Soane / Ouwerkerk Soil Compaction in Crop Production

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-0-08-093400-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 11, 684 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Developments in Agricultural Engineering

This book provides a global review of the mechanisms, incidence and control measures related to the problems of soil compaction in agriculture, forestry and other cropping systems. Among the disciplines which relate to this subject are soil physics, soil mechanics, vehicle mechanics, agricultural engineering, plant physiology, agronomy, pedology, climatology and economics.The volume will be of great value to soil scientists, agricultural engineers, and all those involved with irrigation, drainage and tillage. It will help to facilitate the exchange of information on current work throughout the world, as well as to promote scientific understanding and stimulate the development, evaluation and adoption of practical solutions to these widespread and urgent problems.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Soane, B. D.

Ouwerkerk, C. van

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Soil Compaction
in Crop Production;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;16
5;Dedication;7
6;FOREWORD;6
7;NOTE ON USAGE OF TERMS, SYMBOLS AND UNITS;8
8;PART A: INTRODUOTON;20
8.1;CHAPTER 1. Soil Compaction Problems in World Agriculture;22
8.1.1;SUMMARY;22
8.1.2;INTRODUCTION;22
8.1.3;SOIL COMPACTION PROBLEMS IN THE PAST;25
8.1.4;CURRENT SOIL COMPACTION PROBLEMS;29
8.1.5;SOIL COMPACTION: A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY PROBLEM;31
8.1.6;PROSPECTS FOR OVERCOMING SOIL COMPACTION PROBLEMS;37
8.1.7;CONCLUSIONS;39
8.1.8;REFERENCES;39
9;PART .: SOIL - VEHICLE MECHANICS;44
9.1;CHAPTER 2. Mechanics of Soil Compaction;46
9.1.1;SUMMARY;46
9.1.2;INTRODUCTION;46
9.1.3;STRESS THEORY;47
9.1.4;STRAIN THEORY;52
9.1.5;MEASURING STRESS-STRAIN RELATONSHIPS;60
9.1.6;TYPES OF SOIL BEHAVIOUR UNDER WHEELS;64
9.1.7;STRESS AND STRAIN EFFECTS ON SOIL QUALITIES;65
9.1.8;CONCLUSIONS;66
9.1.9;REFERENCES;66
9.2;CHAPTER 3. Soil Compactability and Compressibility;68
9.2.1;SUMMARY;68
9.2.2;INTRODUCTION;68
9.2.3;DEFINITIONS;69
9.2.4;FACTORS INFLUENCING SOIL STRENGTH;78
9.2.5;CONCLUSIONS;88
9.2.6;REFERENCES;88
9.3;CHAPTER 4. Prediction of Soil Compaction under Vehicles;94
9.3.1;SUMMARY;94
9.3.2;INTRODUCTION;94
9.3.3;MODELING SURFACE-APPLIED FORCES FROM FARM VEHICLES;95
9.3.4;MODELING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN APPLIED STRESS AND SOIL STRAIN;99
9.3.5;MODELING THE PROPAGATION OF FORCES IN THE SOIL;101
9.3.6;LINKING SOIL COMPACTION MODELS TO CROP GROWTH MODELS;108
9.3.7;REFERENCES;111
10;PART C: EFFECTS OF COMPAC.ON ON SOIL PROPER.ES;114
10.1;CHAPTER 5. Effects of Compaction on Soil Microstructure;116
10.1.1;SUMMARY;116
10.1.2;INTRODUCTION;117
10.1.3;METHODS TO OBSERVE CHANGES IN MICROSTRUCTURE;119
10.1.4;CHANGES IN MICROPOROSITY;123
10.1.5;CHANGES IN THE GROUNDMASS;130
10.1.6;SOIL MICROSTRUCTURE-SOIL LOADING RELA.ONSHIPS;131
10.1.7;CONCLUSIONS;133
10.1.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;134
10.1.9;REFERENCES;134
