E-Book, Englisch, Band 6, 263 Seiten
Smirnov Nanoclusters and Microparticles in Gases and Vapors
1. Auflage 2012
ISBN: 978-3-11-027399-1
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
E-Book, Englisch, Band 6, 263 Seiten
Reihe: De Gruyter Studies in Mathematical PhysicsISSN
ISBN: 978-3-11-027399-1
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
Various nanoclusters and microparticles are considered in excited and ionized gases, as well as various processes with their participation. The concepts of these processes were developed 50 - 100 years ago mostly for dense media, and basing on these concepts, we analyze these processes in gases in two opposite regimes, so that in the kinetic regime surrounding atoms of a buffer gas do not partake in processesinvolving small particles, and the diffusion regime corresponds to a dense gas where interaction of small particles with a buffer gas subjects to laws of hydrodynamics. For calculation or estimation of the rates of these processes, we are based on the liquid drop model for small particles which was introduced in physics by N. Bohr about 80 years ago for the analysis of properties of atomic nuclei including the nuclear fusion and the hard sphere model (or the model of billiard balls) which was used by J. C. Maxwell 150 years ago and helped to create the kinetic theory of gases.
These models along with the analysis of their accuracy allow one to study various processes, such as transport processes in gases involving small particles, charging of small particles in gases, chemical processes, atom attachment and quenching of excited atomic particles on the surface of a small particle, nucleation processes for small particles including coagulation, coalescence and growth of fractal aggregates, chain aggregates, fractal fibres and aerogels. Each analysis is finished by analytic formulas or simple models which allow us to calculate the rate of a certain real process with a known accuracy or to estimate this, and criteria of validity are given for these expressions obtained. Examples of real objects and processes involving small particles are analyzed.
Zielgruppe
Researchers and Engineers in Materials Science or Micro- and Nanofabrication, Geoscientists, Institutes, Libraries
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Preface;5
2;List of figures;14
3;1 Introduction;15
4;I Properties of small particles and their behavior in gases;19
4.1;2 Nanoclusters and microparticles in gases;21
4.1.1;2.1 Gas with small particles as physical object;21
4.1.2;2.2 Small particles in the Earth atmosphere;22
4.1.3;2.3 Methods of removal of dust particles from gas;26
4.1.4;2.4 Artificial small particles in gas;28
4.1.5;2.5 Electric processes in earth atmosphere;32
4.1.6;2.6 Dusty plasma of solar system;35
4.1.7;2.7 Problems;38
4.2;3 Cluster properties and their modeling;40
4.2.1;3.1 Cluster structures;40
4.2.2;3.2 Phase transition in cluster;44
4.2.3;3.3 Analytical and computer modeling of clusters;50
4.2.4;3.4 The liquid drop model for clusters;52
4.2.5;3.5 Spectral properties of clusters;54
4.2.6;3.6 Problems;57
4.3;4 Dynamics of collisions in buffer gas involving clusters;63
4.3.1;4.1 Hard sphere model in atomic physics;63
4.3.2;4.2 Models of atom collisions with cluster or small particle;67
4.3.3;4.3 Analytic and computer methods in cluster physics;69
4.3.4;4.4 Problems;72
5;II Processes involving small particles in gases;79
5.1;5 Transport phenomena in gases involving small particles;81
5.1.1;5.1 Cluster motion in gas in force field;81
5.1.2;5.2 Mobility of charged clusters in gas in strong electric field;84
5.1.3;5.3 Diffusion of clusters in gas;86
5.1.4;5.4 Problems;89
5.2;6 Particle motion in gas flows;90
5.2.1;6.1 Relaxation of particle velocity in gas flow;90
5.2.2;6.2 Gas flow in tubes;92
5.2.3;6.3 Drift of particles in gas flows;98
5.2.4;6.4 Particle departure on periphery of gas flow;101
5.2.5;6.5 Problems;103
5.3;7 Processes in buffer gas on surface of small particles;106
5.3.1;7.1 Equilibrium of metal cluster with parent vapor in buffer gas;106
5.3.2;7.2 Character of cluster growth due to attachment of free atoms;111
5.3.3;7.3 Quenching of metastable atoms on cluster surface;114
5.3.4;7.4 Character of combustion of small particles;117
5.3.5;7.5 Kinetic and diffusion regime of particle combustion;122
5.3.6;7.6 Recombination of charged clusters in buffer gas;123
5.3.7;7.7 Problems;125
5.4;8 Charging of small particles in ionized gases;130
5.4.1;8.1 Particle charging in dense buffer ionized gas;130
5.4.2;8.2 Particle charging in dense gas discharge plasma;135
5.4.3;8.3 Double layer of gas discharge;139
5.4.4;8.4 Particle charging in rarefied ionized gas with free ions;141
5.4.5;8.5 Particle charging in rarefied ionized gas with trapped ions;145
5.4.6;8.6 Particle charging and screening in rarefied ionized gas;149
5.4.7;8.7 The charge distribution of particles in ionized gas;154
5.4.8;8.8 Charging of small clusters in ionized gas;156
5.4.9;8.9 Problems;158
5.5;9 Growth of clusters and small particles in buffer gas;164
5.5.1;9.1 Types of nucleation processes;164
5.5.2;9.2 Kinetic regime of cluster coagulation;166
5.5.3;9.3 Diffusion regime of cluster coagulation;170
5.5.4;9.4 Cluster coagulation in external field;172
5.5.5;9.5 Ostwald ripening;174
5.5.6;9.6 Method of molecular dynamics in nucleation processes;181
5.5.7;9.7 Problems;182
5.6;10 Structures formed in aggregation of solid particles;201
5.6.1;10.1 Fractal aggregates;201
5.6.2;10.2 Growth of fractal aggregates;208
5.6.3;10.3 Growth of particle structures in external electric fields;212
5.6.4;10.4 Growth of elongated particle structures in electric field;214
5.6.5;10.5 Aerogels;221
5.6.6;10.6 Problems;224
5.7;11 Conclusion;229
6;Appendix A Physical parameters;231
6.1;A.1 Fundamental physical constants;231
6.2;A.2 Melting and boiling points of elements;232
7;Appendix B Conversional factors;233
7.1;B.1 Conversional factors in formulas for atomic particles and small particles;233
8;Appendix C Transport coefficients of atomic particles in gases;239
9;Bibliography;243
10;Index;261
