Skrzypek / Rustichelli Innovative Technological Materials

Structural Properties by Neutron Scattering, Synchrotron Radiation and Modeling
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-12059-6
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 279 Seiten

This book provides new insight into material science and technology. In particular, non-conventional, unusual or innovative neutron and x-ray scattering experiments (from both the scientific and the instrumental point of view) are described.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Rustichelli, Franco

Skrzypek, Jacek J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;Notation;11
3;1 Introduction and State-of-the-Art ;21
3.1;1.1 Innovative Materials at Different Scales;21
3.2;1.2 Improved Physical Properties and Material Functionality at Atomic Scales and Nanoscales;24
3.2.1;1.2.1 Intermetallics;24
3.2.2;1.2.2 Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites;24
3.2.3;1.2.3 Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Bioapplications and Medical Applications;29
3.3;1.3 Improved Material Functionality at the Microscale or Mesoscale;30
3.3.1;1.3.1 Metal Matrix Composites MMC;30
3.3.2;1.3.2 Ceramic Matrix Composites CMC;33
3.4;1.4 Multifunctional Structures at the Macrolevel;34
3.4.1;1.4.1 Functionally Graded Coatings (FGC) for Thermal (TBC), Wear (WBC), and Oxidation (OBC) Barriers;34
3.4.2;1.4.2 Fracture Resistance of FGM and TBCs;35
4;2 X-ray and Neutron Scattering ;37
4.1;2.1 Unperturbed Beams;37
4.2;2.2 Interactions;39
4.2.1;2.2.1 X-rays;39
4.2.2;2.2.2 Neutrons;45
4.3;2.3 Introduction to Crystallography;49
4.3.1;2.3.1 Monodimensional Array of Atoms;49
4.3.2;2.3.2 Three-Dimensional Array of Atoms;50
4.3.3;2.3.3 The Reciprocal Lattice;51
4.3.4;2.3.4 Crystals;51
4.3.5;2.3.5 The Ideal Paracrystal;52
4.4;2.4 Introduction to Powder Diffraction;54
4.4.1;2.4.1 Bragg's Law;54
5;3 Microstructural Investigations by Small Angle Scattering of Neutrons and X-rays ;55
5.1;3.1 Introduction;55
5.2;3.2 Theoretical Basis;55
5.2.1;3.2.1 Cross Sections;55
5.2.2;3.2.2 Two-Phase Model;56
5.2.3;3.2.3 Guinier's and Porod's Approximations;57
5.2.4;3.2.4 The Kratky Plot and Porod's Invariant;58
5.2.5;3.2.5 Non-diluted Systems;58
5.3;3.3 Experimental Methods;59
5.3.1;3.3.1 Experimental Set-Up;59
5.3.2;3.3.2 Data Analysis;60
5.3.3;3.3.3 Grazing Incidence Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS);61
5.4;3.4 A Classical Application;62
5.5;3.5 Applications to Innovative Materials;65
5.5.1;3.5.1 Carbon Nanotubes: Single-Walled and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes;65
5.5.2;3.5.2 Nanocomposites;68
5.5.3;3.5.3 Materials for Fuel Cells;76
5.5.4;3.5.4 Biomaterials;83
5.5.5;3.5.5 Electronic Devices: Nanoline Gratings;87
5.5.6;3.5.6 Advanced Light Alloys;89
5.5.7;3.5.7 Applications of Grazing Incidence Small-Angle X-ray Scattering;93
6;4 Residual Stress Analysis by Neutron and X-ray Diffraction ;99
6.1;4.1 Residual Stress;99
6.1.1;4.1.1 Basis on Strain and Stress Evaluation by Using Neutron and X-ray Beams;101
6.1.2;4.1.2 Other Techniques of Strain and Stress Evaluation by Using Neutron and X-ray Diffraction;108
6.1.3;4.1.3 Experimental Facilities;111
6.2;4.2 Applications;111
6.2.1;4.2.1 Applications to Classic Materials;114
6.2.2;4.2.2 Applications to Innovative Materials;130
7;5 Three-Dimensional Imaging by Microtomography of X-ray Synchrotron Radiation and Neutrons ;143
7.1;5.1 Introduction to Three-Dimensional Imaging by X-ray Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography;143
7.2;5.2 Application of X-ray Computed Microtomography for the Investigation of Metallic Foams, Composites, Biomaterials, Interfacial Properties, In-situ Transformation and Damage Evolution of Cracks;148
