concepts and Concept Hierarchies;194
5.3.3;3 Nested Line Diagrams;197
5.3.4;4 Conceptual Scaling;199
5.3.5;5 Iceberg Concept Lattices and Bases of Association Rules;200
5.3.6;6 Knowledge Acquisition with Formal Concept Analysis;203
5.3.7;7 Folksonomies and Triadic Concept Analysis;203
5.3.8;8 Ontology Engineering with Formal Concept Analysis;208
5.3.9;References;209
5.4;An Overview of OntoClean*;215
5.4.1;1 Introduction;215
5.4.2;2 The Basic Notions;217
5.4.3;3 An Extended Example;221
5.4.4;4 Conclusion;233
5.4.5;References;234
5.5;Ontology Design Patterns;235
5.5.1;1 Introduction;235
5.5.2;2 Types of Ontology Design Patterns;239
5.5.3;3 Towards a Catalogue and Repository of CPs;243
5.5.4;4 Creating and Working with CPs;249
5.5.5;5 Use Case Example in the Music Industry Domain;251
5.5.6;6 Conclusion and Remarks;253
5.5.7;References;254
5.6;Ontology Learning;258
5.6.1;1 Introduction;258
5.6.2;2 An Architecture and Process Model for Ontology Learning;259
5.6.3;3 Ontology Learning Algorithms;263
5.6.4;4 Ontology Learning Systems;271
5.6.5;5 Advanced Issues;272
5.6.6;6 Conclusion;275
5.6.7;References;275
5.7;Ontology and the Lexicon;281
5.7.1;1 Lexicons and Lexical Knowledge;281
5.7.2;2 Lexical Entries;283
5.7.3;3 Word Senses and the Relationships Between Them;286
5.7.4;4 Lexicons are not (Really) Ontologies;288
5.7.5;5 Lexically Based Ontologies and Ontologically Based Lexicons;295
5.7.6;6 Conclusion;299
5.7.7;Acknowledgements;299
5.7.8;References;299
5.8;Ontology Evaluation;305
5.8.1;1 Introduction;305
5.8.2;2 Criteria;306
5.8.3;3 Aspects;309
5.8.4;4 Vocabulary;310
5.8.5;5 Syntax;311
5.8.6;6 Structure;312
5.8.7;7 Semantics;313
5.8.8;8 Representation;315
5.8.9;9 Context;316
5.8.10;10 Other Aspects;318
5.8.11;11 Conclusions;319
5.8.12;Acknowledgements;320
5.8.13;References;320
5.9;Ontology Engineering Environments;326
5.9.1;1 Introduction;326
5.9.2;2 Trends of Ontology Engineering Environment;327
5.9.3;3 Factors of an Ontology Engineering Environment;329
5.9.4;4 OntoEdit;330
5.9.5;5 Hozo;333
5.9.6;6 WebODE;335
5.9.7;7 SWOOP;337
5.9.8;8 Prot ´ eg ´ e;339
5.9.9;9 Comparison and Discussion;340
5.9.10;10 Other Environments;344
5.9.11;11 Concluding Remarks;345
5.9.12;References;346
5.10;Exploring the Economical Aspects of Ontology Engineering;348
5.10.1;1 Introduction;348
5.10.2;2 Economical Aspects of Information Technology;350
5.10.3;3 Usage of Cost Information During the Life Cycle of an Ontology;352
5.10.4;4 Design of an Ontology Cost Estimation Model;354
5.10.5;5 ONTOCOM: A Cost Model for Ontology Engineering;358
5.10.6;6 Using ONTOCOM;364
5.10.7;7 Conclusions;366
5.10.8;Acknowledgments;367
5.10.9;References;367
6;III Ontologies;370
6.1;Foundational Choices in DOLCE;371
6.1.1;1 Introduction;371
6.1.2;2 Foundational Distinctions;372
6.1.3;3 DOLCE-CORE: The New Basis for DOLCE;382
6.1.4;4 Conclusions;389
6.1.5;References;390
