Smallman Modern Physical Metallurgy

4. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-0295-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 544 Seiten, Web PDF

Modern Physical Metallurgy, Fourth Edition explains the fundamental principles of physical metallurgy and their application, allowing its readers to understand the many important technological phenomena of the field. The book covers topics such as the molecular properties of metals; the different physical methods of metals and alloys; and the structure of alloys. Also covered are topics such as the deformation of metals and alloys; phase transformations; and related processes such as creep, fatigue, fracture, oxidation, and corrosion. The text is recommended for metallurgists, chemists, and engineers who would like to know more about the principles behind metallurgy and its application in different fields.

After gaining his PhD in 1953, Professor Smallman spent five years at the Atomic Energy ResearchEstablishment at Harwell before returning to the University of Birmingham, where he became Professorof Physical Metallurgy in 1964 and Feeney Professor and Head of the Department of PhysicalMetallurgy and Science of Materials in 1969. He subsequently became Head of the amalgamatedDepartment of Metallurgy and Materials (1981), Dean of the Faculty of Science and Engineering, andthe first Dean of the newly created Engineering Faculty in 1985. For five years he wasVice-Principalof the University (1987-92).He has held visiting professorship appointments at the University of Stanford, Berkeley, Pennsylvania(USA), New SouthWales (Australia), Hong Kong and Cape Town, and has received HonoraryDoctorates from the University of Novi Sad (Yugoslavia), University ofWales and Cranfield University.His research work has been recognized by the award of the Sir George Beilby Gold Medal of theRoyal Institute of Chemistry and Institute of Metals (1969), the Rosenhain Medal of the Institute ofMetals for contributions to Physical Metallurgy (1972), the Platinum Medal, the premier medal ofthe Institute of Materials (1989), and the Acta Materialia Gold Medal (2004).Hewas elected a Fellowof the Royal Society (1986), a Fellowof the RoyalAcademy of Engineering(1990), a Foreign Associate of the United States National Academy of Engineering (2005), andappointed a Commander of the British Empire (CBE) in 1992. A former Council Member of theScience and Engineering Research Council, he has been Vice-President of the Institute of Materialsand President of the Federated European Materials Societies. Since retirement he has been academicconsultant for a number of institutions both in the UK and overseas.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Smallman, R. E.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Modern Physical Metallurgy;2
3;Copyright Page;3
4;Table of Contents;8
5;Preface to the First Edition;4
6;Preface to the Fourth Edition;6
7;Chapter 1. THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS AND CRYSTALS;16
7.1;1.1 Metallic characteristics;16
7.2;1.2 TThe atom;16
7.3;1.3 The nomenclature of the Electronic states in an atom;18
7.4;1.4 The Periodic Table;19
7.5;1.5 Chemical behaviour and the metallic bond;22
7.6;1.6 Arrangement of atoms in metals;24
7.7;1.7 Electrons in metal crystals;27
7.8;1.8 Metals and insulators;31
7.9;1.9 Real crystals and imperfections;32
7.10;1.10 The elements of crystallography;34
7.11;1.11 The stereographic projection;36
8;Chapter 2. THE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF METALS AND ALLOYS;41
8.1;2.1 Introduction;41
8.2;2.2 Metallography;41
8.3;2.3 X-ray and neutron diffraction;45
8.4;2.4 Electron metallography;64
8.5;2.5 Microanalysis;81
8.6;2.6 Field ion microscopy;91
8.7;2.7 Mechanical properties;92
8.8;2.8 Physical properties;98
9;Chapter 3. PHASE DIAGRAMS AND SOLIDIFICATION;105
9.1;3.1 The determination of phase diagrams;105
9.2;3.2 The equilibrium or phase diagram;106
9.3;3.3 Constitutional undercooling;115
9.4;3.4 Metal structures;118
9.5;3.5 Zone refining;119
9.6;3.6 Growth of single crystals;120
9.7;3.7 Ternary equilibrium diagrams;121
10;Chapter 4. THERMODYNAMICS OF CRYSTALS;131
10.1;4.1 Introduction;131
10.2;4.2 The effect of temperature on metal crystals;131
10.3;4.3 The specific heat curve and transformations;134
10.4;4.4 Heat content, entropy and free energy;135
10.5;4.5 The statistical nature of entropy;137
10.6;4.6 Free energy of transformation;139
10.7;4.7 The variation of free energy with temperature, and polymorphism;140
10.8;4.8 Thermodynamics of lattice defects;142
10.9;4.9 The rate of reaction;146
10.10;4.10 The mechanism of phase changes;148
10.11;4.11 The equilibrium diagram;153