10.2;CHAPTER 6. Determination and Use of Soil Bulk Density in Relation to Soil Compaction;138
10.2.1;SUMMARY;138
10.2.2;INTRODUCTION;138
10.2.3;METHODS OF MEASUREMENT;141
10.2.4;SELECTING A MEASURING METHOD;152
10.2.5;...8....... OF RESULTS;155
10.2.6;UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS;159
10.2.7;CONCLUSIONS;160
10.2.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;161
10.2.9;REFERENCES;161
10.3;CHAPTER 7. Effects of Compaction on Soil Hydraulic Properties;166
10.3.1;SUMMARY;166
10.3.2;INTRODUCTION;166
10.3.3;PORE SPACE, WATER RETEN.ON AND WATER TRANSPORT;168
10.3.4;FIELD AND LABORATORY MEASUREMENT OF HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES;170
10.3.5;COMPACTIVE EFFECTS ON SOIL HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES;172
10.3.6;LOOSENING EFFECTS OF TILLAGE ON SOIL HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES;177
10.3.7;INFLUENCES OF SOIL STRUCTURE ON HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF SUBSOILS;179
10.3.8;MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ASPECTS OF COMPACTION;180
10.3.9;MODELING SOIL WATER FLOW;181
10.3.10;CONCLUSIONS;184
10.3.11;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;185
10.3.12;REFERENCES;185
10.4;CHAPTER 8. Effects of Compaction on Soil Aeration Properties;192
10.4.1;SUMMARY;192
10.4.2;INTRODUCTION;192
10.4.3;SOIL AERATION PROPERTIES;193
10.4.4;MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES;201
10.4.5;CHANGES IN ..R.TI.. IN FIELD SOILS SUBJECT TO COMPACTION;202
10.4.6;CONCLUSIONS;210
10.4.7;REFERENCES;211
10.5;CHAPTER 9. Effects of Compaction on Soil Strength Parameters;216
10.5.1;SUMMARY;216
10.5.2;INTRODUCTION;216
10.5.3;SOIL PROPERTIES CONCERNED;217
10.5.4;MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES;224
10.5.5;CHANGES IN STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF FIELD SOILS SUBJECT TO COMPACTION;227
10.5.6;UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS;233
10.5.7;CONCLUSIONS;234
10.5.8;REFERENCES;234
10.6;CHAPTER 10. Effects of Compaction on Soil Biota and Soil Biological Processes;240
10.6.1;SUMMARY;240
10.6.2;INTRODUCTION;240
10.6.3;SOIL COMPACTION AND ROOTS;243
10.6.4;SOIL COMPACTION, SOIL MICROBES AND SOIL BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES;244
10.6.5;SOIL COMPACTION, SOIL ANIMALS AND SOIL BIOPHYSICAL PROCESSES;249
10.6.6;REFERENCES;256
11;PART D: MECHANISMS AND INCIDENCE OF CROP RESPONSES TO SOIL COMPACTION;262
11.1;CHAPTER 11. Mechanisms of Crop Responses to Soil Compaction;264
11.1.1;SUMMARY;264
11.1.2;INTRODUCTION;264
11.1.3;SOIL COMPACTION AND CROP GROWTH LIMITING SITUATIONS IN THE FIELD;267
11.1.4;SOIL COMPACTION AND LIMITED SUPPLY OF WATER, OXYGENAND NUTRIENTS BY THE SOIL;268
11.1.5;SOIL COMPACTION AND UPTAKE OF WATER, OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS LIMITED BY ROOT ACTIVITY;278
11.1.6;SUPPLY OF WATER, OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS BY THE SOIL RELATIVE TO ROOT ACTIVITY;282
11.1.7;GROWING CONDmONS AND POSSIBLE L..ITI.G SOIL FACTORS;283
11.1.8;COMBINATION OF THE VARIOUS CROP GROWTH LIMITING SOIL FACTORS;287
11.1.9;REFERENCES;288
