Singh Viral Outbreaks

2019-2023 Overview
1. Auflage 2025
ISBN: 978-981-5313-47-5
Verlag: Bentham Science Publishers
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 0 - No protection

E-Book, Englisch, 180 Seiten

Viral Outbreaks: 2019-2023 Overview comprehensively analyzes the major viral outbreaks that shaped global health from 2019 to 2023. This book explores the epidemiology, transmission, clinical characteristics, and global responses to key viral threats, including COVID-19, H1N1, Dengue, Zika, Avian Influenza, Ebola, and Lassa fever. Each chapter examines the unique challenges these viruses pose and discusses the World Health Organization's (WHO) critical role in combatting these outbreaks through coordinated efforts, guidelines, and vaccination campaigns.
Key Features:
- Detailed coverage of viral characteristics and global health responses.
- Insights into WHO guidelines and public health interventions.
- Practical lessons for pandemic preparedness and future perspectives.
Readership:
This invaluable resource targets healthcare professionals, policymakers, researchers in epidemiology, and students across various disciplines in health and global studies.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Singh, Amandeep

Leseproben

The Outbreak of Various Viral Diseases from 2019-2023

Harshitha Mathur1, Shalini Jaswal2, Tuhin James Paul3, Ayushreeya Banga3, Subrahmanya Sarma Ganti2, Rohit Bhatia2, *

1 Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab-142001, India

2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab-142001, India

3 Department of Pharmacy Practice, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab-142001, India

Abstract

In this chapter, recent viral disease outbreaks—especially those that happened in 2019 and 2023—are thoroughly examined. The chapter also highlights the burden that both emerging and re-emerging viral threats place on healthcare systems globally, as well as the challenges that these threats pose to human and animal health globally. The analysis explores mechanisms such as genetic reassortment, increased human-animal interaction, and the impact of globalization that contribute to the emergence and spread of viruses. The transmission dynamics, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic difficulties related to a range of viral diseases—including respiratory infections as well as those affecting the liver, circulatory system, spleen, and pancreas—are also discussed in the article. Research is also conducted on the immune system's function in preventing viral infections, specifically on the roles of innate and adaptive immunity. Moreover, the significance of strong surveillance frameworks, efficient infection control protocols, and non-pharmaceutical strategies such as physical distancing and travel limitations in managing viral epidemics is underscored. The chapter recognizes the difficulties that pandemics present for healthcare systems, emphasizing the necessity of sufficient equipment, personnel, and clinical management techniques. It also highlights the need for emergency preparedness plans in order to lessen the wider economic and social effects of viral outbreaks and investigates the potential of telemedicine as a useful tool.

Keywords: Emerging infectious diseases, Re-emerging viruses, Respiratory viral infections, Viral outbreaks.

* Corresponding author Rohit Bhatia: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab-142001, India; E-mail: [e-mail]