10.12;4.12 Diffusion;157
10.13;4.13 Anelasticity and internal friction;164
11;Chapter 5. THE STRUCTURE OF ALLOYS;168
11.1;5.1 Introduction;168
11.2;5.2 Primary substitutional solid solutions;168
11.3;5.3 The form of the liquidus and solidus curves;171
11.4;5.4 The primary solid solubility boundary;172
11.5;5.5 Interstitial solid solutions;176
11.6;5.6 Intermediate phases;178
11.7;5.7 Order–disorder phenomena;182
11.8;5.8 The magnetic properties of metals and alloys;190
11.9;5.9 The electronic structure of the transition metals;196
11.10;5.10 Semiconductors;200
11.11;5.11 Superconductivity;203
12;Chapter 6. DISLOCATIONS IN CRYSTALS;208
12.1;6.1 Elastic and plastic deformation;208
12.2;6.2 Dislocations in crystals;217
12.3;6.3 Dislocations in close packed crystals;228
12.4;6.4 Dislocations in hexagonal structures;236
12.5;6.5 Dislocations in BCC lattices;240
12.6;6.6 Dislocations in ordered structures;242
13;Chapter 7. OBSERVATION OF CRYSTAL DEFECTS;245
13.1;7.1 Introduction;245
13.2;7.2 Crystal growth;245
13.3;7.3 Direct observation of dislocations;247
13.4;7.4 Arrangements of dislocations in crystals;261
13.5;7.5 Origin of dislocations;264
14;Chapter 8. DEFORMATION OF METALS AND ALLOYS;266
14.1;8.1 Dislocation mobility;266
14.2;8.2 Dislocation source operation;270
14.3;8.3 Yielding and dislocation multiplication;273
14.4;8.4 The yield point and related effects;274
14.5;8.5 The interaction of solute atoms with dislocations;278
14.6;8.6 Variation of yield stress with temperature;283
14.7;8.7 Other types of solute atom-dislocation interaction;286
14.8;8.8 The kinetics of strain ageing;288
14.9;8.9 Influence of grain boundaries on the plastic properties of metals;290
14.10;8.10 Mechanical twinning;296
15;Chapter 9. POINT DEFECTS IN CRYSTALS;304
15.1;9.1 Introduction;304
15.2;9.2 The production of vacancies;304
15.3;9.3 The effect of vacancies on the physical and mechanical properties;309
15.4;9.4 The nucleation of point defect clusters;313
15.5;9.5 Electron microscope observations of vacancy defects;314
15.6;9.6 Annealing of clustered defects;332
15.7;9.7 Point defect hardening;337
15.8;9.8 Radiation growth and swelling;339
15.9;9.9 Vacancy defects in alloys;341
15.10;9.10 Radiation-induced segregation, diffusion and precipitation;346
15.11;9.11 Radiation and ordered alloys;347
16;Chapter 10. WORK HARDENING AND ANNEALING;350
16.1;10.1 Work hardening;350
16.2;10.2 Preferred orientation;368
16.3;10.3 Texture hardening;370
16.4;10.4 Macroscopic plasticity;373
16.5;10.5 Annealing;377
17;Chapter 11. PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS I - PRECIPITATION HARDENING TRANSFORMATION;395
17.1;11.1 Introduction;395
17.2;11.2 Precipitation from supersaturated solid solution;395
17.3;11.3 Changes in properties accompanying precipitation;396
17.4;11.4 tructural changes;398
17.5;11.5 Some common precipitation systems;401
17.6;11.6 Mechanisms of hardening;406
17.7;11.7 Hardening in aluminium-copper alloys;410
17.8;11.8 Vacancies and precipitation;413
17.9;11.9 Duplex ageing;417
17.10;11.10 Particle coarsening;419
17.11;11.11 Spinodal decomposition ;422
17.12;11.12 Dispersion-hardened alloys;425
17.13;11.13 Fibre strengthening;427
17.14;11.14 Superalloys;429
18;Chapter 12. PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS II - THE EUTECTOID TRANSFORMATION;432
18.1;12.1 Introduction;432
18.2;12.2 The Austenite-pearlite reaction;434
18.3;12.3 The austenite–martensite reaction;438
18.4;12.4 The austenite–bainite transformation;445
18.5;12.5 Tempering and heat treatment;446
18.6;12.6 Thermo-mechanical treatments;448
18.7;12.7 Commercial steels and cast iron;449
19;Chapter 13. CREEP AND FATIGUE;460
19.1;13.1 Creep;460
19.2;13.2 Fatigue;478
20;Chapter 14. FRACTURE;490
20.1;14.1 Brittle fracture;490
20.2;14.2 Hydrogen embrittlement;499
20.3;14.3 Fracture toughness;501
20.4;14.4 Intergranular fracture;503
20.5;14.5 Ductile fracture;503
20.6;14.6 Fracture at elevated temperatures;506
20.7;14.7 Rupture;508
20.8;14.8 Fracture mechanism maps;509
20.9;14.9 Fatigue crack growth;510
21;Chapter 15. OXIDATION AND CORROSION;512
21.1;15.1 Introduction;512
21.2;15.2 Thermodynamics of oxidation;512
21.3;15.3 Kinetics of oxidation;515
21.4;15.4 The structure of oxides;517
21.5;15.5 Wagner's theory of oxidation;518
21.6;15.6 Parameters affecting oxidation rates;519
21.7;15.7 Oxidation resistance;521
21.8;15.8 Intergranular voiding–stress v vacancy injection;522
21.9;15.9 Breakaway oxidation;524
21.10;15.10 Aqueous corrosion;525
21.11;15.11 The electrochemical series;526
21.12;15.12 Corrosion protection;530
21.13;15.13 Corrosion failures;532
22;APPENDIX: Units and useful factors;536
23;INDEX;540