11.2;CHAPTER 12. Responses of Temperate Crops in North America to Soil Compaction;292
11.2.1;SUMMARY;292
11.2.2;INTRODUCTION;292
11.2.3;CHANGE IN FARMING SYSTEMS;294
11.2.4;CONCEPT OF RELATIVE COMPACTION;295
11.2.5;EXTENT AND PERSISTENCE OF COMPACTION;297
11.2.6;SUBSOIL COMPACTION;303
11.2.7;TECHNIQUES ADOPTED TO REDUCE COMPACTION EFFECTS;307
11.2.8;CONCLUSIONS;310
11.2.9;REFERENCES;312
11.3;CHAPTER 13. Responses of Tropical Crops to Soil Compaction;314
11.3.1;SUMMARY;314
11.3.2;INTRODUCTION;314
11.3.3;EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF RESPONSES OF TROPICAL CROPS TO COMPACTION;315
11.3.4;FACTORS INFLUENCING RESPONSES OF TROPICAL CROPS TO SOIL COMPACTION;321
11.3.5;CONTROL OF SOIL COMPACTION IN THE TROPICS;325
11.3.6;...L..R.TI.. OF COMPACTED SOILS;332
11.3.7;CONCLUSIONS;336
11.3.8;REFERENCES;336
11.4;CHAPTER 14. Responses of Forest Crops to Soil Compaction;344
11.4.1;SUMMARY;344
11.4.2;INTRODUCTION;344
11.4.3;RESPONSES OF FOREST CROPS TO SOIL COMPACTION AND DISTURBANCE;346
11.4.4;HARVES.NG SYSTEMS IN FORESTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE SOIL;352
11.4.5;MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AIMED AT REDUCING SOIL COMPACTION;358
11.4.6;CONCLUSIONS;364
11.4.7;REFERENCES;365
11.5;CHAPTER 15. Responses of Perennial Forage Crops to Soil Compaction;370
11.5.1;SUMMARY;370
11.5.2;INTRODUCTION;370
11.5.3;EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF COMPACTION;374
11.5.4;AVOIDANCE AND ...L..R.TI.. OF COMPACTION;384
11.5.5;CONCLUSIONS;388
11.5.6;REFERENCES;388
11.6;CHAPTER 16. Role of Soil and Climate Factors in Influencing Crop Responses to Soil Compaction in Central and Eastern Europe;392
11.6.1;SUMMARY;392
11.6.2;INTRODUCTION;392
11.6.3;CROP RESPONSE;394
11.6.4;CONCLUSIONS;408
11.6.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;409
11.6.6;REFERENCES;409
12;PART E: VEHICLE AND TRAFFIC SYSTEMS IN CROP PRODUCnON;418
12.1;CHAPTER 17. Quantification of Vehicle Running Gear;420
12.1.1;SUMMARY;420
12.1.2;INTRODUCTION;420
12.1.3;TYRES;421
12.1.4;TRACKS;431
12.1.5;STRESSES IN THE WHEEL-SOIL INTERFACE;432
12.1.6;STRESSES IN THE TRACK-SOIL INTERFACE;438
12.1.7;CONCLUSIONS;441
12.1.8;REFERENCES;441
12.2;CHAPTER 18. Quantification of Traffic Systems in Crop Production;446
12.2.1;SUMMARY;446
12.2.2;INTRODUCTION;447
12.2.3;PARAMETERS FOR QU..TIF...G FIELD TRAFFIC;447
12.2.4;OBSERVATIONS OF FIELD TRAFFIC INTENSITY;452
12.2.5;ANALYSIS OF QU..TIF.C.TI.. OF TRAFFIC HAZARD;453
12.2.6;COMPARISON OF FOUR TRAFFIC PARAMETERS;454
12.2.7;INFLUENCE OF MECHANIZATION ON FIELD LOADING;456
12.2.8;WEIGHT OF POWER SOURCES;457
12.2.9;WEIGHT OF IMPLEMENTS;458
12.2.10;FIELD TI..;460
12.2.11;GROUPS OF LOADING EVENTS;463
12.2.12;COMPARISON OF THE GROUPS OF LOADING EVENTS;466
12.2.13;TRAFFIC LOADINGS ON GRASSLAND;467
12.2.14;DISTRIBUTION OF LOADING ACROSS THE FIELD;467
12.2.15;CONCLUSIONS;472
12.2.16;REFERENCES;472
12.3;CHAPTER 19. Benefits of Low Ground Pressure Tyre Equipment;476
12.3.1;SUMMARY;476
12.3.2;INTRODUCTION;476
12.3.3;EFFECTS OF UNIAXIAL PRESSURE ON SOIL;477
12.3.4;THE AVERAGE GROUND PRESSURE OF A SINGLE WHEEL AND ITSEFFECTS ON SOIL;478
12.3.5;EFFECTS OF THE AVERAGE GROUND PRESSURE OF A VEHICLEON SOIL;483