INTRODUCTION

Throughout history, viral outbreaks have been a recurrent phenomenon, albeit with varying degrees of severity. Genetic reassortment events frequently give rise to novel viral strains, which can lead to outbreaks with epidemic or epidemic eventuality. Humanity frequently finds itself ill-set to combat these imperative pitfalls. The early 21st century is known for several notable afflictions, which include severe acute respiratory pattern coronavirus (SARS- CoV), Middle East respiratory pattern coronavirus (MERS- CoV), and SARS- CoV- 2, along with new influenzas similar as avian and swine flu. These outbreaks have originated from specific geographical regions but have swiftly spread across the globe, wreaking havoc across all sectors. Infectious diseases continue to stand as primary contributors to human and animal morbidity and mortality, resulting in substantial healthcare expenditures globally. The world has witnessed numerous outbreaks and epidemics of various infectious diseases, underscoring the ongoing challenge they pose to public health and healthcare systems worldwide [1]. The diverse geographical and climatic conditions, coupled with uneven population distribution, create distinct patterns in the spread of viral diseases within the country. Various biological, socio-cultural, and ecological factors, alongside new dynamics in human-animal interactions, further complicate the emergence of infectious diseases. Addressing these challenges in controlling and preventing both emerging and recurring infectious diseases requires a comprehensive understanding of the underlying factors contributing to their emergence, as well as the establishment of robust surveillance systems aimed at reducing human casualties and fatalities [2]. The trajectory of new infections typically unfolds in a sequence, starting with their emergence, then transitioning into local transmission, expanding across borders, and potentially culminating in global spread. Various global shifts can influence the likelihood of emergence, the dynamics of disease within local communities, and the extent to which diseases spread between different populations [3]. The ubiquity of phrases like “going viral” often obscures the precise scientific meaning of viruses, a fact sometimes overlooked by the general public. In everyday language, viruses are often conflated with any unseen germ, much to the chagrin of virologists. While this lack of specificity may not seem consequential, it becomes problematic when it leads to the misuse of antibiotics, which are ineffective against viruses but target bacteria instead [4]. Frequently depicted as entities teetering on the edge of life, viruses exist in various relationships with living organisms, ranging from parasitic to commensal or even symbiotic. They are present across the spectrum of life forms, from single-celled Archaea and bacteria to plants, animals, and humans. Viruses serve a dual purpose in laboratory settings, serving as subjects of study and as tools for experimentation. They have significantly deepened our comprehension, not just of human illnesses, but also of the broader living ecosystem [4]. Patients can acquire viral infections through direct exposure to infected materials or through viral reactivation. In transplant units, where the risk of transmission is high, it is crucial for facilities to establish and follow documented infection control procedures. These protocols should include measures such as thorough hand washing, regular cleaning of medical equipment like stethoscopes, adherence to droplet precautions, and effective patient isolation techniques. By universally adhering to these guidelines, the spread of nosocomial infections can be significantly reduced [5]. Over the past decade, there have been several significant global outbreaks of infectious diseases that posed substantial health risks. Numerous of these fleetly spreading contagions, similar to avian influenza and SARS, seem to have started as zoonotic conditions in Asia [6]. The constant trouble of morbidity and mortality from arising contagious conditions is conceded, although the precise extent of this trouble remains unclear. A widely recognized definition, proposed by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in the United States in 1992, describes an emerging contagious disease as a new, reemerging, or medication-resistant infection whose prevalence in humans has increased over the past 20 years or is expected to rise in the near future [7]. There exists a diapason of pathogens that crop and spread among populations. This broad spectrum includes animal-borne infectious diseases such as SARS, which have recently been linked to human illness, and genetically modified organisms that create conditions in unexpected ways, such as the 2001 anthrax outbreak in the United States that was spread through contaminated correspondence. Indeed, failures in fundamental measures for public health, such as the treatment of existing infections (e.g., tuberculosis) or routine non-age immunisations (e.g., poliomyelitis), may cause a resurgence of conditions that were previously thought to be under control. Additionally, this chain of events includes the appearance of newer disease strains that are resistant to antibiotics yet continue to pose a threat, like the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [8]. The 21st century is characterized by significant pandemics, including epidemics, caused by both traditional conditions like pests, cholera, and yellow fever, as well as the rising ones analogous to a severe acute respiratory cycle (SARS), Zika, Ebola, Middle East respiratory pattern (MERS), HIV (although technically endemic), influenza A(H1N1) p.m./ 09, and utmost recently, COVID- 19. Multifold of these contagions primarily affects the respiratory system. Despite developments in drugs, tuberculosis (TB), which killed 1.5 million people in 2018, continues to be the most common infectious complaint attributed to a single organism [9].

The influenza virus has a major impact on the lungs because it can cause pneumonia and aggravate already existing lung diseases [10]. Occurrences of such events are typically infrequent and fluctuate throughout most seasonal influenza periods, yet they can become more prevalent and intense during pandemics. For instance, in the 2018–2019 season, in the USA, approximately 32 million influenza cases were reported, leading to an estimated 32,000 deaths [11]. The H1N1 virus, responsible for the...