7.2.1;5.2.1 Foams for Advanced Technological Applications;149
7.2.2;5.2.2 Sintering Processes;154
7.2.3;5.2.3 Composite Materials;158
7.2.4;5.2.4 Biomaterials;161
7.2.5;5.2.5 Cell Tracking;170
7.2.6;5.2.6 Microstructural Investigations of Native Bone;171
7.2.7;5.2.7 Other Applications;176
7.3;5.3 Introduction to Three-Dimensional Imaging by Neutron Tomography;176
7.4;5.4 Application of Neutron Tomography for the Investigation of Fuel Cells, Foams for Advanced Technological Applications, Composites, Biomaterials and Historical Artefacts;181
7.4.1;5.4.1 Fuel Cells;181
7.4.2;5.4.2 Metallic Foams for Advanced TechnologicalApplications;184
7.4.3;5.4.3 Composites;185
7.4.4;5.4.4 Biomaterials;187
7.4.5;5.4.5 Cultural Heritage Items;188
7.5;5.5 Other Tomographic Techniques;190
8;6 Constitutive Models for Analysis and Design of Multifunctional Technological Materials ;199
8.1;6.1 Constitutive Material Modeling at the Nanoscale;199
8.1.1;6.1.1 Interatomic Potentials in CNTs;199
8.1.2;6.1.2 Numerical Modeling of CNTs;202
8.1.3;6.1.3 Numerical Results;204
8.2;6.2 Constitutive Modeling at Microscale and Macroscale;207
8.2.1;6.2.1 Anisotropic Elastic Material Models -- Application to Composites;207
8.2.2;6.2.2 Elastic-Damage Material Models -- Effective Elastic Stiffness or Compliance Matrices;214
8.2.3;6.2.3 Elastic-Plastic Material Models -- Plastic Anisotropy and Plastic Hardening;216
8.2.4;6.2.4 Constitutive Equations of Plastic Hardening;222
8.2.5;6.2.5 Incremental Constitutive Equations of Elastoplasticity;226
8.3;6.3 Modeling Multidissipative Materials;229
8.3.1;6.3.1 Coupled Nonlinear Damage--Plasticity Model;229
8.3.2;6.3.2 Coupled Thermal Damage--Plasticity Model;234
9;7 Enhanced Numerical Tools for Computer Simulation of Coupled Physical Phenomena and Design of Components Made of Innovative Materials ;245
9.1;7.1 Application of the Concept of Continuous Damage Deactivation to Modeling of the Low Cycle Fatigue of Aluminum Alloy Al-2024;245
9.1.1;7.1.1 Experiment of Low Cycle Fatigue of Aluminum Alloy Al-2024;245
9.1.2;7.1.2 Effect of Continuous Damage Deactivation;246
9.1.3;7.1.3 Modeling of Damage Affected Plastic Flow;248
9.1.4;7.1.4 Results;249
9.2;7.2 Modeling the FGM A356R Brake Disk Against Global Thermoelastic Instability (Hot-Spot);251
9.2.1;7.2.1 Preliminaries;251
9.2.2;7.2.2 Stability of a Brake Disk Made of Stainless Steel ASTM-321;253
9.2.3;7.2.3 Stability of a Brake Disk Made of Homogeneous A356R Composite;254
9.2.4;7.2.4 Stability of a Brake Disk Made of Functionally Graded Composite A356R;256
9.2.5;7.2.5 Advantages of Application of Functionally Graded Materials for the Design of Brake Disks Against Hot-Spots;258
9.2.6;7.2.6 Conclusions;258
9.3;7.3 Modeling Wear Resistance of a Piston Sleeve Made of MMC A356R;259
9.3.1;7.3.1 Model;259
9.3.2;7.3.2 Results;261
9.4;7.4 Finite Element Modeling of the CrN/FGM/W300 and CrN/Cr/W300 Architectures;262
9.4.1;7.4.1 Plies Problem Formulation and Materials;262
9.4.2;7.4.2 Finite Element Modeling;263
9.4.3;7.4.3 Loads and Boundary Conditions;263
9.4.4;7.4.4 Thermal Ratchetting;264
9.4.5;7.4.5 Architecture Dependent Results;264
9.4.6;7.4.6 Possible Extensions;265
9.5;7.5 Modelling of the ZrO2/FGM/316L Screen Against Thermal Cycles;266
9.5.1;7.5.1 Introduction;266
9.5.2;7.5.2 Constitutive Equations of the Elastic-Plastic Damage Material Model;266
9.5.3;7.5.3 Model -- Geometry and Boundary Conditions;269
9.5.4;7.5.4 Manufacturing Phase Analysis;271
9.5.5;7.5.5 Working Phase Analysis;273
9.5.6;7.5.6 Conclusions;274
10;References;275
11;Index;285