6.2;An Ontology for Software;392
6.2.1;1 Introduction;392
6.2.2;2 Background;393
6.2.3;3 Formalization of the Software Domain;394
6.2.4;4 Extensions to the Core Software Ontology;401
6.2.5;5 Proof of Concept;406
6.2.6;6 Related Work;409
6.2.7;7 Conclusion;410
6.2.8;References;410
6.3;COMM: A Core Ontology for Multimedia Annotation;412
6.3.1;1 Introduction;412
6.3.2;2 Annotating Multimedia Assets on the Web;413
6.3.3;3 Related Work;416
6.3.4;4 Requirements for Designing a Multimedia Ontology;417
6.3.5;5 Adding Formal Semantics to MPEG-7;418
6.3.6;6 Expressing the Scenario in COMM;425
6.3.7;7 Conclusion and Future Work;428
6.3.8;Acknowledgments;429
6.3.9;References;429
6.4;Using the PSL Ontology;431
6.4.1;1 Introduction;431
6.4.2;2 How are Ontologies Used?;432
6.4.3;3 Basic Ontological Distinctions;434
6.4.4;4 Process Descriptions for Atomic Activities;439
6.4.5;5 Process Descriptions for Complex Activities;443
6.4.6;6 Summary;450
6.4.7;References;451
6.5;Ontologies for Formal Representation of Biological Systems;452
6.5.1;1 Introduction;452
6.5.2;2 Constructing Hypotheses and Models of Biological Systems;455
6.5.3;3 Ontologies Enable the Creation of a Formal Representation;461
6.5.4;4 Role of the Semantic Web;463
6.5.5;5 Summary;464
6.5.6;References;464
6.6;Ontologies for Cultural Heritage;469
6.6.1;1 Introduction;469
6.6.2;2 The Cultural Heritage Domain;470
6.6.3;3 The Schema Integration Problem;473
6.6.4;4 Terminology in Cultural Heritage;482
6.6.5;5 Conclusions;487
6.6.6;References;488
7;IV Infrastructures for Ontologies;493
7.1;RDF Storage and Retrieval Systems;494
7.1.1;1 Introduction;494
7.1.2;2 Architecture of RDF Stores;495
7.1.3;3 Storing RDF Data;496
7.1.4;4 RDF Middleware;500
7.1.5;5 RDF Query Languages;502
7.1.6;6 Scalability of RDF Stores;509
7.1.7;7 Beyond RDF Schema;510
7.1.8;8 Conclusion;511
7.1.9;References;512
7.2;Tableau-Based Reasoning;514
7.2.1;1 Introduction;514
7.2.2;2 Deciding the Consistency Problem for ALC Aboxes;517
7.2.3;3 Dealing with Tboxes;526
7.2.4;4 Tableau Structures for Subsumption Problems;530
7.2.5;5 Conclusion;531
7.2.6;References;532
7.3;Resolution-Based Reasoning for Ontologies;534
7.3.1;1 Introduction;534
7.3.2;2 Preliminaries;535
7.3.3;3 Deciding Satisfiability of ALCHI by Resolution;539
7.3.4;4 Reasoning by Reduction to Logic Programming;548
7.3.5;5 Conclusion;553
7.3.6;References;553
7.4;Ontology Repositories;556
7.4.1;1 Introduction;556
7.4.2;2 From Data Repositories to Ontology Repositories;558
7.4.3;3 Generic Ontology Repository Framework;559
7.4.4;4 Ontology Repositories;562
7.4.5;5 Ontology Repository Management Systems;568
7.4.6;6 Centralized Vs. Decentralized Systems;569
7.4.7;7 Conclusions;574
7.4.8;References;574
7.5;Ontology Mapping;577
7.5.1;1 Why Is Ontology Mapping Difficult?;577
7.5.2;2 Discovering Mappings;582
7.5.3;3 Interactive Tools for Specifying Mappings;586
7.5.4;4 Representations of Mappings;588
