Soberón-Chávez Biosurfactants

From Genes to Applications
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-14490-5
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 20, 216 Seiten

Reihe: Microbiology Monographs

Biosurfactants, tensio-active compounds produced by living cells, are now gaining increasing interest due to their potential applications in many different industrial areas in which to date almost exclusively synthetic surfactants have been used. Their unique structures and characteristics are just starting to be appreciated. In addition, biosurfactants are considered to be environmentally 'friendly,' relatively non-toxic and biodegradable. This Microbiology Monographs volume deals with the most recent advances in the field of microbial biosurfactants, such as rhamnolipids, serrawettins, trehalolipids, mannosylerythritol lipids, sophorolipids, surfactin and other lipopeptides. Each chapter reviews the characteristics of an individual biosurfactant including the physicochemical properties, the chemical structures, the role in the physiology of the producing microbes, the biosynthetic pathways, the genetic regulation, and the potential biotechnological applications.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Soberón-Chávez, Gloria

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Biosurfactants: A General Overview;10
3.1;1 Introduction;11
3.2;2 Physicochemical Properties, Formation of Micelles, and Other Aggregates;11
3.3;3 Biosurfactant Production in the Environment;15
3.4;4 Conclusions;16
3.5;References;17
4;Rhamnolipids: Detection, Analysis, Biosynthesis, Genetic Regulation, and Bioengineering of Production;21
4.1;1 Introduction and Overview;22
4.2;2 Rhamnolipid Structure, Detection, and Analysis;24
4.2.1;2.1 Structure;24
4.2.2;2.2 Methods of Detection and Analysis;25
4.2.2.1;2.2.1 Qualitative Methods;25
4.2.2.2;2.2.2 Quantitative Methods;26
4.3;3 Biosynthesis and Genetic Regulation;29
4.3.1;3.1 Biosynthesis of Rhamnolipids;30
4.3.1.1;3.1.1 Biosynthesis of the Lipid Moiety of Rhamnolipids;30
4.3.1.2;3.1.2 Biosynthesis of Rhamnolipids-Rhamnose Moiety;35
4.3.1.3;3.1.3 Three Last Enzymatic Reactions in Rhamnolipids Biosynthesis;36
4.3.2;3.2 Regulation of Rhamnolipid Biosynthesis;37
4.3.2.1;3.2.1 Genetic Regulation of Rhamnosyltransferases;38
4.3.2.2;3.2.2 Genetic Regulation of Biosynthesis of Sugar Moiety;40
4.3.2.3;3.2.3 Regulation of Rhamnolipid Production by Environmental Factors - Links Between Quorum Sensing and the Environment;41
4.4;4 Bioengineering of Rhamnolipid Production;42
4.4.1;4.1 Production by P. aeruginosa;42
4.4.1.1;4.1.1 Fermentation Strategies;42
4.4.1.2;4.1.2 Foaming Problems Encountered During Fermentative Production;45
4.4.1.3;4.1.3 Nutritional Factors Affecting Rhamnolipid Production;46
4.4.1.4;4.1.4 Recovery of Rhamnolipids;48
4.4.2;4.2 Alternatives to P. aeruginosa for Rhamnolipid Production;49
4.4.2.1;4.2.1 Heterologous Production of Rhamnolipids;49
4.4.2.2;4.2.2 Non-P. aeruginosa Rhamnolipid Producers;50
4.5;5 Conclusion: Prospectives for the Industrial Production of Rhamnolipids;51
4.6;References;51
5;Surfactin and Other Lipopeptides from Bacillus spp.;64
5.1;1 Introduction: History of Lipopeptide Discovery in Bacillus spp.;65
5.1.1;1.1 Surfactins from Asia;65
5.1.2;1.2 Iturins from Africa;66
5.1.3;1.3 Concomitant Discovery of Fengycin and Plipastatin;67
5.1.4;1.4 Kurstakins, a New Family of Lipopeptides from Bacillus spp.;67
5.1.5;1.5 Conclusion;67