12.3.6;SOIL AND CROP RESPONSES TO LOW GROUND PRESSURE TRAFFIC SYSTEMS;485
12.3.7;OTHER EFFECTS OF LOW GROUND PRESSURE;494
12.3.8;PRACTICALITY OF LOW GROUND PRESSURE TYRE EQUIPMENT;496
12.3.9;ECONOMICS;503
12.3.10;CONCLUSIONS;504
12.3.11;REFERENCES;505
12.4;CHAPTER 20. Benefits of Limited Axle Load;508
12.4.1;SUMMARY;508
12.4.2;INTRODUCTION;508
12.4.3;EVIDENCE OF WEIGHT EFFECTS ON SUBSOIL COMPACTION;510
12.4.4;ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATION OF THE RESTRICTED AXLE-LOAD CONCEPT;520
12.4.5;OTHER OPPORTUNITIES FOR REDUCING SUBSOIL COMPACTION IN PRACTICE;522
12.4.6;CONCLUSIONS;525
12.4.7;REFERENCES;525
12.5;CHAPTER 21. Benefits of Tracked Vehicles in Crop Production;530
12.5.1;SUMMARY;530
12.5.2;INTRODUCTION;530
12.5.3;TRACKS USED IN CROP PRODUCTION;532
12.5.4;BENEFITS OF USING TRACKS;537
12.5.5;PROBLEMS WITH THE USE OF TRACKS;544
12.5.6;ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TRACKED VEHICLES;546
12.5.7;REFERENCES;548
12.6;CHAPTER 22. Development and Benefits of Vehicle Gantries and Controlled-Traffic Systems;550
12.6.1;SUMMARY;550
12.6.2;INTRODUCTION;550
12.6.3;CONTROLLED TRAFFIC;551
12.6.4;GANTRY VEHICLES;557
12.6.5;BENEFITS OF CONTROLLED-TRAFFIC AND GANTRY SYSTEMS;561
12.6.6;CONCLUSIONS;563
12.6.7;REFERENCES;564
13;PART F: ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOIL ......... AND ITS CONTROL;568
13.1;CHAPTER 23. Economics of Modifying Conventional Vehicles and Running Gear to Minimize Soil Compaction;570
13.1.1;SUMMARY;570
13.1.2;INTRODUCTION;570
13.1.3;APPROACHES TO ECONOMIC ANALYSIS;571
13.1.4;POSSIBLE MODIFICATIONS TO VEHICLES, RUNNING GEAR AND MACHINERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS TO MAXIMISE PROFIT;576
13.1.5;ECONOMIC ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES;577
13.1.6;EXAMPLES OF ECONOMIC ANALYSES;580
13.1.7;CONCLUSIONS;595
13.1.8;REFERENCES;595
13.2;CHAPTER 24. Economics of Gantry- and Tractor-based Zero-Traffic Systems;600
13.2.1;SUMMARY;600
13.2.2;INTRODUCTION;600
13.2.3;.......... FACTORS AFFECTING MACHINE DESIGN FOR ZERO TRAFFIC SYSTEMS;602
13.2.4;MACHINE DESIGNS AND THEIR EFFECT ON COSTS;603
13.2.5;OPERATING COSTS;604
13.2.6;WORK RATES;605
13.2.7;THE EFFECT OF ZERO-TRAFFIC SYSTEMS ON CROP YIELD;606
13.2.8;WHOLE-FARM ECONOMICS;607
13.2.9;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF CASE STUDY;616
13.2.10;CONCLUSIONS;623
13.2.11;REFERENCES;624
13.3;CHAPTER 25. Control and Avoidance of Soil Compaction in Practice;628
13.3.1;SUMMARY;628
13.3.2;INTRODUCTION;628
13.3.3;......... OF COMPACTION;629
13.3.4;MACHINERY MANAGEMENT;633
13.3.5;AGRONOMIC PRACTICES;640
13.3.6;REMEDIAL ACTIONS;643
13.3.7;ALLEVIATION MEASURES;647
13.3.8;CONCLUSIONS;648
13.3.9;REFERENCES;649
14;PART G: CONCLUSION;658
14.1;CHAPTER 26. Conclusions and Recommendations for Further Research on Soil Compaction in Crop Production;660
14.1.1;SUMMARY;660
14.1.2;INTRODUCTION;660
14.1.3;CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING THE INCIDENCE AND CONTROL OF SOIL COMPACTION IN CROP PRODUCTION;664
14.1.4;RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ON SOIL COMPACTION IN CROP PRODUCTION;671
14.1.5;REFERENCES;675
15;INDEX;676