7.5.5;5 We Have the Mappings: Now What?;589
7.5.6;6 The State of the Art;590
7.5.7;References;592
8;V Ontology-Based Infrastructure and Methods;595
8.1;Ontologies and Software Engineering;596
8.1.1;1 Introduction;596
8.1.2;2 Software Engineering;597
8.1.3;3 Analysis;600
8.1.4;4 Design;604
8.1.5;5 Implementation and Integration;608
8.1.6;6 Maintenance;611
8.1.7;7 Conclusions;613
8.1.8;References;614
8.2;Semantic Web Services;619
8.2.1;1 Introduction;619
8.2.2;2 WSMO: An Ontology for Modeling Web Services;620
8.2.3;3 Ontologies in Web Service Descriptions;624
8.2.4;4 Other Frameworks for Semantic Web Service Description;633
8.2.5;5 Conclusions;636
8.2.6;References;637
8.3;Ontologies for Machine Learning;639
8.3.1;1 Introduction;639
8.3.2;2 The Machine Learning and Semantic Web Research Landscape;640
8.3.3;3 Ontologies for Text Mining;642
8.3.4;4 Similarities and Kernel Functions for Knowledge Structures;649
8.3.5;5 Link Mining;652
8.3.6;6 Statistical Relational Learning;654
8.3.7;7 Conclusion and Outlook;657
8.3.8;References;657
8.4;Information Extraction;664
8.4.1;1 Introduction;664
8.4.2;2 What Is IE?;665
8.4.3;3 IE as a Knowledge-Based NLP Process;670
8.4.4;4 Handling Named Entities;673
8.4.5;5 Term Analysis;675
8.4.6;6 Semantic Typing with Conceptual Hierarchies;676
8.4.7;7 Identification of Ontological Specific Relations;679
8.4.8;8 Discussion;681
8.4.9;References;683
8.5;Browsing and Navigation in Semantically Rich Spaces: Experiences with Magpie Applications;687
8.5.1;1 Introduction;687
8.5.2;2 Existing Semantic Web Browsing Applications;689
8.5.3;3 Semantic Web Browsing: Experiences with Magpie;697
8.5.4;4 Future of Semantic Browsing;700
8.5.5;5 Discussion;704
8.5.6;References;707
9;VI Ontology-Based Applications;710
9.1;Ontologies for Knowledge Management;711
9.1.1;1 Information Technology for Knowledge Management;711
9.1.2;2 Requirements for KM Software and Ontologies;715
9.1.3;3 Ontologies in Intelligence-Enhanced Applications;719
9.1.4;4 Ontologies Towards Enhanced Integrated Solutions;726
9.1.5;5 Future Trends;727
9.1.6;References;728
9.2;Application of Ontologies in Bioinformatics;733
9.2.1;1 Introduction;733
9.2.2;2 Classifying Uses of Bio-Ontologies;735
9.2.3;3 Case Studies;739
9.2.4;4 Discussion;749
9.2.5;References;750
9.3;Semantic Portals for Cultural Heritage;755
9.3.1;1 Benefits of Cultural Semantic Portals;755
9.3.2;2 Content Models for Semantic Cultural Portals;757
9.3.3;3 Cultural Content Creation;763
9.3.4;4 Semantic Portal Services;766
9.3.5;5 Conclusions;771
9.3.6;References;772
9.4;Ontology-Based Recommender Systems;777
9.4.1;1 Introduction;777
9.4.2;2 Ontology Use in Recommender Systems;779
9.4.3;3 Case Study: Two Ontological Recommender Systems;782
9.4.4;4 Case Study: Experimentation Results;787
9.4.5;5 Case Study: Conclusions;792
9.4.6;References;793
10;Author Index;795
11;Subject Index;797