5.2;2 A High Diversity of Structures;67
5.2.1;2.1 Surfactin and Related Compounds;68
5.2.2;2.2 The Family of Iturins;70
5.2.3;2.3 Fengycin or Plipastatin, Who´s Who?;71
5.2.4;2.4 Other Lipopeptide Compounds, the Kurstakins;71
5.2.5;2.5 Conclusion;72
5.3;3 Catalytic Assembly Lines for the Biosynthesis of Lipopeptides: From the Genes to the Biomolecules;72
5.3.1;3.1 Modular Enzymes: A Complex Catalytic Machinery Dedicated to the Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites;72
5.3.1.1;3.1.1 Discovery of the Non-ribosomal Peptide Synthesis;72
5.3.1.2;3.1.2 The Main Catalytic Domains;74
5.3.1.3;3.1.3 Secondary Catalytic Domains;74
5.3.1.4;3.1.4 Protein-Protein Interactions;75
5.3.2;3.2 Non-ribosomal Peptide Synthesis of Surfactin and Lichenysin;75
5.3.2.1;3.2.1 The Surfactin Operon;75
5.3.2.2;3.2.2 The Lichenysin Operon;76
5.3.2.3;3.2.3 Structure of an Entire Termination Module;76
5.3.3;3.3 The Hybrid PKS/NRPS Complex Involved in Iturin Biosynthesis;77
5.3.4;3.4 Non-ribosomal Peptide Synthesis of Fengycin and Plipastatin;78
5.3.5;3.5 The Recent Discovery of the Biosynthesis Mechanism of Kurstakin;78
5.3.6;3.6 Conclusion;79
5.4;4 A Complex Regulation of the Biosynthesis;79
5.4.1;4.1 Quorum Sensing and Surfactin Efflux;79
5.4.2;4.2 Influence of Environmental Factors;81
5.4.3;4.3 Conclusion;82
5.5;5 Physico-chemical Properties and Biological Activities: A Strong Relationship;82
5.5.1;5.1 Surfactin: A Potent Biosurfactant, Which Combines High Effect on Surface Tension and Low Critical Micellar Concentration;82
5.5.2;5.2 Iturin: A Strong Antifungal Compound;84
5.5.3;5.3 Fengycin and Plipastatin: Immunomodulators in Plants and Animals;84
5.5.4;5.4 Lipopeptides: Versatile Weapons for Biocontrol of Plant Diseases;85
5.5.5;5.5 Conclusion;85
5.6;6 New Strategies for an Optimal Production of Novel or Existing Lipopeptidic Compounds;85
5.6.1;6.1 Surfactin Synthetases Re-engineering;86
5.6.2;6.2 Combinatorial Synthesis of Lipopeptides;86
5.6.3;6.3 Directed Biosynthesis and Molecular Optimisation;87
5.6.4;6.4 New Bioprocesses for Continuous Production and Extraction of Lipopeptides;87
5.6.4.1;6.4.1 Quantitative Evaluation of Surfactin Concentrations;87
5.6.4.2;6.4.2 Purification of Surfactin;88
5.6.4.3;6.4.3 Bioprocesses for Lipopeptide Production;88
5.6.5;6.5 Conclusion;89
5.7;7 Industrial Applications: Dream and Reality;89
5.7.1;7.1 Main Applications;89
5.7.2;7.2 Conclusion;90
5.8;References;90
6;Serrawettins and Other Surfactants Produced by Serratia;99
6.1;1 Introduction;100
6.2;2 Detection and Analysis of Serratia Biosurfactants;100
6.2.1;2.1 S. marcescens Wetting Activity and the Ways to Identify It;101
6.2.1.1;2.1.1 Analysis of Serratia Lipids by Thin-Layer Chromatography;102
6.2.1.2;2.1.2 Surface Activities of Isolated Serrawettins;104
6.2.2;2.2 Other Serratia Wetting Agents;105
6.3;3 Production Characteristics;105
6.3.1;3.1 Association of the Production of Serratia Surfactants with Extracellular Vesicles;105
6.3.2;3.2 Budding of Vesicles Filled with Serratia Surfactants;106
6.4;4 Chemical Structure of Serrawettins and Rubiwettins;107
6.4.1;4.1 Serrawettin W1, W2, and W3;107
6.4.2;4.2 Rubiwettin R1 and RG1;109
6.5;5 Physiological Functions of Biosurfactants;110
6.5.1;5.1 Flagellum-Independent Bacterial Spreading Growth;110
6.5.2;5.2 Flagellum-Dependent Bacterial Spreading Growth;113
6.5.3;5.3 Other Biological Activities of Serrawettins;115
6.6;6 Genetics of Biosynthesis and Regulation;116
6.6.1;6.1 Genes Involved in Serrawettin W1 Biosynthesis;116
6.6.2;6.2 Quorum-Sensing Regulation of Serrawettin Biosynthesis;119
6.6.3;6.3 Global Regulator Genes Concerned with Exolipid Production;120
6.7;7 Concluding Remarks;122
6.8;References;123
7;Trehalolipids;127
7.1;1 Introduction;128
7.2;2 Trehalolipid-Producing Bacteria;128
7.3;3 Chemical Structures;132
7.3.1;3.1 Cord Factor: A Trehalose Diester from Mycobacteria;133
7.3.2;3.2 Trehalose Lipids from Rhodococcus;135
7.3.2.1;3.2.1 Trehalose Diesters;135
7.3.2.2;3.2.2 Trehalose Tetraesters Produced by Rhodococcus and Related Bacteria;139
7.3.2.3;3.2.3 Octaacyltrehalose from Rhodococcus sp. H13-A;140
7.4;4 Physicochemical Property;141
7.5;5 Biological Activity;141
7.5.1;5.1 Trehalose Lipids in Mycobacteria;142
7.5.2;5.2 Trehalose Lipids from Rhodococcus;142
7.6;6 Biosynthesis;143
7.7;7 Production;143
7.7.1;7.1 Substrates Used for Trehaloselipids Production;144
7.7.2;7.2 Cell Wall Association;145
7.7.3;7.3 Growth-Associated Production;145
7.8;References;146
8;Mannosylerythritol Lipids: Microbial Production and Their Applications;150
8.1;1 Introduction;151
8.2;2 Microbial Sources and Structural Diversity of MEL;152
8.2.1;2.1 MEL-A Producers;156
8.2.2;2.2 MEL-B Producers;156
8.2.3;2.3 MEL-C Producers;157
8.2.4;2.4 Effect of Addition of Different Sugars on the Type of MEL Produced;159
8.3;3 Significance of MEL;159
8.4;4 Genetic Regulation and Biosynthesis of MEL;160
8.5;5 Evolutionary Relationship Among MEL Producers;164
8.6;6 Bioprocesses Used for MEL Production;165
8.6.1;6.1 Factors Affecting MEL Production;167
8.6.1.1;6.1.1 Carbon Source;167
8.6.1.2;6.1.2 Nitrogen Source;167
8.6.1.3;6.1.3 Effects of Hydrophilic Precursor;167
8.6.1.4;6.1.4 Effect of Temperature;168
8.6.1.5;6.1.5 Time Course of MEL Production;168
8.7;7 Phase Behavior of MEL;168
8.7.1;7.1 Formation of Thermodynamically Stable Vesicles and Coacervates by MEL;169
8.7.2;7.2 Multilamellar Vesicles and Large Unilamellar Vesicles;170
8.7.3;7.3 Lyotropic-Liquid-Crystalline Phases of MEL;171
8.7.4;7.4 Self-Assembled Monolayer Structures of MEL;172
8.8;8 Applications;174
8.8.1;8.1 Antimicrobial Activity of MEL;174
8.8.2;8.2 MEL Induces Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis;175
8.8.3;8.3 Purification of Glycoproteins;175
8.8.4;8.4 Vehicles for Gene Delivery;175
8.8.5;8.5 Inhibition of Ice Agglomeration;176
8.8.6;8.6 Cosmetic Applications of MEL;176
8.9;9 Perspectives;176
8.10;10 Conclusions;177
8.11;References;178
9;Sophorolipids;183
9.1;1 Introduction: A Brief History;184
9.2;2 Structure and Properties;185
9.3;3 Producing Microorganisms;187
9.3.1;3.1 Rhodotorula bogoriensis;187
9.3.2;3.2 Candida apicola;188
9.3.3;3.3 Candida bombicola;188
9.3.4;3.4 Wickerhamiella domercqiae;189
9.3.5;3.5 Candida batistae;189
9.4;4 Biosynthesis;189
9.4.1;4.1 Feedstock;189
9.4.2;4.2 Sophorolipid-Specific Enzymes;197
9.4.2.1;4.2.1 Hydroxylation of the Fatty Acid and Its Consequences;197
9.4.2.2;4.2.2 Coupling the Glucose Molecules;199
9.4.2.3;4.2.3 Final Modifications;200
9.5;5 The Fermentation Process;200
9.5.1;5.1 Culture Conditions;200
9.5.2;5.2 Substrates;201
9.5.3;5.3 Downstream Processing;201
9.6;6 Genetic Engineering of C. bombicola;201
9.6.1;6.1 Developing the Molecular Tool Box;202
9.6.2;6.2 Genetic Engineering of C. bombicola for the Production of Medium-Chain Sophorolipids;203
9.7;7 Applications of Native Sophorolipids;203
9.8;8 Modified Sophorolipids and Their Applications;206
9.9;9 Conclusion;208
9.10;References;209
10;Index;215